金融全球化下的银行全能化研究
|
摘要
我国于2001年末加入WTO,承诺于2006年全境向外资银行机构开放人民币业务,我国的商业银行第一次切实感受到经济全球化与金融全球化对自身改革甚至生存的巨大压力。从发达资本主义国家商业银行的实践来看,在金融全球化的大背景下,各国银行积极探索自身的发展之道,不约而同的走上全能化的发展道路。研究金融全球化下银行业的全能化趋势,特别是仔细分析发达国家在应对金融全球化下银行全能化的过程、影响及其监管,对于全球金融乃至经济的稳定与健康发展具有重大的现实意义与理论价值;同时,对于进一步深入探索发展中国家在金融全球化条件下的银行改革与重构具有重大的理论意义和实践价值;特别是为我国的银行改革提供有益的借鉴,总结他国经验、吸取他国教训,充分利用我国银行的“后发优势”,为稳步推进我国银行在金融全球化条件下的全能化改革提供决策的思路。
本文在探讨金融全球化下的银行全能化问题时,分为以下几个方面:
第一,金融全球化概述。本章首先对经济全球化的有关概念、理论进行梳理,把“经济全球化”与“经济区域化”这一对有争议的基本概念进行比较,随后论述了经济全球化的表现形式及其对全球经济的正负两方面的影响。在经济全球化的大背景下,本文进一步阐述经济全球化的核心金融全球化的各个侧面,包括金融全球化的特征及其对全球经济的影响。
第二,在金融全球化的背景基础上,本章进一步探讨银行生存环境的变迁。跨国公司的巨型化、非银行金融机构对银行传统业务的蚕食鲸吞、飞速发展的金融创新对传统银行信贷业务及操作手段的排斥,都使银行在金融全球化的过程中生存环境日益恶化,生存空间大量被挤占。
第三,在生存环境恶化之时,银行并没有坐以待毙。全球各国的银行在奋起争取生存的激烈竞争中,殊途同归地选择了银行全能化的道路。本文在此章中界定了“全能银行”、“银行全能化”等重要概念,简要回顾了银行全能化的
China entered WTO in 2001with the promise of opening RMB businisses to foreign financial institutions in 2006. Thus, Chinese commercial banks were first put under the great pressure of existence and reform in the situation of economic globalization and financial globalization. The research and study on the universal banking launched by the commercial banks in developed countries is of great significance for the stability of global financial market and international economy. And, it is most important for Chinese reform of bank system to develop unviversal banking and learn from those of developed countries.This article consists following parts.First, the author compares the concepts between economic globalization & economic regionalization and financial globalization & financial frgonalization. Then, it presents the characteristics of economic globalization and financial globalization. Third in this chapter, it discussed active and passive influences of economic globalization and financial globalization.Second, this author describes the surroundings of bank existence in the background of financial globalization. The great leap of huge mulitinational firms, non-banking financial institutions, lasting financial innovations has worsened the existence of the traditional banking. The
banks are faced with much more intense competition at present.Third, under the great pressure of existence, banks have been seeking ways out. In the struggle of living on in the fierce competition, banks in most countries has selected the way of enlarging their service scope and adopting the strategy of universeral banking. In this part of the author, it defines the concept of "universal banks" and the "universalization of banks". It describes the history, the essense of universal banks. Then, it argues that different organizational forms of universal banks have the different adaption to financial globalization. At last in the part, it analyses the refocus on the traditional business of the commercial banks.Fourth, this author maintains that the development of universal banks all around the world deepens banking crisis. On the one hand, all the traditional exposures or risks in a nation of the banks have been extended to the range of the globe. On the other hand, the development will enhance the global financial systematic fragility and may generate financial crisis.Fifth, because of the extended and enhanced banking risks, implementation of financial cooperation and coordination among countries in the globe is indispensable. In this chapter, it describes the Basel Committee and its practice in international banking supervision. It discusses the development of the practice of the supervision and highlights the contents of Basel Accord I and Basel Accord II and the evolution of the supervisory philosophy.Sixth, after the theoretic analysis, the author probes into the development of universal banking in China. First, the author lists the constraints of developing universal banking in China. Then, the author enphasizes the dual pressures from outside and inside factors. At last, the author points out the strategies of realizing the universally banking
managing in China.The innovative thoughts raised in the author include the following items.First, the author argues that economic globalization and economic regionalization are two concepts that do not contradic with each other. Economic globalization contains economic regionalization, or, economic regionalization is one part or a stage of economic glogalization. The relationship between financial globalization and financial regionalization is similar to that of the former two concepts.Second, two forms of universal banks, financial holding companies and universally opreating banks, both adpted themselves to the trend of financil globalization although they have their own advantages and didadvantages. Financial holding companies are so elastic that they enter and exit the global financial markets easily with quite low costs. However, interest contrdictions among the affiliates of the financial holding company has been enlarged from inside one country to the whole world, which enhances uncertainty and risks. That is called the "dual delegate problem". The universally operating banks, however, overcome the delegate problems. The departments of that bank share physical resources and information resources of the whole bank, through which the bank has strong ability to provide innovative financial instruments for its customers. Of course the universally operating banks also meet problems. They are faced with much higher costs when they make business convergence compaired with the financial holding companies and they cannot avoid "convergence of dual cultural discrepencies". A universally operating bank is under uniform management from the headquarters of the bank. So it is not so easy for the bank to enter and exit the global financial markets because it lacks flexibility and the ability to change quickly according to the conditions.
Third, in the trend of universal banking in the backgrounds of financail globalization, some banks have come back to focus on their traditional banking service. So, the correct definition of a "universal bank" is a business firm that is allowed to develop all kinds of financial services without regulatory restraints and the universal banking is dynamic.Fourth, the development of universal banks deepes the risks. The banks are in the danger of some new risk exposure. They are soverein risk; the "dual delegate problem" in financial holding company; and, "the convergence of dual cultural discrepencies".Fifth, the author maintains that in the conditions of financial golbalization universal banks bring risks not only for themselves, but enhance the global financial fragility. Banks' traditional business are still under the strictest supervision, while in the other financial business field, the other financial institutions are faced with loose limitation. Thus, financial speculations are prevailing in the global market with the accumulation of risks. That influences the stability and development of world economy.Sixth, The banks in China are faced with very complex environment and their reform is more difficult than ever. The banks should pursue the goal of maximizing profits and minimizing risks, which is totally different from it was 20 years ago. Reengineering has been ushered into financial enterprises and especially commercial banks. On the other hand, China has entered WTO and will open RMB business all over the country for foreign banks in 2006. That means before Chinese bank finish their inner reform to change into financial firms, they will be all of a sudden pushed into the middle of the stage of intense competition from expierenced foreign banks. That is to say, Chinese banks have to compete with the foreign banks and adapt
themselves to financial globalization while they gragually complete their own system as commercial banks. The only wise selection of Chinese banks to live on is to learn from the developed countries and try to develop universal banks. Because of the dual pressure of inner reform and outer competition, the development of unvirsal banks in China need to overcome a lot of difficulty. In the last chapter, this author stresses that the process of unvirsal banking development in China is a long way. This author designs the reform of universal banking in three steps. In the first step, the banks are changed into corporations and sold publicly on the stock market with fostering a "professional banker" in the financial market to complete efficient corporate governance. At the same time, Chinese banks can establish affiliates which run non-banking financial businesses outside the mainland to train experts in non-banking financial businesses and aquire practice experience. In the second step, after the inner reform of Chinese banks almost reach the end, the regulatory agencies and the law making authorities can revise the financial regulations and laws accordingly, permitting the commerial banks enter different financial business fields in the form of bank holding company. In the third step, insurance companies, investment banks, trust companies and other non-banking financial institutions are all permitted to converge the service fields. At the same time, financial institutions are also allowed to venture into physical sectors. Two forms of universal banks are legal financial enterprises.Problems left to futher study are: First is how to implement Basel II in developping countries. Second is the ways of implementation of financial holding companies in China.
本文在探讨金融全球化下的银行全能化问题时,分为以下几个方面:
第一,金融全球化概述。本章首先对经济全球化的有关概念、理论进行梳理,把“经济全球化”与“经济区域化”这一对有争议的基本概念进行比较,随后论述了经济全球化的表现形式及其对全球经济的正负两方面的影响。在经济全球化的大背景下,本文进一步阐述经济全球化的核心金融全球化的各个侧面,包括金融全球化的特征及其对全球经济的影响。
第二,在金融全球化的背景基础上,本章进一步探讨银行生存环境的变迁。跨国公司的巨型化、非银行金融机构对银行传统业务的蚕食鲸吞、飞速发展的金融创新对传统银行信贷业务及操作手段的排斥,都使银行在金融全球化的过程中生存环境日益恶化,生存空间大量被挤占。
第三,在生存环境恶化之时,银行并没有坐以待毙。全球各国的银行在奋起争取生存的激烈竞争中,殊途同归地选择了银行全能化的道路。本文在此章中界定了“全能银行”、“银行全能化”等重要概念,简要回顾了银行全能化的
China entered WTO in 2001with the promise of opening RMB businisses to foreign financial institutions in 2006. Thus, Chinese commercial banks were first put under the great pressure of existence and reform in the situation of economic globalization and financial globalization. The research and study on the universal banking launched by the commercial banks in developed countries is of great significance for the stability of global financial market and international economy. And, it is most important for Chinese reform of bank system to develop unviversal banking and learn from those of developed countries.This article consists following parts.First, the author compares the concepts between economic globalization & economic regionalization and financial globalization & financial frgonalization. Then, it presents the characteristics of economic globalization and financial globalization. Third in this chapter, it discussed active and passive influences of economic globalization and financial globalization.Second, this author describes the surroundings of bank existence in the background of financial globalization. The great leap of huge mulitinational firms, non-banking financial institutions, lasting financial innovations has worsened the existence of the traditional banking. The
banks are faced with much more intense competition at present.Third, under the great pressure of existence, banks have been seeking ways out. In the struggle of living on in the fierce competition, banks in most countries has selected the way of enlarging their service scope and adopting the strategy of universeral banking. In this part of the author, it defines the concept of "universal banks" and the "universalization of banks". It describes the history, the essense of universal banks. Then, it argues that different organizational forms of universal banks have the different adaption to financial globalization. At last in the part, it analyses the refocus on the traditional business of the commercial banks.Fourth, this author maintains that the development of universal banks all around the world deepens banking crisis. On the one hand, all the traditional exposures or risks in a nation of the banks have been extended to the range of the globe. On the other hand, the development will enhance the global financial systematic fragility and may generate financial crisis.Fifth, because of the extended and enhanced banking risks, implementation of financial cooperation and coordination among countries in the globe is indispensable. In this chapter, it describes the Basel Committee and its practice in international banking supervision. It discusses the development of the practice of the supervision and highlights the contents of Basel Accord I and Basel Accord II and the evolution of the supervisory philosophy.Sixth, after the theoretic analysis, the author probes into the development of universal banking in China. First, the author lists the constraints of developing universal banking in China. Then, the author enphasizes the dual pressures from outside and inside factors. At last, the author points out the strategies of realizing the universally banking
managing in China.The innovative thoughts raised in the author include the following items.First, the author argues that economic globalization and economic regionalization are two concepts that do not contradic with each other. Economic globalization contains economic regionalization, or, economic regionalization is one part or a stage of economic glogalization. The relationship between financial globalization and financial regionalization is similar to that of the former two concepts.Second, two forms of universal banks, financial holding companies and universally opreating banks, both adpted themselves to the trend of financil globalization although they have their own advantages and didadvantages. Financial holding companies are so elastic that they enter and exit the global financial markets easily with quite low costs. However, interest contrdictions among the affiliates of the financial holding company has been enlarged from inside one country to the whole world, which enhances uncertainty and risks. That is called the "dual delegate problem". The universally operating banks, however, overcome the delegate problems. The departments of that bank share physical resources and information resources of the whole bank, through which the bank has strong ability to provide innovative financial instruments for its customers. Of course the universally operating banks also meet problems. They are faced with much higher costs when they make business convergence compaired with the financial holding companies and they cannot avoid "convergence of dual cultural discrepencies". A universally operating bank is under uniform management from the headquarters of the bank. So it is not so easy for the bank to enter and exit the global financial markets because it lacks flexibility and the ability to change quickly according to the conditions.
Third, in the trend of universal banking in the backgrounds of financail globalization, some banks have come back to focus on their traditional banking service. So, the correct definition of a "universal bank" is a business firm that is allowed to develop all kinds of financial services without regulatory restraints and the universal banking is dynamic.Fourth, the development of universal banks deepes the risks. The banks are in the danger of some new risk exposure. They are soverein risk; the "dual delegate problem" in financial holding company; and, "the convergence of dual cultural discrepencies".Fifth, the author maintains that in the conditions of financial golbalization universal banks bring risks not only for themselves, but enhance the global financial fragility. Banks' traditional business are still under the strictest supervision, while in the other financial business field, the other financial institutions are faced with loose limitation. Thus, financial speculations are prevailing in the global market with the accumulation of risks. That influences the stability and development of world economy.Sixth, The banks in China are faced with very complex environment and their reform is more difficult than ever. The banks should pursue the goal of maximizing profits and minimizing risks, which is totally different from it was 20 years ago. Reengineering has been ushered into financial enterprises and especially commercial banks. On the other hand, China has entered WTO and will open RMB business all over the country for foreign banks in 2006. That means before Chinese bank finish their inner reform to change into financial firms, they will be all of a sudden pushed into the middle of the stage of intense competition from expierenced foreign banks. That is to say, Chinese banks have to compete with the foreign banks and adapt
themselves to financial globalization while they gragually complete their own system as commercial banks. The only wise selection of Chinese banks to live on is to learn from the developed countries and try to develop universal banks. Because of the dual pressure of inner reform and outer competition, the development of unvirsal banks in China need to overcome a lot of difficulty. In the last chapter, this author stresses that the process of unvirsal banking development in China is a long way. This author designs the reform of universal banking in three steps. In the first step, the banks are changed into corporations and sold publicly on the stock market with fostering a "professional banker" in the financial market to complete efficient corporate governance. At the same time, Chinese banks can establish affiliates which run non-banking financial businesses outside the mainland to train experts in non-banking financial businesses and aquire practice experience. In the second step, after the inner reform of Chinese banks almost reach the end, the regulatory agencies and the law making authorities can revise the financial regulations and laws accordingly, permitting the commerial banks enter different financial business fields in the form of bank holding company. In the third step, insurance companies, investment banks, trust companies and other non-banking financial institutions are all permitted to converge the service fields. At the same time, financial institutions are also allowed to venture into physical sectors. Two forms of universal banks are legal financial enterprises.Problems left to futher study are: First is how to implement Basel II in developping countries. Second is the ways of implementation of financial holding companies in China.
引文
[1] 国际货币基金组织.世界经济展望[M].北京:中国金融出版社,1997.
[2] 李洁.银行制度创新与全能银行发展[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003.
[3] [英]阿兰·M·鲁格曼.全球化的终结》[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2001年版.
[4] [美]乔治·索罗斯.索罗斯论全球化》[M].北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[5] 王子先.论金融全球化[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2000.
[6] 丁一凡.大潮流:经济全球化与中国面临的挑战[M].北京:中国发展出版社,1998.
[7] 薛誉华.区域化:全球化的阻力.世界经济,2003,2.
[8] 王义桅.“9·11”:悲剧由此开始[N].南方周末·天下,2003-9-18.
[9] [美]索罗斯.索罗斯论全球化.北京:商务印书馆出版,2003.
[10] 杨宇光.经济全球化中的跨国公司[M].上海:上海远东出版社,2001.
[11] 秦凤鸣.金融全球化与银行业重构[M]北京:经济科学出版社,2004.
[12] 郭连成.经济全球化正负效应论[A].王一舟.全球化与新经济[C].北京:中国发展出版社,2002.
[13] [德]汉斯—彼得·马丁、哈拉尔特·舒曼著,张世鹏等译.全球化陷阱[M].北京:中央编译出版社1998.
[14] [美]理查德·隆沃思著,应小端译.全球经济自由化的危机[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2002.
[15] 卡齐米耶日·Z·波兹南斯基著,佟宪国译.全球化的负面影响:东欧国家的民族资本被剥夺[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2004.
[16] 黄卫平.经济全球化对发展中国家的影响[J].中国人民大学学报,2001,4
[17] 王国刚.全球金融发展趋势[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003
[18] 姜波克.国际金融学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999
[19] [法]弗朗索瓦·沙奈等著,齐建华、胡振良译.金融全球化[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2001
[20] 庄毓敏.商业银行业务与经营[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999.
[21] 熊继洲.论国有商业银行体制再造[M].北京:中国金融出版社,2004.
[22] [美]默里·罗巴斯德著,谢华育译.美国人萧条[M].上海:上海世纪出版集 团、上海人民出版社,2003.
[23] 李鹏程.发达国家全能银行的潜在利益冲突及其法律监管.投资研究,2001,2.
[24] 郑先炳.西方商业银行最新发展趋势(第二版)[M].北京:中国金融出版社,2002.
[25] [美]戴维·罗杰斯.商业银行的未来:组织机构、战略及趋势[M].北京:新华出版社,2001.
[26] 哈维尔·弗雷克斯、让·夏尔·罗歇著,刘锡良主译.微观银行学[M].成都:西南财经大学出版社,2000.
[27] [美]彼得·S·罗斯著,唐旭、王丹等译.商业银行管理(第三版)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1999年版。
[28] 罗清.日本金融的繁荣、危机与变革[M].北京:中国金融出版社,2000.
[29] 姜旭朝、于殿江.商业银行经营管理案例评析[M].山东:山东大学出版社,2000.
[30] 陈岱孙、厉以宁.国际金融学说史[M].北京:中国金融出版社,1991.
[31] 静炎、赵文明.索罗斯空袭香港[M].北京:中华工商联合出版社,1999.
[32] 李天德.国际金融学概论[M].成都:四川大学出版社,1994.
[33] 德新社.过度监管是银行业最大风险.参考消息·世界经济, 2005-2-26
[34] 向宇.我国金融体系反洗钱中的冲突与政策选择.经济体制改革,2004,1.
[35] [美]大卫·H·弗里德曼著,刘诗隐译、吴建光校.存款经营[M].北京:中国计划出版社,2001.
[36] 蒋瑛、王雅梅、李力.国际金融法[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2000.
[37] [英]约翰·伊特维尔、[美]艾斯·泰勒著,成家军、郑薇译.全球金融风险监管[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2001.
[38] 张海宁.银行反对银行[M].北京:清化大学出版社,2004.
[39] 罗平、江燕红.新巴塞尔协议征求意见稿对中小银行的影响[C].新巴塞尔资本协议内部评级法国际研讨会:北京,2002.
[40] 王昭凤.银企关系制度比较研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2001.
[41] 上海财经大学金融学院、上海财经大学现代金融研究中心.2003中国金融发展报告上海财经大学出版社[M].上海:2003.
[42] 李景辉.中信“综合经营”现身[N].金融时报,2002-03-07.
[43] 中华人民共和国中国人民银行法、中华人民共和国商业银行法、中华人民共和国银行业监督管理法[G].上海:中国法制出版社,2004.
[44] 十届全国人大二次会议举行记者招待会[N].人民日报,2005-3-8.
[45] 向宇.经济区域化:经济全球化的一种形式或一个阶段.中南民族大学学报,2005,1.
[1] Giddens, Anthony (1999, P10). Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping our Lives. London: Profile Books.
[2] WTO: World Trade report 2004, http://www.wto.org.
[3] United Nations: World Investment Report 2004: The Shift towards Services.
[4] James Tobin, The globalization of the world economy, financial globalization, November 14, 1998 at the Autumn Meeting of the American Philosophical Society.
[5] Mundell, R. A. A 'Theory of Optimum Currency Areas', American Economic Review 51: 657-665, 1961.
[6] Eijffinger, C. W. Sylvester, and De Haan, Jakob (1999), European Monetary and Fiscal Policy (New York, Oxford University Press Inc.), P16.
[7] Peter S. Rose and Sylvia C. Hudgins: Bank Management & Financial Services (Sixth Edition), New York, McGraw. Hill Companies, Inc.
[8] Daniel J. Borgia, American Financial System Development: Lessons for China, 2003.
[9] Walmsley J., New Financial Instrument, New York, 1998, p. 9.
[10] Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, International Financial Web Site Privacy Survey Report, Nov. 1999.
[11] Barney, J: "Girm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage", Journal of Management, 1991, 17, pp. 99-120.
[12] Robert N. McCauley, Willian R. White, "The Euro and European Financial Mrekets", May 1997, BIS Working papers, No. 41, pp24.
[13] Saunders, Anthony, 1999. Credit Risk Management. John Wiley & Sons.
[14] Michel, C., G, Dan and M., Robert, "A Comparative Analysis of Current Credit Risk Models," Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 24, pp59-117, 2000.
[15] Charles Smithson, Stuart Brannan, David Mengle, AND Mark Zmiewske, Results from th 2002 Survery of Credit Portfolio Management Practices, http://www.isda.org.
[16] Jackson, P, Perraudin, W and Saporta, V (2002), Regulatory and Econmomic Solvency Standards for Internationally Active Banks, Journal of Banking and Finance, 26.
[17] Fdderal Reserve System Task Force on Internal Credit Risk Models, Credit Risk Models at Major U. S. Banking Institutions: Current State of the Art and Implications for Assessments of Capital Adequacy, May 1998.
[18] Eva Catarineu-Rabell, Patricia Jackson, Dimitrios P. Tsomocos, Procyclicalty and The New Basel Accord - Banks' Choice of Loan Rating System, http://www. bos. Frb. Org.
[19] Hughes, Jane E., MacDonald, Scott B.: International Banking: Text and Cases, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison Wesley.
[20] Mishkin, Frederic S., Eakins, Stanley G: Financial Mardets and Institutions (Third Edition), Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
[2] 李洁.银行制度创新与全能银行发展[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003.
[3] [英]阿兰·M·鲁格曼.全球化的终结》[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2001年版.
[4] [美]乔治·索罗斯.索罗斯论全球化》[M].北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[5] 王子先.论金融全球化[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2000.
[6] 丁一凡.大潮流:经济全球化与中国面临的挑战[M].北京:中国发展出版社,1998.
[7] 薛誉华.区域化:全球化的阻力.世界经济,2003,2.
[8] 王义桅.“9·11”:悲剧由此开始[N].南方周末·天下,2003-9-18.
[9] [美]索罗斯.索罗斯论全球化.北京:商务印书馆出版,2003.
[10] 杨宇光.经济全球化中的跨国公司[M].上海:上海远东出版社,2001.
[11] 秦凤鸣.金融全球化与银行业重构[M]北京:经济科学出版社,2004.
[12] 郭连成.经济全球化正负效应论[A].王一舟.全球化与新经济[C].北京:中国发展出版社,2002.
[13] [德]汉斯—彼得·马丁、哈拉尔特·舒曼著,张世鹏等译.全球化陷阱[M].北京:中央编译出版社1998.
[14] [美]理查德·隆沃思著,应小端译.全球经济自由化的危机[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2002.
[15] 卡齐米耶日·Z·波兹南斯基著,佟宪国译.全球化的负面影响:东欧国家的民族资本被剥夺[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2004.
[16] 黄卫平.经济全球化对发展中国家的影响[J].中国人民大学学报,2001,4
[17] 王国刚.全球金融发展趋势[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003
[18] 姜波克.国际金融学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999
[19] [法]弗朗索瓦·沙奈等著,齐建华、胡振良译.金融全球化[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2001
[20] 庄毓敏.商业银行业务与经营[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999.
[21] 熊继洲.论国有商业银行体制再造[M].北京:中国金融出版社,2004.
[22] [美]默里·罗巴斯德著,谢华育译.美国人萧条[M].上海:上海世纪出版集 团、上海人民出版社,2003.
[23] 李鹏程.发达国家全能银行的潜在利益冲突及其法律监管.投资研究,2001,2.
[24] 郑先炳.西方商业银行最新发展趋势(第二版)[M].北京:中国金融出版社,2002.
[25] [美]戴维·罗杰斯.商业银行的未来:组织机构、战略及趋势[M].北京:新华出版社,2001.
[26] 哈维尔·弗雷克斯、让·夏尔·罗歇著,刘锡良主译.微观银行学[M].成都:西南财经大学出版社,2000.
[27] [美]彼得·S·罗斯著,唐旭、王丹等译.商业银行管理(第三版)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1999年版。
[28] 罗清.日本金融的繁荣、危机与变革[M].北京:中国金融出版社,2000.
[29] 姜旭朝、于殿江.商业银行经营管理案例评析[M].山东:山东大学出版社,2000.
[30] 陈岱孙、厉以宁.国际金融学说史[M].北京:中国金融出版社,1991.
[31] 静炎、赵文明.索罗斯空袭香港[M].北京:中华工商联合出版社,1999.
[32] 李天德.国际金融学概论[M].成都:四川大学出版社,1994.
[33] 德新社.过度监管是银行业最大风险.参考消息·世界经济, 2005-2-26
[34] 向宇.我国金融体系反洗钱中的冲突与政策选择.经济体制改革,2004,1.
[35] [美]大卫·H·弗里德曼著,刘诗隐译、吴建光校.存款经营[M].北京:中国计划出版社,2001.
[36] 蒋瑛、王雅梅、李力.国际金融法[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2000.
[37] [英]约翰·伊特维尔、[美]艾斯·泰勒著,成家军、郑薇译.全球金融风险监管[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2001.
[38] 张海宁.银行反对银行[M].北京:清化大学出版社,2004.
[39] 罗平、江燕红.新巴塞尔协议征求意见稿对中小银行的影响[C].新巴塞尔资本协议内部评级法国际研讨会:北京,2002.
[40] 王昭凤.银企关系制度比较研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2001.
[41] 上海财经大学金融学院、上海财经大学现代金融研究中心.2003中国金融发展报告上海财经大学出版社[M].上海:2003.
[42] 李景辉.中信“综合经营”现身[N].金融时报,2002-03-07.
[43] 中华人民共和国中国人民银行法、中华人民共和国商业银行法、中华人民共和国银行业监督管理法[G].上海:中国法制出版社,2004.
[44] 十届全国人大二次会议举行记者招待会[N].人民日报,2005-3-8.
[45] 向宇.经济区域化:经济全球化的一种形式或一个阶段.中南民族大学学报,2005,1.
[1] Giddens, Anthony (1999, P10). Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping our Lives. London: Profile Books.
[2] WTO: World Trade report 2004, http://www.wto.org.
[3] United Nations: World Investment Report 2004: The Shift towards Services.
[4] James Tobin, The globalization of the world economy, financial globalization, November 14, 1998 at the Autumn Meeting of the American Philosophical Society.
[5] Mundell, R. A. A 'Theory of Optimum Currency Areas', American Economic Review 51: 657-665, 1961.
[6] Eijffinger, C. W. Sylvester, and De Haan, Jakob (1999), European Monetary and Fiscal Policy (New York, Oxford University Press Inc.), P16.
[7] Peter S. Rose and Sylvia C. Hudgins: Bank Management & Financial Services (Sixth Edition), New York, McGraw. Hill Companies, Inc.
[8] Daniel J. Borgia, American Financial System Development: Lessons for China, 2003.
[9] Walmsley J., New Financial Instrument, New York, 1998, p. 9.
[10] Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, International Financial Web Site Privacy Survey Report, Nov. 1999.
[11] Barney, J: "Girm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage", Journal of Management, 1991, 17, pp. 99-120.
[12] Robert N. McCauley, Willian R. White, "The Euro and European Financial Mrekets", May 1997, BIS Working papers, No. 41, pp24.
[13] Saunders, Anthony, 1999. Credit Risk Management. John Wiley & Sons.
[14] Michel, C., G, Dan and M., Robert, "A Comparative Analysis of Current Credit Risk Models," Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 24, pp59-117, 2000.
[15] Charles Smithson, Stuart Brannan, David Mengle, AND Mark Zmiewske, Results from th 2002 Survery of Credit Portfolio Management Practices, http://www.isda.org.
[16] Jackson, P, Perraudin, W and Saporta, V (2002), Regulatory and Econmomic Solvency Standards for Internationally Active Banks, Journal of Banking and Finance, 26.
[17] Fdderal Reserve System Task Force on Internal Credit Risk Models, Credit Risk Models at Major U. S. Banking Institutions: Current State of the Art and Implications for Assessments of Capital Adequacy, May 1998.
[18] Eva Catarineu-Rabell, Patricia Jackson, Dimitrios P. Tsomocos, Procyclicalty and The New Basel Accord - Banks' Choice of Loan Rating System, http://www. bos. Frb. Org.
[19] Hughes, Jane E., MacDonald, Scott B.: International Banking: Text and Cases, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison Wesley.
[20] Mishkin, Frederic S., Eakins, Stanley G: Financial Mardets and Institutions (Third Edition), Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.