环形推流反应器流态分析及反硝化除磷试验研究
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摘要
研究中分别采用了传统的停留时间分布函数法和计算流体力学法（CFD）对已取得国家发明专利（发明专利号：ZL200710092501.7）的一种可调节自流分流式环型推流氧化沟反应器的流态进行了分析，试验中的CFD软件采用FLUENT软件。利用PCR-TGGE技术对该环形推流反应器中的微生物生态进行了研究，并联合利用LIVE/DEAD Baclight技术及TTC－脱氢酶活性测定法对环形推流反应器微生物活性及微生物衰减特性进行了研究。通过反应器长期稳定的运行，分析了环形推流反应器污染物去除效能、系统活性污泥特性及反应器低温运行情况。最后，对反应器中的反硝化聚磷菌进行了筛选、分离，并对其反硝化聚磷特性进行了研究。
论文主要研究内容与结果如下：
①环形推流系统长期连续稳定运行的试验结果表明，试验条件下反应器对生活污水中CODCr、TN、TP和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为91.38%、75.77%、82.84%和81.23%，出水水质能满足《城镇污水厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级B标准的相关要求，环形推流反应器处理生活污水效果良好，且稳定、可靠。
②通过RTD试验和对COD的去除试验，得出试验条件下串联级数为6.92级的近似活塞流反应器（Plug flow reactor，PFR）对COD的去除效率是串联级数为1.20级的近似全混流反应器（Continuous stirred tank reactor，CSTR）去除效率的3.18倍。将CFD软件FLUENT数值模拟技术与传统示踪剂RTD试验相结合，应用于分析环形推流反应器流态，结果表明，两种方法所得结果吻合度较好，且结果都表明环形推流反应器中存在着较好的推流流态，这是环形推流反应器良好的污染物处理效果的原因之一。
③通过温度梯度凝胶电泳技术图谱分析，不论是在高温条件（七月份，平均水温26.5℃）下还是在低温条件（十二月份，平均水温10.8℃）下，环形推流反应器中的每个区的条带数都大于40条带，可知环形推流反应器中存在着良好的生物多样性。这是环形推流系统长期连续稳定运行处理生活污水能取得良好的处理效果的原因之二。
④根据低温条件下反应器的运行效果试验研究及温度梯度凝胶电泳图谱的聚类分析，可知低温对环形推流反应器中活性污泥的活性及微生物种群都有影响，但随后的活性污泥衰减试验表明，环形推流反应器活性污泥细菌活性的衰减77.21%是由细胞内的酶调节引起的，而由细菌细胞的死亡引起的活性降低贡献仅为22.79%，因此环形推流反应器中的活性污泥系统对不利环境具有较强的适应能力。环形推流系统的脱氮表观温度影响系数为1.020，低于生物脱氮的活性污泥系统的典型值，表明环形推流反应系统在低温下具有良好的调控能力。以上这些因素都保证了环形推流系统处理生活污水效果的稳定。
⑤环形推流系统的污泥产率较传统活性污泥工艺低，平均表观产率系数仅为0.26gMLSS/gCOD。反应器中的四株反硝化聚磷菌的生长周期都较长，说明要取得好的脱氮除磷效果，应适当延长系统的污泥龄，以保证反硝化除磷菌族群的稳定。
⑥从该环形推流反应系统中筛选分离得到了四株反硝化聚磷菌，通过传统鉴定方法及16S rDNA序列测定，确定这四株菌株分别属于Alcaligenes sp.（产碱杆菌属）、Alcaligenes faecalis（粪产碱杆菌）、Bacillus cereus（蜡样芽胞杆菌）及Pseudomonas Medocina（门多萨假单胞菌）。最后，对这四株反硝化聚磷菌的反硝化聚磷特性进行了试验研究，得出这四株菌株都具有良好的反硝化除磷效能，四株菌株对磷和氮的去除率分别为93.00%、71.14%、74.18%、75.72%和94.39%、96.84%、86.77%、86.57%。在整个反硝化吸磷过程中，PHB在的作用十分重要，在研究中应重点监测。
综上所述，环形推流反应器是一种节能、高效、稳定的污水处理反应器，具有较大的工程推广应用价值。
Circular plug-flow reactor had already been approved as invention patent(ZL200710092501.7), and the flow pattern of circular plug-flow reactor was analyzed in thisthesis by residence time distribution function (RTD) method with potassium chloride(KCL) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method with the software of FLUENTsimultaneously. Molecular biology technique of PCR-TGGE was used to researchmicrobial community structure. Then the activity of microorganism and decaycharacteristic of activated sludge in circular plug-flow system had been researched bycombing LIVE/DEAD Baclight technique with TTC-dehydrogenase activitydetermination method. Thirdly, according to the long time experimental data foroperation of circular plug-flow system, the pollution removal effects, activated sludgecharacteristic and operation condition under low temperature were investigated. Finally,the denitrifying phosphate-removal bacterias were screened from circular plug-flowreactor and the characteristics of these denitrifying phosphate-removal effects were alsostudied in this thesis.
This research was mainly carried out in the following several aspects:
①The results of stable operation in long experiment period showed that: theaverage removal rates of CODCr, TN, TP and NH4+-N were91.38%,75.77%,82.84%and81.23%, respectively. Amost all of parameters during experiment period can meetthe B standard of first grade of China Discharge standard of pollutants for municipalwastewater treatment plant (GB18918-2002).
②The RTD tests and COD remove experiment showed that: the removalefficiency of PFR (The number of series is6.92) was3.18times of that of CSTR (Thenumber of series is1.20). The flow pattern simulation of circular plug-flow system byFLUENT, the CFD software, had the similar result of traditional RTD method, whichshowed the circular plug-flow reactor had a higher proportion of plug flow pattern, thiswas one of the reasons of the good removal efficiency of the circular plug-flow system.
③According to TGGE result, the circular plug-flow system had rich biofacies andmicroorganism not only in July (average water temperature is about26.5℃) but also inDecember (average water temperature is about10.8℃), this was the another reason ofthe good removal efficiency of the circular plug-flow system.
④According to the bacterial decay characteristics experimental, results revealed that77.21%of cell decay in circular plug-flow system was caused by activity decreaseand22.79%was caused by cell death.
⑤The average sludge yield of circular plug-flow system was0.26gMLSS/gCOD,it’s lower than conventional activated sludge processes.
⑥Four denitrifying phosphate-removal bacteria strians were screened fromcircular plug-flow reactor and be identified as Alcaligenes sp., Alcaligenes faecalis,Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas Medocina according to their morphological,physiological-biochemical reactions and16S rDNA sequence homology comparison.And in the denitrifying phosphate-removal experiment, the removing rate of phosphorusand nitrogen were93.00%,71.14%,74.18%,75.72%and94.39%,96.84%,86.77%,86.57%, Poly-β-hydroxybutyric (PHB) was the key in whole denitrifying phosphate-removal process.
论文主要研究内容与结果如下：
①环形推流系统长期连续稳定运行的试验结果表明，试验条件下反应器对生活污水中CODCr、TN、TP和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为91.38%、75.77%、82.84%和81.23%，出水水质能满足《城镇污水厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级B标准的相关要求，环形推流反应器处理生活污水效果良好，且稳定、可靠。
②通过RTD试验和对COD的去除试验，得出试验条件下串联级数为6.92级的近似活塞流反应器（Plug flow reactor，PFR）对COD的去除效率是串联级数为1.20级的近似全混流反应器（Continuous stirred tank reactor，CSTR）去除效率的3.18倍。将CFD软件FLUENT数值模拟技术与传统示踪剂RTD试验相结合，应用于分析环形推流反应器流态，结果表明，两种方法所得结果吻合度较好，且结果都表明环形推流反应器中存在着较好的推流流态，这是环形推流反应器良好的污染物处理效果的原因之一。
③通过温度梯度凝胶电泳技术图谱分析，不论是在高温条件（七月份，平均水温26.5℃）下还是在低温条件（十二月份，平均水温10.8℃）下，环形推流反应器中的每个区的条带数都大于40条带，可知环形推流反应器中存在着良好的生物多样性。这是环形推流系统长期连续稳定运行处理生活污水能取得良好的处理效果的原因之二。
④根据低温条件下反应器的运行效果试验研究及温度梯度凝胶电泳图谱的聚类分析，可知低温对环形推流反应器中活性污泥的活性及微生物种群都有影响，但随后的活性污泥衰减试验表明，环形推流反应器活性污泥细菌活性的衰减77.21%是由细胞内的酶调节引起的，而由细菌细胞的死亡引起的活性降低贡献仅为22.79%，因此环形推流反应器中的活性污泥系统对不利环境具有较强的适应能力。环形推流系统的脱氮表观温度影响系数为1.020，低于生物脱氮的活性污泥系统的典型值，表明环形推流反应系统在低温下具有良好的调控能力。以上这些因素都保证了环形推流系统处理生活污水效果的稳定。
⑤环形推流系统的污泥产率较传统活性污泥工艺低，平均表观产率系数仅为0.26gMLSS/gCOD。反应器中的四株反硝化聚磷菌的生长周期都较长，说明要取得好的脱氮除磷效果，应适当延长系统的污泥龄，以保证反硝化除磷菌族群的稳定。
⑥从该环形推流反应系统中筛选分离得到了四株反硝化聚磷菌，通过传统鉴定方法及16S rDNA序列测定，确定这四株菌株分别属于Alcaligenes sp.（产碱杆菌属）、Alcaligenes faecalis（粪产碱杆菌）、Bacillus cereus（蜡样芽胞杆菌）及Pseudomonas Medocina（门多萨假单胞菌）。最后，对这四株反硝化聚磷菌的反硝化聚磷特性进行了试验研究，得出这四株菌株都具有良好的反硝化除磷效能，四株菌株对磷和氮的去除率分别为93.00%、71.14%、74.18%、75.72%和94.39%、96.84%、86.77%、86.57%。在整个反硝化吸磷过程中，PHB在的作用十分重要，在研究中应重点监测。
综上所述，环形推流反应器是一种节能、高效、稳定的污水处理反应器，具有较大的工程推广应用价值。
Circular plug-flow reactor had already been approved as invention patent(ZL200710092501.7), and the flow pattern of circular plug-flow reactor was analyzed in thisthesis by residence time distribution function (RTD) method with potassium chloride(KCL) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method with the software of FLUENTsimultaneously. Molecular biology technique of PCR-TGGE was used to researchmicrobial community structure. Then the activity of microorganism and decaycharacteristic of activated sludge in circular plug-flow system had been researched bycombing LIVE/DEAD Baclight technique with TTC-dehydrogenase activitydetermination method. Thirdly, according to the long time experimental data foroperation of circular plug-flow system, the pollution removal effects, activated sludgecharacteristic and operation condition under low temperature were investigated. Finally,the denitrifying phosphate-removal bacterias were screened from circular plug-flowreactor and the characteristics of these denitrifying phosphate-removal effects were alsostudied in this thesis.
This research was mainly carried out in the following several aspects:
①The results of stable operation in long experiment period showed that: theaverage removal rates of CODCr, TN, TP and NH4+-N were91.38%,75.77%,82.84%and81.23%, respectively. Amost all of parameters during experiment period can meetthe B standard of first grade of China Discharge standard of pollutants for municipalwastewater treatment plant (GB18918-2002).
②The RTD tests and COD remove experiment showed that: the removalefficiency of PFR (The number of series is6.92) was3.18times of that of CSTR (Thenumber of series is1.20). The flow pattern simulation of circular plug-flow system byFLUENT, the CFD software, had the similar result of traditional RTD method, whichshowed the circular plug-flow reactor had a higher proportion of plug flow pattern, thiswas one of the reasons of the good removal efficiency of the circular plug-flow system.
③According to TGGE result, the circular plug-flow system had rich biofacies andmicroorganism not only in July (average water temperature is about26.5℃) but also inDecember (average water temperature is about10.8℃), this was the another reason ofthe good removal efficiency of the circular plug-flow system.
④According to the bacterial decay characteristics experimental, results revealed that77.21%of cell decay in circular plug-flow system was caused by activity decreaseand22.79%was caused by cell death.
⑤The average sludge yield of circular plug-flow system was0.26gMLSS/gCOD,it’s lower than conventional activated sludge processes.
⑥Four denitrifying phosphate-removal bacteria strians were screened fromcircular plug-flow reactor and be identified as Alcaligenes sp., Alcaligenes faecalis,Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas Medocina according to their morphological,physiological-biochemical reactions and16S rDNA sequence homology comparison.And in the denitrifying phosphate-removal experiment, the removing rate of phosphorusand nitrogen were93.00%,71.14%,74.18%,75.72%and94.39%,96.84%,86.77%,86.57%, Poly-β-hydroxybutyric (PHB) was the key in whole denitrifying phosphate-removal process.
引文
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