混凝土耐久性和工作性设计有关方面的研究
摘要
混凝土配合比设计包括工作性设计、强度设计和耐久性设计。目前的设计理论和试验方法仍有不完善之处。例如，在耐久性设计方面，依赖于专项复杂测试，如抗冻融试验和抗渗试验等；在工作性设计的理论和测试方面，混凝土流变性能的测试、工作性的评价、减水剂最佳掺量的确定等都没有脱离经验的方法。本研究以砂浆为分散体系，对混凝土的工作性设计从理论到测试方法、从减水剂对水泥浆体的分散机理、从混凝土界面性能与耐久性的关系等不同角度，对砂浆流变性能的测试方法和混凝土工作性的测试、减水剂饱和掺量、耐久性简要评价指标等方面进行了研究，得到以下主要结论。
1．混凝土抗压试验中，粗集料破碎率P_(FCA)可以作为混凝土耐久性的一个简要评价指标，其定义为试件断裂面上破碎的粗集料颗粒数与暴露的粗集料颗粒总数之比。粗集料破碎率的大小是混凝土最薄弱环节——浆体与集料界面——性能的一个表征，它是界面孔结构的函数。
2．从流变学角度对新拌混凝土工作性进行了以下研究：
进一步完善了砂浆坍落扩展度试验方法，用于测评砂浆中减水剂饱和掺量及水泥对外加剂的适应性。建立了粗集料在新拌混凝土中吸附水率的测试方法，与改进的障碍坍落度试验方法相结合，提出了从砂浆到混凝土的减水剂饱和掺量数学模型。
进一步改进了漏斗式砂浆流变仪，它可测试砂浆屈服应力和塑性粘度的相对值。用它研究了各种因素对砂浆流变性的影响；证实了砂浆的屈服应力与塑性粘度是互相独立的物理量，屈服应力决定变形能力，塑性粘度决定变形速率；为砂浆流变性设计提供了一套测试理论和方法。
在新拌混凝土工作性设计中引入了砂浆填充系数C_(FVM)的概念，C_(FVM)是混凝土中砂浆体积与粗集料振动密实空隙体积的比值。用障碍坍落度试验测试混凝土的工作性发现，砂浆填充系数不同时，用同一种砂浆和粗集料可配制不同工作性的混凝土。
3．在上述工作的基础上提出了进一步完善混凝土配合比设计方法的措施。如采用粗集料破碎率作为耐久性设计的一个指标；采用砂浆坍落扩展度试验选择水泥和减水剂，确定砂浆中减水剂的饱和掺量，并通过上述数学模计算混凝土中减水剂的饱和掺量，以此为参照确定最佳掺量；采用障碍坍落度试验确混凝土的稳定性和流动性，结合由漏斗式砂浆流变仪测定的砂浆流变性能确定合理的砂浆填充系数，从而实现对高流动性高稳定性要求的混凝土(如泵送和免振自密实等)的工作性设计。
Concrete mix design includes workability-design,strength-design and durability- design. The present theories and test methods are both not perfect. For example,concrete durability-design relies mainly on complex special testes,e.g. thawing and freezing test and permeability resistance test etc. On theories and test methods of workability-design,testes for Theological properties of concrete,workability evaluation,determination of optimum dosage of water-reducer etc -are all depend on experimental methods. With mortar being separating matrix,from aspects of theories and test-methods of workability-design,separation mechanism of water-reducer for cement paste,relation between properties of interfacial zone and concrete durability etc,this work focused on sample index for durability evaluation,saturation dosage of water-reducer,test for rheological properties of mortar and test on concrete workability etc,achieved following main conclusions.
1. Failure probability of coarse aggregates (PFCA) could be a sample index durability evaluation of concrete in compressive strength test,where PFCA was the ratio of number of total particles to which of the broken ones of coarse aggregates in the failed faces of a concrete specimen. The value of PFCA was a denotation of properties of the weakest part,viz. interfacial zone between cement paste and aggregates in concrete,The PFCA was a function of void structure in interfacial zone.
2. Workability-design of fresh concrete was studied from rheology aspect.
Mortar slump flow test was further developed to evaluate properties of water-reducers and compatibility between cement and water-reducer for mortar. A method for measuring water absorbed by coarse aggregate in fresh concrete was put forward. Saturation dosages of two plasticizers in concretes were measured by bar-slump test. A mathematic model for calculating saturation dosage of plasticizer in concrete from which in mortar was found out by taking adsorption of coarse aggregate into account.
Cone-based rheometer was modified to estimate the rheological properties of fresh mortar,which can measure yield stress and plastic viscosity of mortar in relative units. Effects of many factors on rheological properties of mortar were studied. A set of test theory and method for designing rheological properties of mortar was recommended.
Study on workability-design of fresh concrete was carried out by introducing coefficient of filling-voids of mortar (CFVM),where CFVM was the ratio of voids content of densely packed coarse aggregates to the volume of mortar in concrete. Adopting different CFVM concretes with different workability were achieved while the same proportioned mortars and the same kind of coarse aggregates were used.
3. Measures for further developing concrete mix design were presented based on above work. For example,adopts PFCA as an index in designing durability of concrete,uses mortar slump flow test to select cements and water-reducers and to measure saturation dosage of water-reducer in mortar and then determine optimum dosage of it in concrete,uses bar-slump test to determine stability and fluidity of fresh concrete,and consequently,the workability of high fluidity and high stability concrete such as pumped or self-compacting concrete can be designed by adopting proper CFVM determined in terms of rheological properties of designed mortar measured with cone-based rheometer.
1．混凝土抗压试验中，粗集料破碎率P_(FCA)可以作为混凝土耐久性的一个简要评价指标，其定义为试件断裂面上破碎的粗集料颗粒数与暴露的粗集料颗粒总数之比。粗集料破碎率的大小是混凝土最薄弱环节——浆体与集料界面——性能的一个表征，它是界面孔结构的函数。
2．从流变学角度对新拌混凝土工作性进行了以下研究：
进一步完善了砂浆坍落扩展度试验方法，用于测评砂浆中减水剂饱和掺量及水泥对外加剂的适应性。建立了粗集料在新拌混凝土中吸附水率的测试方法，与改进的障碍坍落度试验方法相结合，提出了从砂浆到混凝土的减水剂饱和掺量数学模型。
进一步改进了漏斗式砂浆流变仪，它可测试砂浆屈服应力和塑性粘度的相对值。用它研究了各种因素对砂浆流变性的影响；证实了砂浆的屈服应力与塑性粘度是互相独立的物理量，屈服应力决定变形能力，塑性粘度决定变形速率；为砂浆流变性设计提供了一套测试理论和方法。
在新拌混凝土工作性设计中引入了砂浆填充系数C_(FVM)的概念，C_(FVM)是混凝土中砂浆体积与粗集料振动密实空隙体积的比值。用障碍坍落度试验测试混凝土的工作性发现，砂浆填充系数不同时，用同一种砂浆和粗集料可配制不同工作性的混凝土。
3．在上述工作的基础上提出了进一步完善混凝土配合比设计方法的措施。如采用粗集料破碎率作为耐久性设计的一个指标；采用砂浆坍落扩展度试验选择水泥和减水剂，确定砂浆中减水剂的饱和掺量，并通过上述数学模计算混凝土中减水剂的饱和掺量，以此为参照确定最佳掺量；采用障碍坍落度试验确混凝土的稳定性和流动性，结合由漏斗式砂浆流变仪测定的砂浆流变性能确定合理的砂浆填充系数，从而实现对高流动性高稳定性要求的混凝土(如泵送和免振自密实等)的工作性设计。
Concrete mix design includes workability-design,strength-design and durability- design. The present theories and test methods are both not perfect. For example,concrete durability-design relies mainly on complex special testes,e.g. thawing and freezing test and permeability resistance test etc. On theories and test methods of workability-design,testes for Theological properties of concrete,workability evaluation,determination of optimum dosage of water-reducer etc -are all depend on experimental methods. With mortar being separating matrix,from aspects of theories and test-methods of workability-design,separation mechanism of water-reducer for cement paste,relation between properties of interfacial zone and concrete durability etc,this work focused on sample index for durability evaluation,saturation dosage of water-reducer,test for rheological properties of mortar and test on concrete workability etc,achieved following main conclusions.
1. Failure probability of coarse aggregates (PFCA) could be a sample index durability evaluation of concrete in compressive strength test,where PFCA was the ratio of number of total particles to which of the broken ones of coarse aggregates in the failed faces of a concrete specimen. The value of PFCA was a denotation of properties of the weakest part,viz. interfacial zone between cement paste and aggregates in concrete,The PFCA was a function of void structure in interfacial zone.
2. Workability-design of fresh concrete was studied from rheology aspect.
Mortar slump flow test was further developed to evaluate properties of water-reducers and compatibility between cement and water-reducer for mortar. A method for measuring water absorbed by coarse aggregate in fresh concrete was put forward. Saturation dosages of two plasticizers in concretes were measured by bar-slump test. A mathematic model for calculating saturation dosage of plasticizer in concrete from which in mortar was found out by taking adsorption of coarse aggregate into account.
Cone-based rheometer was modified to estimate the rheological properties of fresh mortar,which can measure yield stress and plastic viscosity of mortar in relative units. Effects of many factors on rheological properties of mortar were studied. A set of test theory and method for designing rheological properties of mortar was recommended.
Study on workability-design of fresh concrete was carried out by introducing coefficient of filling-voids of mortar (CFVM),where CFVM was the ratio of voids content of densely packed coarse aggregates to the volume of mortar in concrete. Adopting different CFVM concretes with different workability were achieved while the same proportioned mortars and the same kind of coarse aggregates were used.
3. Measures for further developing concrete mix design were presented based on above work. For example,adopts PFCA as an index in designing durability of concrete,uses mortar slump flow test to select cements and water-reducers and to measure saturation dosage of water-reducer in mortar and then determine optimum dosage of it in concrete,uses bar-slump test to determine stability and fluidity of fresh concrete,and consequently,the workability of high fluidity and high stability concrete such as pumped or self-compacting concrete can be designed by adopting proper CFVM determined in terms of rheological properties of designed mortar measured with cone-based rheometer.
引文
[1]M. Grant. The World of Rome. 1960.
[2]S.Mindess, J.F. Young. Concrete. In:Prentice-Hall INC. Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey, 1981.
[3]吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土．中国铁道出版社，1999：1．
[4]钟珞等．混凝土安全性专家系统集成的研究(上)。[九五攻关项目]．武汉工业大学2000．
[5]M.Barrioulet, C.Legrand. Mechanical Interactions Between Paste and Aggregate During the Flow of Fresh Concrete. Properties of Fresh Concrete. Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:263.
[6]V. Hanke, J.Krell. Computer Aided Mix Design of Concrete. Properties of Fresh Concrete. Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:271.
[7]M.Leivo. Rheological Modeling of the Compaction Properties of Concrete. Properties of Fresh Concrete. Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:277.
[8]P. Pytlik. Mathematical Model of Fresh Concrete Rheological Properties. Properties of Fresh Concrete. Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:286.
[9]Y. Tanigawa, H.Mori and K.Watanabe. Computer Simulation of Consistency and Rheology Tests of Fresh Concrete by Viscoplastic Finite Element Method. Properties of Fresh Concrete. Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:301,
[10]Y. Tanigawa, H.Mori and K.Watanabe. Analytical Study of Flow of Fresh Concrete by Suspension Element Methyl. Properties of Fresh Concrete. Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:309.
[11]U.Wohnl. Use of Computer Control Systems for Consistent Quality in Green Concrete (Abstract). Properties of Fresh Concrete. Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:317.
[12]赵志缙．新型混凝土及其施工工艺，第二版．中国建筑工业出版社，1996．
[13]黄大能，陈志源等合译．新拌混凝土．中国建筑工业出版社，1990：243-331．
[14]张冠伦，张云理．混凝土外加剂原理及应用技术，第一版．上海科技文献出版社，1985：275-285．
[15]屠克嘉，林伟春等译．混凝土配合比设计．人民交通出版社，1991．
[16]A.M.Neville著；李国泮，马贞勇译．混凝土的性能．第一版．中国建筑工业出版社，1983：660-727．
[17]张绍麟，周以恪．建筑材料．中国铁道出版社，1994：87-95．
[18]F.Larrard. A Survey of Recent Research Performed in the French "LCPC" Network on High Performance Concrete. Proceedings of High Strength Concrete, Lillehammer, Norway, 1993:20-24.
[19]M.M.Regourd. Microstructure of High Performance Concrete. High Performance Concrete, 1992.
[20]H.H.Bache. Densified Cement/Ultrafine Particle Based Materials. Second International Conf. On Superplasticizers in Concrete, Ottawa, 1981.
[21]EK.Mehta, P.C.Aitcin. Principles Underlying Production of High Performance Concrete. Cement, Concrete and Aggregate, 1990(12)2.
[22]P.L.J.Domone, M.N.Soutsos. An Approach to the Proportioning of High Strength Concrete Mixes. Concrete International, 1994.
[23]B.T. Carbonari et al. A Synthetic Approach for the Experimental Optimization of High Strength Concrete. 4th International Symposium on Utilization of HSC/HPC,Paris, 1996.
[24]阿部道彦 高强技术教本，1996．
[25]吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土，第一版．中国铁道出版社，1999：122-130．
[26]王怀德．高性能砼配合比设计与质量控制的计算机化．[学位论文]．北京：清华大学，1996．
[27]陈建奎．高性能混凝土及复合超塑化剂．[内部资料]．前武汉工业大学北京研究生部，1999．
[28]黄大能，沈威等译．新拌混凝土的结构和流变特征．中国建筑工业出版社，1983；34．
[29]Marpuardsen. Design of Concrete Mixtures. Concrete. 1929.
[30]A.A.Smith. Proportioning---Its Fundamental Principles. Concrete. 1936.
[31]J.Katoh. The Costituents of Concrete. Review of 23rd Annual Meeting of the Association of Japanese Portland Cement Engineers. 1936.
[32]C.T.Kennedy. The Design of Concrete Mixtures. Proc. ACI ,36,1940:373-400.
[33]T. C. Powers, Properties of Fresh Concrete. 1968:282-288.
[34]中国建材研究院，清华大学．高性能混凝土的综合研与与应用(一)．[九五项目]．2000：24．
[35]D.L.Kantro. Influence of Water-reducing Admixture on Properties of Cement Paste---A Miniature Slump Test. Cement,Concrete and Aggregate, No.2, 1981:95-102.
[36]中国建材研究院，清华大学．高性能混凝土的综合研究与应用(一)．[九五攻关项目]．2000．
[37]P.L.J.Domone. Testing of Binders for High Performance Concrete. Cement and Concrete Researsh, No.8, Vol.27, 1997:1141-1147.
[38]H.Kikukawa著，时红霞译．含化学外加剂和铜矿渣粉的硅酸盐水泥浆体的流动性研究．第六届超塑化剂及其它混凝土外加剂国际会议译文集(上)．中国混凝土外加剂协会．2001：107-113．
[39]赵昕南．高效减水剂最佳掺量的确定---理论及测试方法．[学位论文]．中国建材院，2001．
[40]F. Larrard, F. Bosc, C,Catherine, F. Deflorenne, The AFREM Method for the Mix-design of high Performance Concrete. Materials Structure/Materials at Constructions, Vol.30, 1997:439-446.
[41]P.F.G.Banfill. Experimental Investigations of the Rheology of Fresh Mortar. Properties of Fresh Concrete, Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:145.
[42]刘艳军．新的混凝土工作性评价方法及配合比设计方法在自密实高性能混凝土中的应用．[学位论文]．北京：中国建材科学研究院，2000．
[43]中国建材研究院，清华大学．高性能混凝土的综合研究与应用(上)[九五攻关项目]，2000．
[44]S.E.Chidiac et al. Controlling the Quality of Fresh Concrete---A New Approach. Magazine of Concrete Research,2000,52(5):353-363.
[45]覃维祖，安明哲．高流动性混凝土工作度评价方法研究．混凝土与水泥制品，1996(3)．
[46]中国建材研究院房建与混凝土研究所，技术情报中心编译．高性能混凝土(专辑)．1997(4)．
[47]M.J.Setzer. Control of Consistency in Computer Aided Concrete Manufacture. Properties of Fresh Concrete, Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:293.
[48]吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土，第一版．中国铁道出版社，1999：121．
[49]吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土，第一版．中国铁道出版社，1999：123．
[50]S.Kakuta,T.Paba等著；马丽媛译．自密实灌注砂浆流变性能的评价．第六届超塑化剂及其它混
[54]D.L.Bleom, R.D.Gaynor. Effects of Aggregate Properties on Strength of Concrete. American Concrete Institute, 1963,60,1429-1455.
[55]A.K.H.Kwan,C.F. Mora. Effects of Various Shape Parameters on Packing of Aggregate Particales. Concrete Researsh.2001 (2):91-100.
[56]P.L.J.Domone,M.N,Soutsos. An Approach to the Proportioning of High-Strength Concrete Mixes. Concrete International. 1994,10:26-31.
[57]A.Yoshino,S.Inoue等著；马丽媛译．配合比因子对自密实混凝土流变参数的影响．第六届超塑化剂及其它混凝土外加剂国际会议译文集(下)．中国混凝土外加剂协会．2001：197-204．
[58]D.W. Hobbs. Influence of Aggregate Volume Concentration upon the Workability of Concrete and Some Predictions from the Viscosity-Elasticity Analogy. Cement and Concrete Research. Vol.28,No.97.1976,10:191-202.
[59]张墨香．按稠度法设计混凝土配合比．混凝土．1988(4)：23-24．
[60]张墨香．稠度法中的参数及设计实例．混凝土．1990：14-15．
[61]M.Ouchi, M.Hibino, K.Ozawa & Okamura. A Rational Mix-design Method for Mortar in SelfCompaeting Concrete , Proceedings of the Sixth East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering & Construction. Vol.2,pp. 1307-1312,1998.
[62]混凝土及建筑构件1980．1---1982．3；混凝土及加筋混凝土1984．5---1989．2；混凝土1990．4--1992．5；混凝土化学外加剂译文集．中国建筑工业出版社，1985；高强与高性能混凝土委员会．高强混凝土工程应用．清华大学出版社，1998；蔡正永，王足献．正交设计在混凝土中的应用．中国建筑工业出版社，1985；陈建奎．高性能混凝土(HPC)及复合超塑化剂(CSP)．武汉工业大学北京研究生部(内部资料)．2000；朱清江．高强高性能混凝土研制及应用．中国建材工业出版社，1999．
[63]吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土，第一版．中国铁道出版社，1999：44-49．
[64]ACI 363 Committee. State of the Arts on High Strength Concrete, 1994.
[65]Ruettgers A E,Vidal N,Wing S P. An Investigation of the Permeability of mass Concrete with Particular Reference to Bouldre Dam. Journal of ACI, 1935(3-4).
[66]吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土，第一版．中国铁道出版社，1999：104．
[67]吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土，第一版．中国铁道出版社，1999：105．
[681吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土，第一版．中国铁道出版社，1999：128．
[2]S.Mindess, J.F. Young. Concrete. In:Prentice-Hall INC. Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey, 1981.
[3]吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土．中国铁道出版社，1999：1．
[4]钟珞等．混凝土安全性专家系统集成的研究(上)。[九五攻关项目]．武汉工业大学2000．
[5]M.Barrioulet, C.Legrand. Mechanical Interactions Between Paste and Aggregate During the Flow of Fresh Concrete. Properties of Fresh Concrete. Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:263.
[6]V. Hanke, J.Krell. Computer Aided Mix Design of Concrete. Properties of Fresh Concrete. Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:271.
[7]M.Leivo. Rheological Modeling of the Compaction Properties of Concrete. Properties of Fresh Concrete. Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:277.
[8]P. Pytlik. Mathematical Model of Fresh Concrete Rheological Properties. Properties of Fresh Concrete. Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:286.
[9]Y. Tanigawa, H.Mori and K.Watanabe. Computer Simulation of Consistency and Rheology Tests of Fresh Concrete by Viscoplastic Finite Element Method. Properties of Fresh Concrete. Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:301,
[10]Y. Tanigawa, H.Mori and K.Watanabe. Analytical Study of Flow of Fresh Concrete by Suspension Element Methyl. Properties of Fresh Concrete. Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:309.
[11]U.Wohnl. Use of Computer Control Systems for Consistent Quality in Green Concrete (Abstract). Properties of Fresh Concrete. Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:317.
[12]赵志缙．新型混凝土及其施工工艺，第二版．中国建筑工业出版社，1996．
[13]黄大能，陈志源等合译．新拌混凝土．中国建筑工业出版社，1990：243-331．
[14]张冠伦，张云理．混凝土外加剂原理及应用技术，第一版．上海科技文献出版社，1985：275-285．
[15]屠克嘉，林伟春等译．混凝土配合比设计．人民交通出版社，1991．
[16]A.M.Neville著；李国泮，马贞勇译．混凝土的性能．第一版．中国建筑工业出版社，1983：660-727．
[17]张绍麟，周以恪．建筑材料．中国铁道出版社，1994：87-95．
[18]F.Larrard. A Survey of Recent Research Performed in the French "LCPC" Network on High Performance Concrete. Proceedings of High Strength Concrete, Lillehammer, Norway, 1993:20-24.
[19]M.M.Regourd. Microstructure of High Performance Concrete. High Performance Concrete, 1992.
[20]H.H.Bache. Densified Cement/Ultrafine Particle Based Materials. Second International Conf. On Superplasticizers in Concrete, Ottawa, 1981.
[21]EK.Mehta, P.C.Aitcin. Principles Underlying Production of High Performance Concrete. Cement, Concrete and Aggregate, 1990(12)2.
[22]P.L.J.Domone, M.N.Soutsos. An Approach to the Proportioning of High Strength Concrete Mixes. Concrete International, 1994.
[23]B.T. Carbonari et al. A Synthetic Approach for the Experimental Optimization of High Strength Concrete. 4th International Symposium on Utilization of HSC/HPC,Paris, 1996.
[24]阿部道彦 高强技术教本，1996．
[25]吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土，第一版．中国铁道出版社，1999：122-130．
[26]王怀德．高性能砼配合比设计与质量控制的计算机化．[学位论文]．北京：清华大学，1996．
[27]陈建奎．高性能混凝土及复合超塑化剂．[内部资料]．前武汉工业大学北京研究生部，1999．
[28]黄大能，沈威等译．新拌混凝土的结构和流变特征．中国建筑工业出版社，1983；34．
[29]Marpuardsen. Design of Concrete Mixtures. Concrete. 1929.
[30]A.A.Smith. Proportioning---Its Fundamental Principles. Concrete. 1936.
[31]J.Katoh. The Costituents of Concrete. Review of 23rd Annual Meeting of the Association of Japanese Portland Cement Engineers. 1936.
[32]C.T.Kennedy. The Design of Concrete Mixtures. Proc. ACI ,36,1940:373-400.
[33]T. C. Powers, Properties of Fresh Concrete. 1968:282-288.
[34]中国建材研究院，清华大学．高性能混凝土的综合研与与应用(一)．[九五项目]．2000：24．
[35]D.L.Kantro. Influence of Water-reducing Admixture on Properties of Cement Paste---A Miniature Slump Test. Cement,Concrete and Aggregate, No.2, 1981:95-102.
[36]中国建材研究院，清华大学．高性能混凝土的综合研究与应用(一)．[九五攻关项目]．2000．
[37]P.L.J.Domone. Testing of Binders for High Performance Concrete. Cement and Concrete Researsh, No.8, Vol.27, 1997:1141-1147.
[38]H.Kikukawa著，时红霞译．含化学外加剂和铜矿渣粉的硅酸盐水泥浆体的流动性研究．第六届超塑化剂及其它混凝土外加剂国际会议译文集(上)．中国混凝土外加剂协会．2001：107-113．
[39]赵昕南．高效减水剂最佳掺量的确定---理论及测试方法．[学位论文]．中国建材院，2001．
[40]F. Larrard, F. Bosc, C,Catherine, F. Deflorenne, The AFREM Method for the Mix-design of high Performance Concrete. Materials Structure/Materials at Constructions, Vol.30, 1997:439-446.
[41]P.F.G.Banfill. Experimental Investigations of the Rheology of Fresh Mortar. Properties of Fresh Concrete, Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:145.
[42]刘艳军．新的混凝土工作性评价方法及配合比设计方法在自密实高性能混凝土中的应用．[学位论文]．北京：中国建材科学研究院，2000．
[43]中国建材研究院，清华大学．高性能混凝土的综合研究与应用(上)[九五攻关项目]，2000．
[44]S.E.Chidiac et al. Controlling the Quality of Fresh Concrete---A New Approach. Magazine of Concrete Research,2000,52(5):353-363.
[45]覃维祖，安明哲．高流动性混凝土工作度评价方法研究．混凝土与水泥制品，1996(3)．
[46]中国建材研究院房建与混凝土研究所，技术情报中心编译．高性能混凝土(专辑)．1997(4)．
[47]M.J.Setzer. Control of Consistency in Computer Aided Concrete Manufacture. Properties of Fresh Concrete, Edited by H.J.Wierig, 1990:293.
[48]吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土，第一版．中国铁道出版社，1999：121．
[49]吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土，第一版．中国铁道出版社，1999：123．
[50]S.Kakuta,T.Paba等著；马丽媛译．自密实灌注砂浆流变性能的评价．第六届超塑化剂及其它混
[54]D.L.Bleom, R.D.Gaynor. Effects of Aggregate Properties on Strength of Concrete. American Concrete Institute, 1963,60,1429-1455.
[55]A.K.H.Kwan,C.F. Mora. Effects of Various Shape Parameters on Packing of Aggregate Particales. Concrete Researsh.2001 (2):91-100.
[56]P.L.J.Domone,M.N,Soutsos. An Approach to the Proportioning of High-Strength Concrete Mixes. Concrete International. 1994,10:26-31.
[57]A.Yoshino,S.Inoue等著；马丽媛译．配合比因子对自密实混凝土流变参数的影响．第六届超塑化剂及其它混凝土外加剂国际会议译文集(下)．中国混凝土外加剂协会．2001：197-204．
[58]D.W. Hobbs. Influence of Aggregate Volume Concentration upon the Workability of Concrete and Some Predictions from the Viscosity-Elasticity Analogy. Cement and Concrete Research. Vol.28,No.97.1976,10:191-202.
[59]张墨香．按稠度法设计混凝土配合比．混凝土．1988(4)：23-24．
[60]张墨香．稠度法中的参数及设计实例．混凝土．1990：14-15．
[61]M.Ouchi, M.Hibino, K.Ozawa & Okamura. A Rational Mix-design Method for Mortar in SelfCompaeting Concrete , Proceedings of the Sixth East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering & Construction. Vol.2,pp. 1307-1312,1998.
[62]混凝土及建筑构件1980．1---1982．3；混凝土及加筋混凝土1984．5---1989．2；混凝土1990．4--1992．5；混凝土化学外加剂译文集．中国建筑工业出版社，1985；高强与高性能混凝土委员会．高强混凝土工程应用．清华大学出版社，1998；蔡正永，王足献．正交设计在混凝土中的应用．中国建筑工业出版社，1985；陈建奎．高性能混凝土(HPC)及复合超塑化剂(CSP)．武汉工业大学北京研究生部(内部资料)．2000；朱清江．高强高性能混凝土研制及应用．中国建材工业出版社，1999．
[63]吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土，第一版．中国铁道出版社，1999：44-49．
[64]ACI 363 Committee. State of the Arts on High Strength Concrete, 1994.
[65]Ruettgers A E,Vidal N,Wing S P. An Investigation of the Permeability of mass Concrete with Particular Reference to Bouldre Dam. Journal of ACI, 1935(3-4).
[66]吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土，第一版．中国铁道出版社，1999：104．
[67]吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土，第一版．中国铁道出版社，1999：105．
[681吴中伟，廉慧珍．高性能混凝土，第一版．中国铁道出版社，1999：128．