高速铁路应答器系统的电磁特性研究
摘要
随着高速铁路的迅速发展,铁路运输的安全问题也日益突出。我国基于ETCS(欧洲列车控制系统)制定了CTCS(中国列车控制系统),并大力开展对CTCS技术的研究。其中点式应答器系统原理及技术是很重要的组成部分。
本文对应答器系统进行了较为深入的研究,明确了它的工作原理,并对射频识别技术进行细致的理论分析,将射频识别系统中的阅读器和应答器之间的电磁场关系转换为电路分析的关系,为之后的研究工作奠定了基础。论文贡献主要包括以下内容：
首先,基于RFID技术设计了工作于27.095MHz的BTM天线和工作于4.234MHz的应答器天线。分析了天线尺寸的大小以及制作天线所用铜片的宽度对天线电感的影响,选择合理的天线参数,便于后期频率的调谐以及匹配电路的设计。分析品质因数Q值对天线性能的影响,选择适当的Q值,使天线的带宽满足设计要求。
其次,提出一种电容匹配的方法,既能使天线工作在所需的谐振频率,又能使天线谐振时的阻抗与同轴电缆的输出阻抗相匹配,以实现最大功率的传输。并利用仿真软件对所设计的BTM天线和应答器天线进行仿真分析,验证了所设计天线结构的合理性。同时,对列车在高速运行过程中的多普勒效应进行分析,研究其对天线所接收信号的影响。
再次,在理论分析与仿真验证的基础上,制作出了BTM天线实物,对其进行了实测分析并与仿真结果进行对比。实验证明,在实验中通过对天线匹配元件的参数进行适当的调整,可以使天线的性能更佳,工作频率处的回波损耗S11,的值变的更小,匹配带宽变得更宽。同时,分析了BTM天线周围存在金属物时对天线性能的影响,对金属物与BTM天线距离不同时的天线性能进行了分析比较。
最后,对论文的工作做出总结,并为以后的工作指明方向。
ABSTRACT:With the rapid development of high-speed railway, the way about how to ensure transport safety becomes much more important. CTCS(Chinese Train Control System) technical specifications were laid down by our country according to ETCS(European Train Control System), and much research about CTCS was carried out. The theory and technology of balise is a very important part of CTCS.
A detailed research about the operation principles of balise and the theory of RFID has been done. The electromagnetic relationship between reader and transponder in RFID system was converted to analysis of circuit, which was the basis of later research. The contribution of this dissertation is presented as follows:
First, the BTM antenna and balise antenna which operate at 27.095MHz and 4.234MHz respectively were designed. The effect of antenna size on inductance was analyzed and proper antenna parameters were chose to facilitate the design work of the matching circuit. The effect of Q factor on antenna was also analyzed and proper value was chose to get the desired bandwidth.
Second, a method of capacitor matching was proposed, which could make the antenna operate at desired frequency and the resonant impedance equal to the output impedance of the cable. Simulation analysis of both BTM antenna and balise antenna has been done to verify the structure of the antenna. Meanwhile, the Doppler Effect when the train travels at high speed was analyzed to study the effect on signals received by the antenna.
Third, the sample of BTM antenna was fabricated and the comparison between the test results and simulation results was made. It was shown in the test that the performance of the antenna could be better by adjusting the parameters of the matching components, that is to say, the return loss could be lower and the bandwidth could be wider. The effect of metal to the BTM antenna was also studied and the performance of the BTM antenna was compared when the distance between the BTM antenna and the metal plate varied.
At last, a conclusion of the dissertation was made and the direction for future research was pointed out.
本文对应答器系统进行了较为深入的研究,明确了它的工作原理,并对射频识别技术进行细致的理论分析,将射频识别系统中的阅读器和应答器之间的电磁场关系转换为电路分析的关系,为之后的研究工作奠定了基础。论文贡献主要包括以下内容：
首先,基于RFID技术设计了工作于27.095MHz的BTM天线和工作于4.234MHz的应答器天线。分析了天线尺寸的大小以及制作天线所用铜片的宽度对天线电感的影响,选择合理的天线参数,便于后期频率的调谐以及匹配电路的设计。分析品质因数Q值对天线性能的影响,选择适当的Q值,使天线的带宽满足设计要求。
其次,提出一种电容匹配的方法,既能使天线工作在所需的谐振频率,又能使天线谐振时的阻抗与同轴电缆的输出阻抗相匹配,以实现最大功率的传输。并利用仿真软件对所设计的BTM天线和应答器天线进行仿真分析,验证了所设计天线结构的合理性。同时,对列车在高速运行过程中的多普勒效应进行分析,研究其对天线所接收信号的影响。
再次,在理论分析与仿真验证的基础上,制作出了BTM天线实物,对其进行了实测分析并与仿真结果进行对比。实验证明,在实验中通过对天线匹配元件的参数进行适当的调整,可以使天线的性能更佳,工作频率处的回波损耗S11,的值变的更小,匹配带宽变得更宽。同时,分析了BTM天线周围存在金属物时对天线性能的影响,对金属物与BTM天线距离不同时的天线性能进行了分析比较。
最后,对论文的工作做出总结,并为以后的工作指明方向。
ABSTRACT:With the rapid development of high-speed railway, the way about how to ensure transport safety becomes much more important. CTCS(Chinese Train Control System) technical specifications were laid down by our country according to ETCS(European Train Control System), and much research about CTCS was carried out. The theory and technology of balise is a very important part of CTCS.
A detailed research about the operation principles of balise and the theory of RFID has been done. The electromagnetic relationship between reader and transponder in RFID system was converted to analysis of circuit, which was the basis of later research. The contribution of this dissertation is presented as follows:
First, the BTM antenna and balise antenna which operate at 27.095MHz and 4.234MHz respectively were designed. The effect of antenna size on inductance was analyzed and proper antenna parameters were chose to facilitate the design work of the matching circuit. The effect of Q factor on antenna was also analyzed and proper value was chose to get the desired bandwidth.
Second, a method of capacitor matching was proposed, which could make the antenna operate at desired frequency and the resonant impedance equal to the output impedance of the cable. Simulation analysis of both BTM antenna and balise antenna has been done to verify the structure of the antenna. Meanwhile, the Doppler Effect when the train travels at high speed was analyzed to study the effect on signals received by the antenna.
Third, the sample of BTM antenna was fabricated and the comparison between the test results and simulation results was made. It was shown in the test that the performance of the antenna could be better by adjusting the parameters of the matching components, that is to say, the return loss could be lower and the bandwidth could be wider. The effect of metal to the BTM antenna was also studied and the performance of the BTM antenna was compared when the distance between the BTM antenna and the metal plate varied.
At last, a conclusion of the dissertation was made and the direction for future research was pointed out.
引文
[1]郭进,魏艳,刘利芳.铁路信号基础设备.第1版.成都.西南交通大学出版社.2008.8.169-170,179-185
[2]徐啸明,袁湘鄂,李萍.列控地面设备.第1版.北京.中国铁道出版社.2007.5.14-18
[3]张凡.基于CTCS的大容量点式应答器地面电子单元的关键技术研究[学位论文].成都.电子科技大学.2007.3.1-3
[4]Klaus Finkenzeller.陈大才.射频识别(RFID)技术.第1版.北京.电子工业出版社.2001.3.245-247
[5]王爱玲.盛小宝RFID技术及应用.第1版.北京.中国物资出版社.2007.7.16-19
[6]单承赣,单玉峰,姚磊.射频识别(RFID)原理与应用.第1版.北京.电子工业出版社.2008.7.13-15
[7]卢萍.CTCS-2点式应答器.重庆工学院学报.2008.5.22(5).112-114
[8]刘健.查询应答器上行链路信号接收方法研究[学位论文].北京.北京交通大学.2006.3.2-4
[9]叶建斌.RFID技术在列车控制系统应用的研究[学位论文].北京.华北电力大学.2008.1.23-25
[10]徐啸明,袁湘鄂,李萍.列控车载设备.第1版.北京.中国铁道出版社.2007.5.25-28
[11]李向红,李永善,曹进.高速铁路中的查询应答器.铁路通信信号.2004.10.40(10).5-7
[12]SUBSET-036-V2.2.1. FFFIS for Eurobalise[S].2007.9.22-25
[13]Y. Balghiti, B. meyniel, J. Orion. Proposal of a specific test methodology to assess the radiated immunity behavior of a data transmission from beacon to train.20th Int. Zurich Symposium on EMC.2009.485-487
[14]Zhao Huibing, Liu Huan, Pang Dongming. Study on Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation System During Design and Testing of Intermittent Track-to-Train Data Transmission Equipment:BTM.ICEMI 2007.781-784
[15]Huibing Zhao, Ruiyin Shi. Adaptability Assessment and Validation of Balise Transmission Module in High-speed Railway.ICEMI 2009.159-162
[16]Rohan Sharma. Crosstalk Reduction in Balise and Infill Loops in Automatic Train Control. INES 2007.1-5
[17]Jon del Portillo, Mikel Osinalde, Eluska Sukia. Characterization of the EM environment of railway spot communication systems. ISEMC 2008.1-6
[18]王瑞,赵会兵,王舒民.面向应答器传输模块测试的上行链路信号模拟器研究.铁道学报.2008.12.30(6).46-49
[19]杨志杰,范浦辉,薛瑞民.适用于高速运营与提速的查询应答器系统.中国铁道科学.2002.4.23(2).42-43
[20]周儒,钱路路,孙中东.查询应答器原理及其应用.铁道通信信号.1995.7.31(12).3-6
[21]铁道部科学技术司.应答器技术条件.2004.12.1-8
[22]郎为民.射频识别(RFID)技术原理与应用.第1版.北京.机械工业出版社.2006.8.58-60
[23]黄冕.射频识别系统阅读器的设计与实现[学位论文].武汉.华中科技大学.2007.1.7-8
[24]马冰然.电磁场与微波技术.第2版.广东.华南理工大学出版社.2004.9.96-97
[25]Klaus Finkenzeller. RFID Handbook:Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification. Second Edition.2003.72-83
[26]Y. Zhu, H.J. Wang. Zhanao Wu. Research on Reader Antenna With Covering a Large Area in RFID System. WiCom 2008.1-4
[27]P. Li, Y. L. Lu, W. Liu.. RFID High Frequency 3-Dimensional Loop Antenna Analysis and Design. ASME 2009. Singapore.1119-1120
[28]Texas Instruments. HF Antenna Design Notes Technical Application Report.2003.9
[29]周文安,付秀花,王志辉.无线通信原理与应用.第2版.北京.电子工业出版社.2008.3.123-124
[30]杨志杰,赵海东.高速铁路双向点式信息交互系统设备的研究.中国铁道科学.2004.6.25(3).93-94
[2]徐啸明,袁湘鄂,李萍.列控地面设备.第1版.北京.中国铁道出版社.2007.5.14-18
[3]张凡.基于CTCS的大容量点式应答器地面电子单元的关键技术研究[学位论文].成都.电子科技大学.2007.3.1-3
[4]Klaus Finkenzeller.陈大才.射频识别(RFID)技术.第1版.北京.电子工业出版社.2001.3.245-247
[5]王爱玲.盛小宝RFID技术及应用.第1版.北京.中国物资出版社.2007.7.16-19
[6]单承赣,单玉峰,姚磊.射频识别(RFID)原理与应用.第1版.北京.电子工业出版社.2008.7.13-15
[7]卢萍.CTCS-2点式应答器.重庆工学院学报.2008.5.22(5).112-114
[8]刘健.查询应答器上行链路信号接收方法研究[学位论文].北京.北京交通大学.2006.3.2-4
[9]叶建斌.RFID技术在列车控制系统应用的研究[学位论文].北京.华北电力大学.2008.1.23-25
[10]徐啸明,袁湘鄂,李萍.列控车载设备.第1版.北京.中国铁道出版社.2007.5.25-28
[11]李向红,李永善,曹进.高速铁路中的查询应答器.铁路通信信号.2004.10.40(10).5-7
[12]SUBSET-036-V2.2.1. FFFIS for Eurobalise[S].2007.9.22-25
[13]Y. Balghiti, B. meyniel, J. Orion. Proposal of a specific test methodology to assess the radiated immunity behavior of a data transmission from beacon to train.20th Int. Zurich Symposium on EMC.2009.485-487
[14]Zhao Huibing, Liu Huan, Pang Dongming. Study on Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation System During Design and Testing of Intermittent Track-to-Train Data Transmission Equipment:BTM.ICEMI 2007.781-784
[15]Huibing Zhao, Ruiyin Shi. Adaptability Assessment and Validation of Balise Transmission Module in High-speed Railway.ICEMI 2009.159-162
[16]Rohan Sharma. Crosstalk Reduction in Balise and Infill Loops in Automatic Train Control. INES 2007.1-5
[17]Jon del Portillo, Mikel Osinalde, Eluska Sukia. Characterization of the EM environment of railway spot communication systems. ISEMC 2008.1-6
[18]王瑞,赵会兵,王舒民.面向应答器传输模块测试的上行链路信号模拟器研究.铁道学报.2008.12.30(6).46-49
[19]杨志杰,范浦辉,薛瑞民.适用于高速运营与提速的查询应答器系统.中国铁道科学.2002.4.23(2).42-43
[20]周儒,钱路路,孙中东.查询应答器原理及其应用.铁道通信信号.1995.7.31(12).3-6
[21]铁道部科学技术司.应答器技术条件.2004.12.1-8
[22]郎为民.射频识别(RFID)技术原理与应用.第1版.北京.机械工业出版社.2006.8.58-60
[23]黄冕.射频识别系统阅读器的设计与实现[学位论文].武汉.华中科技大学.2007.1.7-8
[24]马冰然.电磁场与微波技术.第2版.广东.华南理工大学出版社.2004.9.96-97
[25]Klaus Finkenzeller. RFID Handbook:Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification. Second Edition.2003.72-83
[26]Y. Zhu, H.J. Wang. Zhanao Wu. Research on Reader Antenna With Covering a Large Area in RFID System. WiCom 2008.1-4
[27]P. Li, Y. L. Lu, W. Liu.. RFID High Frequency 3-Dimensional Loop Antenna Analysis and Design. ASME 2009. Singapore.1119-1120
[28]Texas Instruments. HF Antenna Design Notes Technical Application Report.2003.9
[29]周文安,付秀花,王志辉.无线通信原理与应用.第2版.北京.电子工业出版社.2008.3.123-124
[30]杨志杰,赵海东.高速铁路双向点式信息交互系统设备的研究.中国铁道科学.2004.6.25(3).93-94