四川得荣扎仁铜矿床成矿地质条件及找矿方向
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摘要
扎仁铜矿床位于四川省甘孜州得荣县徐龙乡境内,距得荣县城12千米(直线距离),中心地理坐标:东经99°10′00″,北纬28°45′30″。该矿床是西南“三江”地区金沙江Cu、Pb、Zn成矿带内新发现的矿床,迄今在该带内已发现大型Cu矿床1处(羊拉铜矿床)、中型Cu矿床2处(通吉格铜矿床、拖顶铜矿床)、中型Pb-Zn矿床2处,以及小型及矿点十余处,是“三江”地区重要的Cu、Pb、Zn成矿带之一。
扎仁铜矿区内出露地层及其主要岩性特征为:元古界(Pt)大理岩、石英片岩、角闪片岩、混合岩等不等厚互层的组合沉积;二叠系下统下段第一亚段(P1a1-1)斜长角闪(片)岩;二叠系下统下段第二亚段(P1a1-2)灰绿色变质基性火山岩(绿片岩);二叠系下统上段(P1a2)板岩、变质砂岩夹灰绿色基性火山岩(脉);三叠系上统曲嘎寺组下段(T3q1)基性火山岩、灰岩、板岩、石英砂岩和第四系(Q)残坡积物等。矿区内断裂发育,主要断裂有扎仁断裂(F1)、尼中断层(F2)、以及F3、F5、F6等。区内岩浆岩主要为华力西期超基性岩(∑4)、印支期石英闪长岩(δο51)以及燕山期斜长花岗岩(γo52)等。
矿区铜钴矿(化)体主要赋存于二叠系下统下段第二亚段(P1a1-2)灰绿色变质基性火山岩(绿片岩)及二叠系下统下段第一亚段(P1a1-1)灰黑色斜长角闪(片)岩中。矿体呈层状、似层状、脉状、透镜状等形态产出。矿石的组成矿物主要有黄铜矿、黄铁矿、硫钴矿、磁铁矿、孔雀石、蓝铜矿、绿泥石、绿帘石、斜长石、石英等。矿石结构主要有半自形晶粒状结构、它形晶粒状结构、交代残余结构、浸蚀结构、骸晶结构、放射状结构、压碎结构、填隙结构等;矿石构造主要有块状、稀疏浸染状、星散浸染状、脉状、细脉状、胶状构造、土状、蜂窝状构造等。围岩蚀变主要有硅化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、绢云母化、方解石化等。
扎仁铜矿床中矿物流体包裹体的数量较多,不同矿物中包裹体的分布、形态、大小、类型均不相同。石英中的包裹体大都定向分布于石英两组裂隙中,类型为气液两相,气液比在2%~7%之间;透闪石包裹体呈竹节状,交叉分布于透闪石晶体中。测定石英中包裹体的均一温度,其变化范围为122~153℃,平均温度为135.5℃。根据流体包裹体均一温度,可判断扎仁铜矿床为中低温热液矿床。
将扎仁铜矿床与德钦拖顶铜矿床对比,发现两者矿床地质特征、成矿作用特点及其成矿地质背景十分相似,不仅成矿温度都较低,成矿流体的含盐度亦较低,两者都呈脉状产于逆冲-推覆带构造破碎带中,矿物成分都反映了矿床的低温矿物组合特点,矿石构造都以脉状-细脉状、星散浸染状、稀疏浸染状等构造为主,与矿化作用直接相关的围岩蚀变都以硅化、碳酸盐化为主,二者成矿作用均为沿构造破碎带充填-交代的方式进行。
在扎仁铜矿床物探工作范围内共圈出3处明显的极化率异常,其中2处异常区对应Ⅰ号矿带及Ⅱ号矿带。在化探上表现为Cu、Au、Ag、Co、Sb、As等综合异常,且异常套合较好,与矿区已知铜钴矿(化)体吻合,在矿带的走向及倾向方向均显示出较好的铜、钴、金异常。
本文在总结分析前人资料的基础上,结合西南“三江”区域地质背景,重点研究得荣县扎仁铜矿床地质特征、成矿地质条件,总结矿床成矿规律,确定其矿床类型及找矿标志,从而明确该区的找矿方向。取得的主要成果和认识如下:
(1)扎仁铜矿床与羊拉铜矿床均位于金沙江蛇绿混杂岩带,但扎仁铜矿床属金沙江蛇绿混杂岩带东缘的前陆褶皱-冲断带,而羊拉铜矿床属金沙江蛇绿混杂岩带内的蛇绿构造混杂岩带。
(2)依据野外观察、矿石组构及矿物共生组合关系,将扎仁铜矿床的成矿过程分为2个主要的矿化期(热液期和表生期)和3个成矿阶段,其中热液期的黄铜矿阶段是最重要的成矿阶段。
(3)扎仁铜矿床的形成,是海西期以来洋-陆转换、盆-山转换过程中岩浆活动、构造作用、热液系统等地质事件的结果,成矿作用主要受扎仁断裂及其次级断裂破碎带控制,而与岩浆岩联系不密切,成矿作用基本在燕山-喜马拉雅期陆内汇聚阶段完成。
(4)将扎仁铜矿床与羊拉铜矿床的矿物流体包裹体特征对比,发现扎仁铜矿床矿物流体包裹体特征与羊拉铜矿床中脉状矿(化)体矿物流体包裹体特征极为相似,均一温度都较低,从而暗示扎仁铜矿床可能是更晚期的构造热事件的产物。
(5)通过与拖顶铜矿床对比,确定扎仁铜矿床的矿床类型为褶皱-冲断带中的构造-热液脉型矿床。并建立了扎仁铜矿床的陆内碰撞、推覆-剪切成矿模式。
(6)确定了原生露头、围岩蚀变、地层、构造、地球物理、地球化学等找矿标志。明确指出断裂构造破碎带是寻找构造-热液脉型Cu矿床的重要标志。
(7)扎仁铜矿床的发现是金沙江成矿带中构造-热液脉型矿床的一个找矿突破,根据其矿床地质特征,结合物、化、遥等综合信息找矿标志,在推覆-剪切构造破碎带内综合异常区寻找构造-热液脉型Cu、Au多金属矿床潜力巨大。
The Zharen copper deposit was located Xulong ,Derong ,Ganzi of Sichuan province, which 12 kilometers away from the Derong county town (linear distance), the center for geographic coordinates is E: 99°10′00″and N:28°45′30″. The deposit is a new-found deposit in Jinshajiang Cu, Pb, Zn ore belt of the Sanjiang region in southwest China, so far there are large-scale Cu deposits (Yangla copper deposit), two medium-scale Cu deposits (Tongjige copper deposit and Tuoding copper deposit), two medium-sized Pb-Zn deposits and more than ten small-scale deposits in the band, the band is one of important Cu, Pb, Zn ore belt in the Sanjiang region.
The outcropping strata and the principal lithologic of the Zharen mining area are the different-thickness and alternating-layers combination sedimentation of marble, quartz schist, hornblende schist, mixed rocks and so on in the Proterozoic, the plagioclase amphibolite in the Lower Permian the first sub-segment of the under segment, the gray-green metamorphic basic volcanic rocks (green schist) in the Lower Permian the second sub-segment of the under segment, the slate, sandstone mingled with gray-green metamorphic basic volcanic rocks (vein) in Lower Permian upper segment, the basic volcanic rocks, limestone, slate, quartz sandstone in the upper Triassic under segment of Qugasi group, and the other residual and slope sediments in the Quaternary. There are faults in the mining area, the main faults are Zharen fault (F1), Nizhong falut (F2), F3, F5, F6 and so on. The magmatic rocks are mainly Variscan ultra-basic rocks, Indo-Chinese quartz diorite, the plagioclase granite in the stage of Yanshan and so on.
In the mineing area, copper-cobalt mineralized body mainly occurs in the gray-green metamorphic basic volcanic rocks (green schist) in the Lower Permian the second sub-segment of the under segment and the gray-black plagioclase amphibolite in the Lower Permian the first sub-segment of the under segment. The ore bodies are layer, layer-like, vein, lenticular and other forms. The main compositions of ore are chalcopyrite, pyrite, linnaeite, magnetite, malachite, azurite, chlorite, epidote, plagioclase, quartz and so on. The texture of ores are comprised of subhedral grain-like texture, xenomorphic grain-like texture, remnant ballistic texture, erosion texture, skeletal crystal texture, redial texture, crushed texture, interstitial texture; the structure of ores are massive, sparsely disseminated, scattered disseminated, vein, small vein, colloidal structure, earthy, honeycomb structure and so on. Wall rock alterations are silicification, chlorite, epidote petrochemical, sericite, calcitization and so on.
There are larger quantities of fluid inclusions in minerals from Zharen copper deposit, the different minerals have different inclusions in distribution, shape, size and type. Most of the inclusions in quartz distribute over cracks of the two groups with orientation. The type of inclusions is gas-liquid two phases, and gas-liquid ratio ranges from 2% to 7%; the inclusions within tremolite occur bamboo-like, which distribute in the tremolite crystal with crossing. The homogenization temperature of inclusions in quartz is varied from 122°C to 153°C, and the average temperature is 135.5°C. According to the temperature, the Zharen copper deposit is supposed to be mesothermal-epithermal deposits.
Compared Zharen copper deposit with Tuoding copper deposit in Deqing, they has simiarity in geological features, mineralization characteristics and geological background. Not only the metallogenic temperature is lower , but also the salinity of ore forming fluids is lower, both accur vein in tectonic fracture belt of thrust-nappe zone, the mineral composition reflects the characteristics of low-temperature mineral assemblage, ore structures are in vein-small veins, scattered disseminated, sparsely disseminated and other structures, and the wallrock alterations which are directly related to mineralization are mainly silicification and carbonate, their metallogenesis are filled-accountable manner along the fracture zone.
It is circled three obvious polarizability anomalies with geophysical exploration in Zharen copper deposit, two of them correspond with belt of I and II. It is expressed that the synthetical anomaly of Cu, Au, Ag, Co, Sb, As in geochemical exploration, and the anomalies coincide well, they are coincided with the known copper-cobalt mineralized bodies in the mining area, and there are some better anomalies of Cu, Co, Au in the direction of strike and dip in the ore belt.
On the basis of analyzing previous data, combining with Southwest Sanjiang regional geological background, this paper focus on geological features and metallogenic conditions of the Derong copper deposit, and summarying metallogenic law, determining the deposit type and indicator, clarifying the prospecting direction.This research obtains the following main achievements and recognition:
(1) Zharen copper deposit and Yangla copper deposit located in the Jinshajiang ophiolite belt,but the Zharen copper deposit located in the foreland fold - thrust belt in the eastern edge of Jinshajiang ophiolite belt, and the Yangla copper deposit located in the ophiolite tectonic melange zone of Jinshajiang ophiolite.
(2) According to field observation, the texture and structure of ores and mineral association, the metallogenic process of Zharen copper deposit can be divided into two major mineralization phase (hydrothermal and hypergene period), and three ore-forming stages, among which chalcopyrite mineralization of hydrothermal phase is the most important stage.
(3) The formation of Zharen copper deposit derived from the product of magmatism, tectonics, hydrothermal system and so on during ocean-continent transformation and basin-mountain transformation since hercynian. Ore-forming in Zharen copper deposit mianly controlled by Zharen fault and secondary faults, which has no close association with magmatism clearly, and the mineralization mostly occurred in continental convergence stage during Yanshan-Himalayan period.
(4) By comparing the fluid inclusion characteristics between Zharen copper deposit and Yangla copper deposit, they are very similar for both characteristics, and also have a lower homogenization temperature, which implies that Zharen copper deposit may be a later product during tectonic thermal event.
(5) Compared to Tuoding copper deposit, the ore deposit type of Zharen copper deposit belongs to structure-hydrothermal vein-type deposit located in fold-thrust belt. And the metallogenic model is established characterized by continental collision and thrusting-shearing for Zharen copper deposit.
(6) The explorative indications have been determined, such as native outcrop, wall rock alteration, stratigraphy, tectonics, geophysics, geochemistry and so on, and they clearly pointed out that the fracture zone is the most important symbol for discovering structure - hydrothermal vein-type Cu deposit.
(7) The discovery of Zharen copper deposit is an important breakthrough for structure-hydrothermal vein-type ore deposits in the Jinshajiang metallogenic belt. According to the geological characteristics of deposit, combining the comprehensive information prospecting of geophysics, geochemistry and remote sensing, there are high potential for finding structure-hydrothermal vein-type Cu-Au polymetallic deposit in tectonic fracture belt of thrust-shear zone.
扎仁铜矿区内出露地层及其主要岩性特征为:元古界(Pt)大理岩、石英片岩、角闪片岩、混合岩等不等厚互层的组合沉积;二叠系下统下段第一亚段(P1a1-1)斜长角闪(片)岩;二叠系下统下段第二亚段(P1a1-2)灰绿色变质基性火山岩(绿片岩);二叠系下统上段(P1a2)板岩、变质砂岩夹灰绿色基性火山岩(脉);三叠系上统曲嘎寺组下段(T3q1)基性火山岩、灰岩、板岩、石英砂岩和第四系(Q)残坡积物等。矿区内断裂发育,主要断裂有扎仁断裂(F1)、尼中断层(F2)、以及F3、F5、F6等。区内岩浆岩主要为华力西期超基性岩(∑4)、印支期石英闪长岩(δο51)以及燕山期斜长花岗岩(γo52)等。
矿区铜钴矿(化)体主要赋存于二叠系下统下段第二亚段(P1a1-2)灰绿色变质基性火山岩(绿片岩)及二叠系下统下段第一亚段(P1a1-1)灰黑色斜长角闪(片)岩中。矿体呈层状、似层状、脉状、透镜状等形态产出。矿石的组成矿物主要有黄铜矿、黄铁矿、硫钴矿、磁铁矿、孔雀石、蓝铜矿、绿泥石、绿帘石、斜长石、石英等。矿石结构主要有半自形晶粒状结构、它形晶粒状结构、交代残余结构、浸蚀结构、骸晶结构、放射状结构、压碎结构、填隙结构等;矿石构造主要有块状、稀疏浸染状、星散浸染状、脉状、细脉状、胶状构造、土状、蜂窝状构造等。围岩蚀变主要有硅化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、绢云母化、方解石化等。
扎仁铜矿床中矿物流体包裹体的数量较多,不同矿物中包裹体的分布、形态、大小、类型均不相同。石英中的包裹体大都定向分布于石英两组裂隙中,类型为气液两相,气液比在2%~7%之间;透闪石包裹体呈竹节状,交叉分布于透闪石晶体中。测定石英中包裹体的均一温度,其变化范围为122~153℃,平均温度为135.5℃。根据流体包裹体均一温度,可判断扎仁铜矿床为中低温热液矿床。
将扎仁铜矿床与德钦拖顶铜矿床对比,发现两者矿床地质特征、成矿作用特点及其成矿地质背景十分相似,不仅成矿温度都较低,成矿流体的含盐度亦较低,两者都呈脉状产于逆冲-推覆带构造破碎带中,矿物成分都反映了矿床的低温矿物组合特点,矿石构造都以脉状-细脉状、星散浸染状、稀疏浸染状等构造为主,与矿化作用直接相关的围岩蚀变都以硅化、碳酸盐化为主,二者成矿作用均为沿构造破碎带充填-交代的方式进行。
在扎仁铜矿床物探工作范围内共圈出3处明显的极化率异常,其中2处异常区对应Ⅰ号矿带及Ⅱ号矿带。在化探上表现为Cu、Au、Ag、Co、Sb、As等综合异常,且异常套合较好,与矿区已知铜钴矿(化)体吻合,在矿带的走向及倾向方向均显示出较好的铜、钴、金异常。
本文在总结分析前人资料的基础上,结合西南“三江”区域地质背景,重点研究得荣县扎仁铜矿床地质特征、成矿地质条件,总结矿床成矿规律,确定其矿床类型及找矿标志,从而明确该区的找矿方向。取得的主要成果和认识如下:
(1)扎仁铜矿床与羊拉铜矿床均位于金沙江蛇绿混杂岩带,但扎仁铜矿床属金沙江蛇绿混杂岩带东缘的前陆褶皱-冲断带,而羊拉铜矿床属金沙江蛇绿混杂岩带内的蛇绿构造混杂岩带。
(2)依据野外观察、矿石组构及矿物共生组合关系,将扎仁铜矿床的成矿过程分为2个主要的矿化期(热液期和表生期)和3个成矿阶段,其中热液期的黄铜矿阶段是最重要的成矿阶段。
(3)扎仁铜矿床的形成,是海西期以来洋-陆转换、盆-山转换过程中岩浆活动、构造作用、热液系统等地质事件的结果,成矿作用主要受扎仁断裂及其次级断裂破碎带控制,而与岩浆岩联系不密切,成矿作用基本在燕山-喜马拉雅期陆内汇聚阶段完成。
(4)将扎仁铜矿床与羊拉铜矿床的矿物流体包裹体特征对比,发现扎仁铜矿床矿物流体包裹体特征与羊拉铜矿床中脉状矿(化)体矿物流体包裹体特征极为相似,均一温度都较低,从而暗示扎仁铜矿床可能是更晚期的构造热事件的产物。
(5)通过与拖顶铜矿床对比,确定扎仁铜矿床的矿床类型为褶皱-冲断带中的构造-热液脉型矿床。并建立了扎仁铜矿床的陆内碰撞、推覆-剪切成矿模式。
(6)确定了原生露头、围岩蚀变、地层、构造、地球物理、地球化学等找矿标志。明确指出断裂构造破碎带是寻找构造-热液脉型Cu矿床的重要标志。
(7)扎仁铜矿床的发现是金沙江成矿带中构造-热液脉型矿床的一个找矿突破,根据其矿床地质特征,结合物、化、遥等综合信息找矿标志,在推覆-剪切构造破碎带内综合异常区寻找构造-热液脉型Cu、Au多金属矿床潜力巨大。
The Zharen copper deposit was located Xulong ,Derong ,Ganzi of Sichuan province, which 12 kilometers away from the Derong county town (linear distance), the center for geographic coordinates is E: 99°10′00″and N:28°45′30″. The deposit is a new-found deposit in Jinshajiang Cu, Pb, Zn ore belt of the Sanjiang region in southwest China, so far there are large-scale Cu deposits (Yangla copper deposit), two medium-scale Cu deposits (Tongjige copper deposit and Tuoding copper deposit), two medium-sized Pb-Zn deposits and more than ten small-scale deposits in the band, the band is one of important Cu, Pb, Zn ore belt in the Sanjiang region.
The outcropping strata and the principal lithologic of the Zharen mining area are the different-thickness and alternating-layers combination sedimentation of marble, quartz schist, hornblende schist, mixed rocks and so on in the Proterozoic, the plagioclase amphibolite in the Lower Permian the first sub-segment of the under segment, the gray-green metamorphic basic volcanic rocks (green schist) in the Lower Permian the second sub-segment of the under segment, the slate, sandstone mingled with gray-green metamorphic basic volcanic rocks (vein) in Lower Permian upper segment, the basic volcanic rocks, limestone, slate, quartz sandstone in the upper Triassic under segment of Qugasi group, and the other residual and slope sediments in the Quaternary. There are faults in the mining area, the main faults are Zharen fault (F1), Nizhong falut (F2), F3, F5, F6 and so on. The magmatic rocks are mainly Variscan ultra-basic rocks, Indo-Chinese quartz diorite, the plagioclase granite in the stage of Yanshan and so on.
In the mineing area, copper-cobalt mineralized body mainly occurs in the gray-green metamorphic basic volcanic rocks (green schist) in the Lower Permian the second sub-segment of the under segment and the gray-black plagioclase amphibolite in the Lower Permian the first sub-segment of the under segment. The ore bodies are layer, layer-like, vein, lenticular and other forms. The main compositions of ore are chalcopyrite, pyrite, linnaeite, magnetite, malachite, azurite, chlorite, epidote, plagioclase, quartz and so on. The texture of ores are comprised of subhedral grain-like texture, xenomorphic grain-like texture, remnant ballistic texture, erosion texture, skeletal crystal texture, redial texture, crushed texture, interstitial texture; the structure of ores are massive, sparsely disseminated, scattered disseminated, vein, small vein, colloidal structure, earthy, honeycomb structure and so on. Wall rock alterations are silicification, chlorite, epidote petrochemical, sericite, calcitization and so on.
There are larger quantities of fluid inclusions in minerals from Zharen copper deposit, the different minerals have different inclusions in distribution, shape, size and type. Most of the inclusions in quartz distribute over cracks of the two groups with orientation. The type of inclusions is gas-liquid two phases, and gas-liquid ratio ranges from 2% to 7%; the inclusions within tremolite occur bamboo-like, which distribute in the tremolite crystal with crossing. The homogenization temperature of inclusions in quartz is varied from 122°C to 153°C, and the average temperature is 135.5°C. According to the temperature, the Zharen copper deposit is supposed to be mesothermal-epithermal deposits.
Compared Zharen copper deposit with Tuoding copper deposit in Deqing, they has simiarity in geological features, mineralization characteristics and geological background. Not only the metallogenic temperature is lower , but also the salinity of ore forming fluids is lower, both accur vein in tectonic fracture belt of thrust-nappe zone, the mineral composition reflects the characteristics of low-temperature mineral assemblage, ore structures are in vein-small veins, scattered disseminated, sparsely disseminated and other structures, and the wallrock alterations which are directly related to mineralization are mainly silicification and carbonate, their metallogenesis are filled-accountable manner along the fracture zone.
It is circled three obvious polarizability anomalies with geophysical exploration in Zharen copper deposit, two of them correspond with belt of I and II. It is expressed that the synthetical anomaly of Cu, Au, Ag, Co, Sb, As in geochemical exploration, and the anomalies coincide well, they are coincided with the known copper-cobalt mineralized bodies in the mining area, and there are some better anomalies of Cu, Co, Au in the direction of strike and dip in the ore belt.
On the basis of analyzing previous data, combining with Southwest Sanjiang regional geological background, this paper focus on geological features and metallogenic conditions of the Derong copper deposit, and summarying metallogenic law, determining the deposit type and indicator, clarifying the prospecting direction.This research obtains the following main achievements and recognition:
(1) Zharen copper deposit and Yangla copper deposit located in the Jinshajiang ophiolite belt,but the Zharen copper deposit located in the foreland fold - thrust belt in the eastern edge of Jinshajiang ophiolite belt, and the Yangla copper deposit located in the ophiolite tectonic melange zone of Jinshajiang ophiolite.
(2) According to field observation, the texture and structure of ores and mineral association, the metallogenic process of Zharen copper deposit can be divided into two major mineralization phase (hydrothermal and hypergene period), and three ore-forming stages, among which chalcopyrite mineralization of hydrothermal phase is the most important stage.
(3) The formation of Zharen copper deposit derived from the product of magmatism, tectonics, hydrothermal system and so on during ocean-continent transformation and basin-mountain transformation since hercynian. Ore-forming in Zharen copper deposit mianly controlled by Zharen fault and secondary faults, which has no close association with magmatism clearly, and the mineralization mostly occurred in continental convergence stage during Yanshan-Himalayan period.
(4) By comparing the fluid inclusion characteristics between Zharen copper deposit and Yangla copper deposit, they are very similar for both characteristics, and also have a lower homogenization temperature, which implies that Zharen copper deposit may be a later product during tectonic thermal event.
(5) Compared to Tuoding copper deposit, the ore deposit type of Zharen copper deposit belongs to structure-hydrothermal vein-type deposit located in fold-thrust belt. And the metallogenic model is established characterized by continental collision and thrusting-shearing for Zharen copper deposit.
(6) The explorative indications have been determined, such as native outcrop, wall rock alteration, stratigraphy, tectonics, geophysics, geochemistry and so on, and they clearly pointed out that the fracture zone is the most important symbol for discovering structure - hydrothermal vein-type Cu deposit.
(7) The discovery of Zharen copper deposit is an important breakthrough for structure-hydrothermal vein-type ore deposits in the Jinshajiang metallogenic belt. According to the geological characteristics of deposit, combining the comprehensive information prospecting of geophysics, geochemistry and remote sensing, there are high potential for finding structure-hydrothermal vein-type Cu-Au polymetallic deposit in tectonic fracture belt of thrust-shear zone.
引文
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