我国银行监管有效性研究
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摘要
本文回顾了银行监管理论的溯源,从中可以看出,从古典经济学到以凯恩斯主义宏观经济学为基础的金融脆弱性理论框架、经济管制理论框架、信息经济学理论框架,大多围绕着“为什么需要监管”来展开。近年来,“如何进行监管”成为了理论研究的重心,一些学者将实证研究与规范性研究纳入了银行监管的分析之中。因此,接下来笔者将全面总结我国银行监管有效性的现状,深入查找面临的主要问题,重点研究提高我国银行监管有效性的思路和对策。
在总结我国银行监管有效性的现状时,首先重点研究了我国银行监管治理的概况。当前,银行监管治理是国际学术界和监管实践中的一个新兴领域。国际组织普遍认为,良好银行监管治理的标准主要包括监管部门的独立性、问责性、透明性以及监管者的操守等方面。目前,我国银行监管的独立性虽然在国际上排名较低,但实际上已经具有较好的独立性。通过多年努力,我国银行监管的问责制度建设不断完善,监管的透明度持续提高,监管者的职业操守有所提升,与国内其他金融监管部门和境外银行监管部门的交流合作广泛开展。其次,从我国资本充足率监管、信用风险监管、市场风险和操作风险监管、公司治理与内控监管、市场准入管理、银行监管信息系统的构建、现场检查与非现场监管等七个方面,总结了我国银行监管的原则、监管技术与监管成效。
在看到上述成效的同时,笔者也清醒地认识到,我国银行监管还面临诸多问题,主要体现在七个方面：第一,市场准入监管的有效性有待提高,对商业银行及其分支机构进行审批的独立性和权威性不够,对银行新业务的审批监管缺乏系统性、一致性,发放执照和持续监管存在脱节现象；第二,针对信用风险、市场风险、操作风险等风险的审慎监管有待进一步加强；第三,开展非现场监管和现场检查的工作还面临一系列问题,持续性监管还有待完善；第四,银行监管部门与国内其他金融监管部门之间的协调合作有待改进；第五,银行监管的法规框架有待完善,目前还存在一些立法空白,已有的法规存在体系不统一、规则不协调的问题,一些重复、过时的规则依然存在；第六,跨境银行监管有待加强,作为母国对中资银行境外分支机构的监管仍有待加强,作为东道国对外资银行驻华机构的监管有待提高；第七,有效银行监管的外部环境有待进一步改善,需要稳健且可持续的宏观经济政策,完善的公共金融基础设施,有效的市场约束,高效率解决银行问题的程序,以及提供适当的系统性保护。
为了解决上述问题,切实提高我国银行监管的有效性,笔者重点围绕以下三个方面进行了思考和探索,提出了具体的思路和对策：
第一,构建符合我国国情的有效监管总体环境。有效的银行监管体系取决于一些外部因素,虽然这些外部因素不在银行监管部门直接的管辖范围内,但实践中对银行监管的有效性有直接的影响。作为转轨中的发展中国家,我国外部监管环境是制约银行监管有效性的一个非常重要的因素。要提高银行监管的有效性,需要不断改善银行监管的外部环境。一是加快建立有利于银行体系的宏观经济环境与政策。二是建立完善的公共金融基础设施,重点是要加快金融法治建设,推动会计准则和国际财务报告准则的研究和运用,完善银行业监管协调与合作机制,建立科学的银行干部任用制度。三是构建科学的公共金融安全网,存款保险制度、审慎监管安排和最后贷款人是建立公共金融安全网的基本要素,当前重点是抓紧推进存款保险制度。
第二,构建符合我国国情的科学监管观。正如世界观之于人的思想行为的重要性一样,有效的银行监管必须要有一个科学的监管理念所指导。否则,一切监管活动将陷于盲目,不仅难以达到防范风险的目的,很可能阻碍所监管行业的健康发展。根据我国银行业的发展与监管的现阶段特点,笔者重点从五个方面研究如何实施有效监管：一是在监管者的角色定位方面,监管者要逐渐放弃“领导型”和“引导型”的角色,变为“鞭策型”和“服务型”的角色,更多地从市场稳定、银行风险管理能力、内部控制、监管信息服务等角度监督银行的发展,提高监管有效性,为银行创造良好的外部监管环境。二是在放开思路的监管方面,要以开放的思维面对银行机构的创新和发展,不要受自己的认识和经验所局限,也不要受他人的认识和经验所左右,可考虑在银行监管部门设置监管规章审核委员会、监管问题核准委员会。三是在更多的原则导向监管方面,结合我国银行监管实践,重点实施“更多的原则导向监管”的领域应包括市场准入、与市场准入监管密切相关的监管规章,以及现场检查和审慎监管会谈等。四是在合规监管与风险监管方面,合规性监管与风险性监管并不是对立关系,也不是低级与高级的关系,不能代表监管的两个阶段。他们代表监管的两个方面,同时又有交叉,相互补充。因此,银行监管部门在监管中要积极开展这两种监管。五是在一致性监管方面,努力形成一致性监管理念,抛弃金融机构、金融产品的形式特征,根据各类金融机构、各种金融活动的本质属性和风险类型制定一般性的监管规章和要求,实施修正后的功能型监管模式。
第三,构建符合我国国情的有效监管执行力。在确立了正确的监管理念的基础上,如何建立高效率的监管实施体系就成为进一步提高监管有效性的重要内容。纵观发达国家的实践,我们不难发现,建立健全银行监管治理,规范化、标准化的监管实施是在实践中落实监管理念的必由之路。具体表现在以下五个方面：一是建立健全我国银行监管治理架构,重点是要进一步强化问责力度,通过披露监管信息和加强监管合作提高银行监管透明度,全方位提高银行监管人员的职业操守。二是构建有效的持续监管体系,重点是坚持周期性的持续监管,明确市场准入的监管方式,完善非现场监管和现场检查体系。三是构建有效的风险纠正与处置体系,关键是建设有弹性的风险纠正措施系统,风险纠正措施要有针对性,要建立健全风险纠正与处置措施体系,切实提升监管效果。四是强化风险为本的监管,尤其是要对风险评级系统自身进行改良,并充分利用风险评级的结果。五是开展监管有效性的后评价工作,通过制定严格的评价程序,积极开展对市场准入监管、非现场监管、现场检查和行政处罚的后评价工作,切实提高银行监管的有效性。
After reviewing the history of bank regulation and supervision theories, it is clear to see that the theories of financial fragility, economics of regulation and economics of information based on macroeconomics theories from classical economics to Keynesian, mostly focus attention on "why we need regulation and supervision". In recent years,"how to regulate and supervise bank" are becoming hot issue in the research field and some scholars study bank regulation and supervision by empirical research and normative research. And then, the paper introduces the effectiveness of bank regulation and supervision with main deficiencies identified and focuses more intensely on suggestions and recommendations to improve the effectiveness of bank regulation and supervision in China.
First of all, the paper studies the situation of bank regulation and supervision before considering the effectiveness of China bank regulation and supervision. Supervisory independence in China is actually fairly good although it is still low in the world rankings. After efforts in many years, accountability system and supervisory transparency has been constantly enhanced and there has been a slight improvement in supervisors'integrity at work. Cooperation is also broadly developed with other domestic financial supervisors and foreign supervisors in the bank sector. In addition, the paper summed up principles, techniques and effectiveness of bank regulation and supervision in China from the following seven items:capital adequacy supervision, credit risk supervision, operational and market risk supervision, corporate governance and internal control supervision, market access administration, establishment of banking supervisory information database, on-site examinations or inspections and off-site review.
Although the situation of bank regulation and supervision in China is getting better, it is well aware that there is still room for improvement in following seven areas. Firstly, supervisory effectiveness of market entry in the bank sector remains to be improved. The supervisors have not enough independence and authority to examine and approve the market entry of commercial banks and their branches and also lack systematic and consistent examination and approval with respect to the new banking business. Issuing licenses is not closely followed by ongoing supervision. Secondly, the prudential supervision remains to be strengthened with respect to credit risk, market risk, operational risk etc.. Thirdly, there are still some problems in on-site examinations or inspections and off-site review and ongoing supervision remains to be improved. Fourthly, banking supervisors need to enhance the cooperation and coordination with other domestic financial supervisors. Fifthly, the laws and regulations framework of bank supervisions remain to be improved. Sixthly, cooperation with foreign supervisors needs to be strengthened. Finally, the external environment of effective banking supervision needs sound and sustainable macroeconomic policy, perfect public financial infrastructure, effective market discipline, the program to efficiently and effectively deal with problems faced by banks and appropriately systematic protection.
When the above problems are concerned, the paper gives suggestions and recommendations in the following three areas to improve the effectiveness of bank regulation and supervisions in China.
First, general environment of effective banking supervisions should be built in line with national situation. Effective supervisory system in the bank sector depends on some external factors beyond administration of bank supervisors, but has a direct effect on effectiveness of bank regulation and supervision. As a developing country in transition, external environment is an important factor that restricts the effectiveness of bank regulation and supervision in China. In order to enhance effectiveness of bank regulation and supervisions, the external environment need to be improved. On the one hand, establishment of macroeconomic environment and policy that is favorable to banking system should be expedited. On the other hand, to improve public financial infrastructure, it is important to expedite establishment of financial legality, promote research and implementation of accounting standards and international financial reporting standards, improve coordination and cooperation on regulation and supervision in the bank sector and establish system of scientific appointment in the bank sector. In addition, scientifically financial safety net with three basic factors of deposit insurance systems, prudential supervision and lender of last resort should be built. Development of effective deposit insurance systems is the top priority in the present stage.
Second, scientific supervision concept and supervision governance framework should be developed congruous with national situation. Concerning the development of banking system and supervisory character in the present stage, the paper focuses attention on implementation of effective supervision in the following five areas. Firstly, Supervisors should change the role from leader or guider to whips or server and create a sound external supervisory environment. Secondly, with an open idea, supervisors face the development and enterprising of banks and consider to set up Examination of Supervisory Regulations Commission and Deficiencies Identification Commission in supervisory system. Thirdly,"supervision guided by more principles" should include market entry, rules and regulations related to market entry supervision, on-site examinations or inspections and conversation of prudential supervision etc.. Fourthly, the relationship between compliance supervision and risk supervision are neither opposite nor high or low level. They represent two aspects and overlap and mutual complement。Therefore, supervisors need positively implement the above two kinds of supervisions. Finally, it is important to form an idea of consistent regulation and supervision. Regulations and requirements are formulated based on essential characters and risky classification of kinds of financial institutions and financial activities.
Third, effective implement of supervision should be developed in line with national situation. After development of proper supervision concept, how to establish effectively supervisory implementation system becomes concerned in the next step. The practice of bank regulation and supervision in developed countries shows that supervisory standardization is the only way to implement the correct concept of bank regulation and supervision. We can see that from the following five aspects. In order to establish and improve bank regulatory and supervisory framework, it is important to further strengthen accountability system, enhance banking supervisory transparency by disclosure of supervisory information and strength of supervisory cooperation and improve integrity of supervisors at work. Effective ongoing supervisory system should be built with an emphasis to persist on periodical ongoing supervision, confirm the model of market entry supervision and improve on-site examinations or inspections and off-site review. And then it is necessary to establish an elastic system of risky correct to improve effectiveness of supervision. In addition, risk-based supervision approach needs to be strengthened, especially with respect to the improvement of risk assessment system and fully usage of results of risk assessment. Finally, post assessment of supervisory effectiveness should be developed by setting up strictly post assessment program in the regulation for market entry, on-site examination or inspection, off-site review and administration penalty, which contributes to improve the effectiveness of bank regulation and supervision.
在总结我国银行监管有效性的现状时,首先重点研究了我国银行监管治理的概况。当前,银行监管治理是国际学术界和监管实践中的一个新兴领域。国际组织普遍认为,良好银行监管治理的标准主要包括监管部门的独立性、问责性、透明性以及监管者的操守等方面。目前,我国银行监管的独立性虽然在国际上排名较低,但实际上已经具有较好的独立性。通过多年努力,我国银行监管的问责制度建设不断完善,监管的透明度持续提高,监管者的职业操守有所提升,与国内其他金融监管部门和境外银行监管部门的交流合作广泛开展。其次,从我国资本充足率监管、信用风险监管、市场风险和操作风险监管、公司治理与内控监管、市场准入管理、银行监管信息系统的构建、现场检查与非现场监管等七个方面,总结了我国银行监管的原则、监管技术与监管成效。
在看到上述成效的同时,笔者也清醒地认识到,我国银行监管还面临诸多问题,主要体现在七个方面：第一,市场准入监管的有效性有待提高,对商业银行及其分支机构进行审批的独立性和权威性不够,对银行新业务的审批监管缺乏系统性、一致性,发放执照和持续监管存在脱节现象；第二,针对信用风险、市场风险、操作风险等风险的审慎监管有待进一步加强；第三,开展非现场监管和现场检查的工作还面临一系列问题,持续性监管还有待完善；第四,银行监管部门与国内其他金融监管部门之间的协调合作有待改进；第五,银行监管的法规框架有待完善,目前还存在一些立法空白,已有的法规存在体系不统一、规则不协调的问题,一些重复、过时的规则依然存在；第六,跨境银行监管有待加强,作为母国对中资银行境外分支机构的监管仍有待加强,作为东道国对外资银行驻华机构的监管有待提高；第七,有效银行监管的外部环境有待进一步改善,需要稳健且可持续的宏观经济政策,完善的公共金融基础设施,有效的市场约束,高效率解决银行问题的程序,以及提供适当的系统性保护。
为了解决上述问题,切实提高我国银行监管的有效性,笔者重点围绕以下三个方面进行了思考和探索,提出了具体的思路和对策：
第一,构建符合我国国情的有效监管总体环境。有效的银行监管体系取决于一些外部因素,虽然这些外部因素不在银行监管部门直接的管辖范围内,但实践中对银行监管的有效性有直接的影响。作为转轨中的发展中国家,我国外部监管环境是制约银行监管有效性的一个非常重要的因素。要提高银行监管的有效性,需要不断改善银行监管的外部环境。一是加快建立有利于银行体系的宏观经济环境与政策。二是建立完善的公共金融基础设施,重点是要加快金融法治建设,推动会计准则和国际财务报告准则的研究和运用,完善银行业监管协调与合作机制,建立科学的银行干部任用制度。三是构建科学的公共金融安全网,存款保险制度、审慎监管安排和最后贷款人是建立公共金融安全网的基本要素,当前重点是抓紧推进存款保险制度。
第二,构建符合我国国情的科学监管观。正如世界观之于人的思想行为的重要性一样,有效的银行监管必须要有一个科学的监管理念所指导。否则,一切监管活动将陷于盲目,不仅难以达到防范风险的目的,很可能阻碍所监管行业的健康发展。根据我国银行业的发展与监管的现阶段特点,笔者重点从五个方面研究如何实施有效监管：一是在监管者的角色定位方面,监管者要逐渐放弃“领导型”和“引导型”的角色,变为“鞭策型”和“服务型”的角色,更多地从市场稳定、银行风险管理能力、内部控制、监管信息服务等角度监督银行的发展,提高监管有效性,为银行创造良好的外部监管环境。二是在放开思路的监管方面,要以开放的思维面对银行机构的创新和发展,不要受自己的认识和经验所局限,也不要受他人的认识和经验所左右,可考虑在银行监管部门设置监管规章审核委员会、监管问题核准委员会。三是在更多的原则导向监管方面,结合我国银行监管实践,重点实施“更多的原则导向监管”的领域应包括市场准入、与市场准入监管密切相关的监管规章,以及现场检查和审慎监管会谈等。四是在合规监管与风险监管方面,合规性监管与风险性监管并不是对立关系,也不是低级与高级的关系,不能代表监管的两个阶段。他们代表监管的两个方面,同时又有交叉,相互补充。因此,银行监管部门在监管中要积极开展这两种监管。五是在一致性监管方面,努力形成一致性监管理念,抛弃金融机构、金融产品的形式特征,根据各类金融机构、各种金融活动的本质属性和风险类型制定一般性的监管规章和要求,实施修正后的功能型监管模式。
第三,构建符合我国国情的有效监管执行力。在确立了正确的监管理念的基础上,如何建立高效率的监管实施体系就成为进一步提高监管有效性的重要内容。纵观发达国家的实践,我们不难发现,建立健全银行监管治理,规范化、标准化的监管实施是在实践中落实监管理念的必由之路。具体表现在以下五个方面：一是建立健全我国银行监管治理架构,重点是要进一步强化问责力度,通过披露监管信息和加强监管合作提高银行监管透明度,全方位提高银行监管人员的职业操守。二是构建有效的持续监管体系,重点是坚持周期性的持续监管,明确市场准入的监管方式,完善非现场监管和现场检查体系。三是构建有效的风险纠正与处置体系,关键是建设有弹性的风险纠正措施系统,风险纠正措施要有针对性,要建立健全风险纠正与处置措施体系,切实提升监管效果。四是强化风险为本的监管,尤其是要对风险评级系统自身进行改良,并充分利用风险评级的结果。五是开展监管有效性的后评价工作,通过制定严格的评价程序,积极开展对市场准入监管、非现场监管、现场检查和行政处罚的后评价工作,切实提高银行监管的有效性。
After reviewing the history of bank regulation and supervision theories, it is clear to see that the theories of financial fragility, economics of regulation and economics of information based on macroeconomics theories from classical economics to Keynesian, mostly focus attention on "why we need regulation and supervision". In recent years,"how to regulate and supervise bank" are becoming hot issue in the research field and some scholars study bank regulation and supervision by empirical research and normative research. And then, the paper introduces the effectiveness of bank regulation and supervision with main deficiencies identified and focuses more intensely on suggestions and recommendations to improve the effectiveness of bank regulation and supervision in China.
First of all, the paper studies the situation of bank regulation and supervision before considering the effectiveness of China bank regulation and supervision. Supervisory independence in China is actually fairly good although it is still low in the world rankings. After efforts in many years, accountability system and supervisory transparency has been constantly enhanced and there has been a slight improvement in supervisors'integrity at work. Cooperation is also broadly developed with other domestic financial supervisors and foreign supervisors in the bank sector. In addition, the paper summed up principles, techniques and effectiveness of bank regulation and supervision in China from the following seven items:capital adequacy supervision, credit risk supervision, operational and market risk supervision, corporate governance and internal control supervision, market access administration, establishment of banking supervisory information database, on-site examinations or inspections and off-site review.
Although the situation of bank regulation and supervision in China is getting better, it is well aware that there is still room for improvement in following seven areas. Firstly, supervisory effectiveness of market entry in the bank sector remains to be improved. The supervisors have not enough independence and authority to examine and approve the market entry of commercial banks and their branches and also lack systematic and consistent examination and approval with respect to the new banking business. Issuing licenses is not closely followed by ongoing supervision. Secondly, the prudential supervision remains to be strengthened with respect to credit risk, market risk, operational risk etc.. Thirdly, there are still some problems in on-site examinations or inspections and off-site review and ongoing supervision remains to be improved. Fourthly, banking supervisors need to enhance the cooperation and coordination with other domestic financial supervisors. Fifthly, the laws and regulations framework of bank supervisions remain to be improved. Sixthly, cooperation with foreign supervisors needs to be strengthened. Finally, the external environment of effective banking supervision needs sound and sustainable macroeconomic policy, perfect public financial infrastructure, effective market discipline, the program to efficiently and effectively deal with problems faced by banks and appropriately systematic protection.
When the above problems are concerned, the paper gives suggestions and recommendations in the following three areas to improve the effectiveness of bank regulation and supervisions in China.
First, general environment of effective banking supervisions should be built in line with national situation. Effective supervisory system in the bank sector depends on some external factors beyond administration of bank supervisors, but has a direct effect on effectiveness of bank regulation and supervision. As a developing country in transition, external environment is an important factor that restricts the effectiveness of bank regulation and supervision in China. In order to enhance effectiveness of bank regulation and supervisions, the external environment need to be improved. On the one hand, establishment of macroeconomic environment and policy that is favorable to banking system should be expedited. On the other hand, to improve public financial infrastructure, it is important to expedite establishment of financial legality, promote research and implementation of accounting standards and international financial reporting standards, improve coordination and cooperation on regulation and supervision in the bank sector and establish system of scientific appointment in the bank sector. In addition, scientifically financial safety net with three basic factors of deposit insurance systems, prudential supervision and lender of last resort should be built. Development of effective deposit insurance systems is the top priority in the present stage.
Second, scientific supervision concept and supervision governance framework should be developed congruous with national situation. Concerning the development of banking system and supervisory character in the present stage, the paper focuses attention on implementation of effective supervision in the following five areas. Firstly, Supervisors should change the role from leader or guider to whips or server and create a sound external supervisory environment. Secondly, with an open idea, supervisors face the development and enterprising of banks and consider to set up Examination of Supervisory Regulations Commission and Deficiencies Identification Commission in supervisory system. Thirdly,"supervision guided by more principles" should include market entry, rules and regulations related to market entry supervision, on-site examinations or inspections and conversation of prudential supervision etc.. Fourthly, the relationship between compliance supervision and risk supervision are neither opposite nor high or low level. They represent two aspects and overlap and mutual complement。Therefore, supervisors need positively implement the above two kinds of supervisions. Finally, it is important to form an idea of consistent regulation and supervision. Regulations and requirements are formulated based on essential characters and risky classification of kinds of financial institutions and financial activities.
Third, effective implement of supervision should be developed in line with national situation. After development of proper supervision concept, how to establish effectively supervisory implementation system becomes concerned in the next step. The practice of bank regulation and supervision in developed countries shows that supervisory standardization is the only way to implement the correct concept of bank regulation and supervision. We can see that from the following five aspects. In order to establish and improve bank regulatory and supervisory framework, it is important to further strengthen accountability system, enhance banking supervisory transparency by disclosure of supervisory information and strength of supervisory cooperation and improve integrity of supervisors at work. Effective ongoing supervisory system should be built with an emphasis to persist on periodical ongoing supervision, confirm the model of market entry supervision and improve on-site examinations or inspections and off-site review. And then it is necessary to establish an elastic system of risky correct to improve effectiveness of supervision. In addition, risk-based supervision approach needs to be strengthened, especially with respect to the improvement of risk assessment system and fully usage of results of risk assessment. Finally, post assessment of supervisory effectiveness should be developed by setting up strictly post assessment program in the regulation for market entry, on-site examination or inspection, off-site review and administration penalty, which contributes to improve the effectiveness of bank regulation and supervision.
引文
[1]殷孟波：《商业银行经营管理》,中国人民大学出版社,2001。
[2]殷孟波：《货币金融学》,中国金融出版社,2006。
[3]姜建清：《国际商业银行监管环境与体制》,中国金融出版社,2005。
[4]项俊波：《现代金融市场知识手册》,中国金融出版社,2007。
[5]车迎新：《商业银行现场检查手册》,中国金融出版社,2004。
[6]车迎新：《金融控股公司的公司治理、风险管理和监管》,2008。
[7]马蔚华：《感悟华尔街》,中信出版社,2009。
[8]中国人民银行法国兴业银行事件专题研究小组：《法国兴业银行事件专题研究》,2009
[9]中国人民银行金融稳定分析小组：《中国金融稳定报告(2005)》,中国金融出版社,。2005。
[10]中国人民银行金融稳定分析小组：《中国金融稳定报告(2006)》,中国金融出版社,2006。
[11]中国人民银行金融稳定分析小组：《中国金融稳定报告(2007)》,中国金融出版社,2007。
[12]中国人民银行金融稳定分析小组：《中国金融稳定报告(2008)》,中国金融出版社,2008。
[13]中国人民银行金融稳定分析小组：《中国金融稳定报告(2009)》,中国金融出版社,2009。
[14]《经济热点面对面》编委会：《经济热点面对面》,中国发展出版社,2008。
[15]查理斯·P·金德尔伯格,朱隽、叶翔译：《经济过热、经济恐慌及经济崩溃——金融危机史(第三版)》,北京大学出版社,2000。
[16]库尔特·勒布,托马斯·盖尔·穆尔：《施蒂格勒论文精萃》,商 务印书馆,1999。
[17]菲利普·莫利纽克斯,尼达尔·沙姆洛克,冯健、杨娟、张玉仁等译.：《金融创新》,中国人民大学出版社,2003。
[18]黄金老：《金融自由化与金融脆弱性》,中国城市出版社,2001。
[19]张荔：《金融自由化效应分析》,中国金融出版社,2003。
[20]唐旭：《金融理论前沿课题(第二辑)》,中国金融出版社,2003。
[21]王广谦：《20世纪西方货币金融理论研究：进展与述评》,经济科学出版社,2003。
[22]林平：《银行监管论》,中国金融出版社,2002。
[23]梁宝柱：《监管论》,西南财经大学出版社,1999。
[24]赵渤：《中国金融监管——风险、挑战、行动纲领》,社会科学文献出版社,2008。
[25]赵先信：《银行内部模型和监管模型——风险估值的新方法及其他范式》,上海人民出版社,2004。
[26]何新：《何新论金融危机与中国经济》,华龄出版社,2008。
[27]易宪容、赵春明：《行为金融学》,社会科学文献出版社,2004。
[28]胡建绩、赵渤：《西方经济学说思想图鉴》,百家出版社,2006。
[29]赵月华：《母子公司治理结构》,东方出版社,2006。
[30]傅钧文：《雨洗礼：开放冲击下的金融深化》,上海社会科学院出版社,2001。
[31]罗平：《巴塞尔新资本协议研究文献及评选》,中国金融出版社,2004。
[32]佛朗索瓦·沙奈等著,齐建华、胡振良译：《突破金融危机——金融危机缘由与对策》,中央编译出版社,2009。
[33]Stiglitz J. E. & Andrew Weiss,1981. Credit Rationing in Market With Imperfect Information, American Economic Review,73 (3):393-410
[34]Meltzer A. H.,1967. Margins in the Regulation of Financial Institutions, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol.75:482-511
[35]Kane, E. J.,1990. Principal-Agent Problem in S&L Salvage, Journal of Finance, Vo.45:755-764
[36]Kane, E. J.,1994. A Market Perspective on Financial Regulation
[37]Kaufman, G. G,1996. Bank Failures, Systemic Risk and Bank Regulation. CATO, Vo.16:17-45.
[38]Goodhart, C.A. E, etc, (1997) Financial Regulation:Why, How and Where Now? Bank of England
[39]Fisher, Irving,1933. The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depression, Econometrica Ⅰ:PP.337-357
[40]傅英略：《激励相容：中国有效银行监管机制构建研究》,《吉林大学博士论文》,2007年10月。
[41]冉勇：《中国银行业信息披露制度研究》,《重庆大学博士论文》,2006年10月。
[42]张晓朴,杜蕾娜：《金融监管治理的定义、要素和评估》,《中国金融》,2005年2月。
[43]朱进元,王占军：《促进银行监管效率提高须从监管机构内部治理机制入手》,《东北财经大学学报》,2006年9月。
[44]韩雪萌：《提高监管有效性防范银行业操作风险》,《金融时报》,2007年6月。
[45]张金城：《银监会实施有效银行监管存在的问题与对策研究》,《哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文》,2007年12月。
[46]范文仲：《银行业：树立科学监管理念》,《中国金融家》,2008年10月。
[47]黎振兴：《加强操作风险管理完善监管法规体系——解析<商业银行操作风险管理指引>》,《中国金融》,2007年7月。
[48]朱玲凡：《基于数据仓库的金融统计信息平台及其应用研究》,《南京航空航天大学硕士论文》,2009年3月。
[49]董才林：《我国商业银行稽核监管与电子化稽核研究》,《华中科技大学博士论文》,2005年9月。
[50]中国银监会核心原则自我评估小组：《完善审慎监管法规是实施有效银行监管的基础(<有效银行监管核心原则>专题之四)》,《国际金融报》,2004年11月。
[51]金浩：《我国银行业监管中存在的问题及解决途径》,《现代经济信息》,2008年5月。
[52]张惠：《银行监管治理研究》,《天津财经大学博士论文》,2007年5月。
[53]杨悦：《美国货币监理署的监管经验对我国金融监管制度创新建设的启示》, 《经济研究导刊》,2008年5月。
[2]殷孟波：《货币金融学》,中国金融出版社,2006。
[3]姜建清：《国际商业银行监管环境与体制》,中国金融出版社,2005。
[4]项俊波：《现代金融市场知识手册》,中国金融出版社,2007。
[5]车迎新：《商业银行现场检查手册》,中国金融出版社,2004。
[6]车迎新：《金融控股公司的公司治理、风险管理和监管》,2008。
[7]马蔚华：《感悟华尔街》,中信出版社,2009。
[8]中国人民银行法国兴业银行事件专题研究小组：《法国兴业银行事件专题研究》,2009
[9]中国人民银行金融稳定分析小组：《中国金融稳定报告(2005)》,中国金融出版社,。2005。
[10]中国人民银行金融稳定分析小组：《中国金融稳定报告(2006)》,中国金融出版社,2006。
[11]中国人民银行金融稳定分析小组：《中国金融稳定报告(2007)》,中国金融出版社,2007。
[12]中国人民银行金融稳定分析小组：《中国金融稳定报告(2008)》,中国金融出版社,2008。
[13]中国人民银行金融稳定分析小组：《中国金融稳定报告(2009)》,中国金融出版社,2009。
[14]《经济热点面对面》编委会：《经济热点面对面》,中国发展出版社,2008。
[15]查理斯·P·金德尔伯格,朱隽、叶翔译：《经济过热、经济恐慌及经济崩溃——金融危机史(第三版)》,北京大学出版社,2000。
[16]库尔特·勒布,托马斯·盖尔·穆尔：《施蒂格勒论文精萃》,商 务印书馆,1999。
[17]菲利普·莫利纽克斯,尼达尔·沙姆洛克,冯健、杨娟、张玉仁等译.：《金融创新》,中国人民大学出版社,2003。
[18]黄金老：《金融自由化与金融脆弱性》,中国城市出版社,2001。
[19]张荔：《金融自由化效应分析》,中国金融出版社,2003。
[20]唐旭：《金融理论前沿课题(第二辑)》,中国金融出版社,2003。
[21]王广谦：《20世纪西方货币金融理论研究：进展与述评》,经济科学出版社,2003。
[22]林平：《银行监管论》,中国金融出版社,2002。
[23]梁宝柱：《监管论》,西南财经大学出版社,1999。
[24]赵渤：《中国金融监管——风险、挑战、行动纲领》,社会科学文献出版社,2008。
[25]赵先信：《银行内部模型和监管模型——风险估值的新方法及其他范式》,上海人民出版社,2004。
[26]何新：《何新论金融危机与中国经济》,华龄出版社,2008。
[27]易宪容、赵春明：《行为金融学》,社会科学文献出版社,2004。
[28]胡建绩、赵渤：《西方经济学说思想图鉴》,百家出版社,2006。
[29]赵月华：《母子公司治理结构》,东方出版社,2006。
[30]傅钧文：《雨洗礼：开放冲击下的金融深化》,上海社会科学院出版社,2001。
[31]罗平：《巴塞尔新资本协议研究文献及评选》,中国金融出版社,2004。
[32]佛朗索瓦·沙奈等著,齐建华、胡振良译：《突破金融危机——金融危机缘由与对策》,中央编译出版社,2009。
[33]Stiglitz J. E. & Andrew Weiss,1981. Credit Rationing in Market With Imperfect Information, American Economic Review,73 (3):393-410
[34]Meltzer A. H.,1967. Margins in the Regulation of Financial Institutions, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol.75:482-511
[35]Kane, E. J.,1990. Principal-Agent Problem in S&L Salvage, Journal of Finance, Vo.45:755-764
[36]Kane, E. J.,1994. A Market Perspective on Financial Regulation
[37]Kaufman, G. G,1996. Bank Failures, Systemic Risk and Bank Regulation. CATO, Vo.16:17-45.
[38]Goodhart, C.A. E, etc, (1997) Financial Regulation:Why, How and Where Now? Bank of England
[39]Fisher, Irving,1933. The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depression, Econometrica Ⅰ:PP.337-357
[40]傅英略：《激励相容：中国有效银行监管机制构建研究》,《吉林大学博士论文》,2007年10月。
[41]冉勇：《中国银行业信息披露制度研究》,《重庆大学博士论文》,2006年10月。
[42]张晓朴,杜蕾娜：《金融监管治理的定义、要素和评估》,《中国金融》,2005年2月。
[43]朱进元,王占军：《促进银行监管效率提高须从监管机构内部治理机制入手》,《东北财经大学学报》,2006年9月。
[44]韩雪萌：《提高监管有效性防范银行业操作风险》,《金融时报》,2007年6月。
[45]张金城：《银监会实施有效银行监管存在的问题与对策研究》,《哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文》,2007年12月。
[46]范文仲：《银行业：树立科学监管理念》,《中国金融家》,2008年10月。
[47]黎振兴：《加强操作风险管理完善监管法规体系——解析<商业银行操作风险管理指引>》,《中国金融》,2007年7月。
[48]朱玲凡：《基于数据仓库的金融统计信息平台及其应用研究》,《南京航空航天大学硕士论文》,2009年3月。
[49]董才林：《我国商业银行稽核监管与电子化稽核研究》,《华中科技大学博士论文》,2005年9月。
[50]中国银监会核心原则自我评估小组：《完善审慎监管法规是实施有效银行监管的基础(<有效银行监管核心原则>专题之四)》,《国际金融报》,2004年11月。
[51]金浩：《我国银行业监管中存在的问题及解决途径》,《现代经济信息》,2008年5月。
[52]张惠：《银行监管治理研究》,《天津财经大学博士论文》,2007年5月。
[53]杨悦：《美国货币监理署的监管经验对我国金融监管制度创新建设的启示》, 《经济研究导刊》,2008年5月。