WDM光网络的资源优化与服务质量
|
摘要
骨干网正向着IP over WDM的两层结构演进，其中，WDM层广泛应用基于线路交换的大容量智能光网络并向着突发交换的交换模式探索。在这一发展趋势的引领下，围绕着资源利用与服务质量的矛盾对立关系，论文从资源优化和服务质量两个角度对智能光网络演进过程中所面临的两大关键问题——线路交换光网络的生存问题及突发交换光网络的路由问题开展了基础研究。
针对提供专用路径保护和共享路径保护服务的恢复时间区分光网络，论文提出了不影响连接恢复时间(单链路战障下)的资源优化供给机制。数值结果表明，与传统供给机制相比，资源优化供给机制显著降低了两种保护类型的阻塞率(专用保护>20％；共享保护>40％)和网络的总体资源冗余(>25％)。
论文将备用路径再优化机制应用于共享路径保护光网络的网络工程问题中，对于预约业务，周期性的保护路径调整有效地降低了网络的平均备用容量消耗。对于半动态业务，通过对高等级连接请求引入考虑重路由保护路径灵活度的后路径计算过程，实现了两等级连接请求之间阻塞率区分的光路供给。
作为对“备用路径再指配如何定量地影响连接可用率?”问题的首次探索，论文通过汁算机模拟定量地评估了备用路径再指配光网络的连接可用率。数值结果表明，带启动故障驱动备用路径再指配的共享路径保护降低了连接的不可用率，而当网络中具有充足的可用波长时，运用任意故障及修复事件驱动的备用路径再指配实现非返回的共享路径保护将具有吸引力。
在IP over全光透明网络中，论文提出了一种新的生存映射机制，即在寻找生存光路时，最大化光路的物理层战障定位潜能。数值结果表明，新生存映射实现了准确或近乎准确的单链路故障定位。
在基于偏置时间的丢包率区分突发交换光网络中，论文提出了等级感知路由，在不引入突发包再序的前提下实现业务分叉以降低突发包丢包率。数值结果表明，与传统等级遗忘路由相比，等级感知路由进一步降低了各等级突发包的丢包率，特别足当网络处于轻负载或中负载时。
Backbone transport networks are evolving into a two-layer architecture of IP overWDM networks. In the WDM layer, circuit-switching-based intelligent optical net-works are/will be widely deployed, with the optical burst switching envisioned as apromising switching paradigm for future WDM networks. To catch up with this trend,this dissertation studies from the resource optimization perspective and the service per-spective two key issues during the architecture migration, i.e., survivability of opticalcircuit switching networks and routing in optical burst switching networks.
In recovery-time-di?erentiated optical networks employing dedicated path pro-tection and shared path protection, resource-e?cient provisioning scheme is proposedwithout deteriorating the recovery time of either protection type (in the predominantsingle link failure scenarios). Numerical results show that compared with traditionalscheme, resource-e?cient provisioning scheme reduces the blocking probability ofboth protection types as well as the overall resource overbuild of the network.
Next, backup path reoptimization scheme is applied to the network engineering(NE) problems in shared-path-protected optical networks. For scheduled tra?c, peri-odic rearrangement of protection paths reduces the average spare capacity consumptionof the network. For semi-dynamic tra?c, blocking-di?erentiated lightpath provision-ing between two classes of connection requests is achieved by introducing the proposedpost path calculation process for high-class requests, during which the ?exibility ofrerouting backup paths is considered.
As a first attempt to address the problem of“how does backup path reprovision-ing a?ect connection availability?”, this dissertation quantitatively evaluates the con-nection availability in a network employing backup path reprovisioning. Numericalresults show that shared path protection with startup-failure-driven backup path re-provisioning reduces connection unavailability. Moreover, results show that arbitraryfailure-arrival-and-failure-repair-events-driven backup path reprovisioning is an attrac- tive approach for non-revertive operations of shared-path-protected connections whensucient free wavelengths are available in the networks.
In IP over all-optical transparent networks, a new survivable mapping problemis proposed that the physical-layer failure-localization potential is maximized in find-ing the survivable mapped lightpaths. Numerical results show that accurate or near-accurate failure localizations are achieved with the new survivable mapping design.
In oset-time-based loss-di?erentiated optical burst switching networks, a class-aware routing scheme is proposed to reduce the burst loss probability by splitting traf-fic while avoiding the introduction of burst reordering mechanism. Numerical resultsshow that compared with traditional class-oblivious routing, class-aware routing fur-ther reduces the burst loss probability of multiple classes especially when the networkload is light or moderate.
针对提供专用路径保护和共享路径保护服务的恢复时间区分光网络，论文提出了不影响连接恢复时间(单链路战障下)的资源优化供给机制。数值结果表明，与传统供给机制相比，资源优化供给机制显著降低了两种保护类型的阻塞率(专用保护>20％；共享保护>40％)和网络的总体资源冗余(>25％)。
论文将备用路径再优化机制应用于共享路径保护光网络的网络工程问题中，对于预约业务，周期性的保护路径调整有效地降低了网络的平均备用容量消耗。对于半动态业务，通过对高等级连接请求引入考虑重路由保护路径灵活度的后路径计算过程，实现了两等级连接请求之间阻塞率区分的光路供给。
作为对“备用路径再指配如何定量地影响连接可用率?”问题的首次探索，论文通过汁算机模拟定量地评估了备用路径再指配光网络的连接可用率。数值结果表明，带启动故障驱动备用路径再指配的共享路径保护降低了连接的不可用率，而当网络中具有充足的可用波长时，运用任意故障及修复事件驱动的备用路径再指配实现非返回的共享路径保护将具有吸引力。
在IP over全光透明网络中，论文提出了一种新的生存映射机制，即在寻找生存光路时，最大化光路的物理层战障定位潜能。数值结果表明，新生存映射实现了准确或近乎准确的单链路故障定位。
在基于偏置时间的丢包率区分突发交换光网络中，论文提出了等级感知路由，在不引入突发包再序的前提下实现业务分叉以降低突发包丢包率。数值结果表明，与传统等级遗忘路由相比，等级感知路由进一步降低了各等级突发包的丢包率，特别足当网络处于轻负载或中负载时。
Backbone transport networks are evolving into a two-layer architecture of IP overWDM networks. In the WDM layer, circuit-switching-based intelligent optical net-works are/will be widely deployed, with the optical burst switching envisioned as apromising switching paradigm for future WDM networks. To catch up with this trend,this dissertation studies from the resource optimization perspective and the service per-spective two key issues during the architecture migration, i.e., survivability of opticalcircuit switching networks and routing in optical burst switching networks.
In recovery-time-di?erentiated optical networks employing dedicated path pro-tection and shared path protection, resource-e?cient provisioning scheme is proposedwithout deteriorating the recovery time of either protection type (in the predominantsingle link failure scenarios). Numerical results show that compared with traditionalscheme, resource-e?cient provisioning scheme reduces the blocking probability ofboth protection types as well as the overall resource overbuild of the network.
Next, backup path reoptimization scheme is applied to the network engineering(NE) problems in shared-path-protected optical networks. For scheduled tra?c, peri-odic rearrangement of protection paths reduces the average spare capacity consumptionof the network. For semi-dynamic tra?c, blocking-di?erentiated lightpath provision-ing between two classes of connection requests is achieved by introducing the proposedpost path calculation process for high-class requests, during which the ?exibility ofrerouting backup paths is considered.
As a first attempt to address the problem of“how does backup path reprovision-ing a?ect connection availability?”, this dissertation quantitatively evaluates the con-nection availability in a network employing backup path reprovisioning. Numericalresults show that shared path protection with startup-failure-driven backup path re-provisioning reduces connection unavailability. Moreover, results show that arbitraryfailure-arrival-and-failure-repair-events-driven backup path reprovisioning is an attrac- tive approach for non-revertive operations of shared-path-protected connections whensucient free wavelengths are available in the networks.
In IP over all-optical transparent networks, a new survivable mapping problemis proposed that the physical-layer failure-localization potential is maximized in find-ing the survivable mapped lightpaths. Numerical results show that accurate or near-accurate failure localizations are achieved with the new survivable mapping design.
In oset-time-based loss-di?erentiated optical burst switching networks, a class-aware routing scheme is proposed to reduce the burst loss probability by splitting traf-fic while avoiding the introduction of burst reordering mechanism. Numerical resultsshow that compared with traditional class-oblivious routing, class-aware routing fur-ther reduces the burst loss probability of multiple classes especially when the networkload is light or moderate.
引文
[1] C de Laat. CineGrid in need of Phosphorus. European Conference on Optical Communica-tion (ECOC), workshop on optical grids, drivers & applications for high performance opticalnetworks, Sept. 2008.
[2] H-J Grallert. Technologies for a petabit network. European Conference on Optical Commu-nication (ECOC), plenary session, Sept. 2008.
[3] P Cho?da, A Jajszczyk. Recovery and its quality in multilayer networks. IEEE/OSA J.Lightw. Technol., 2010, 28(4):372-389.
[4] K Lee, E Modiano. Cross-layer survivability in WDM-based networks. In Proc. IEEE Inter-national Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), Apr. 2009.
[5] C Qiao, M Yoo. Optical burst switching (OBS)–a new paradigm for an optical internet. J.High Speed Netw., 1999, 8(1):69-84.
[6] W Fawaz, B Daheb, O Audouin, B Berde, M Vigoureux, et al. Service level agreement andprovisioning in optical networks. IEEE Commun. Mag., 2004, 42(1):36-43.
[7] R Doverspike, B Cortez. Restoration in carrier networks. In Proc. the 7th International Work-shop on Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN), Washington, DC, Unitedstates, Oct. 2009.
[8] A L Chiu, G Choudhury, G Clapp, et al. Network design and architectures for highly dy-namic next-generation IP-over-optical long distance networks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Tech-nol., 2009, 27(12):1878-1890.
[9] Y Liu, D Tipper, P Siripongwutikorn. Approximating optimal spare capacity allocation bysuccessive survivable routing. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2005, 13(1):198-211.
[10] B Mukherjee, D Banerjee, S Ramamurthy, A Mukherjee. Some principles for designing awide-area WDM optical network. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 1996, 4(5):684-696.
[11] D Leung, W D Grover. Restorable mesh network design under demand uncertainty: towardfuture proofed transport investments. In Proc. IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Communications(OFC), 2004, ThO2.
[12] L Song, J Zhang, B Mukherjee. A comprehensive study on backup-bandwidth reprovision-ing after network-state updates in survivable telecom mesh networks. IEEE/ACM Trans.Netw., 2008, 16(6):1366-1377.
[13] J Kuri, N Puech, M Gagnaire, E Dotaro, R Douville. Routing and wavelength assignment ofscheduled lightpath demands. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 2003, 21(8):1231-1240.
[14] B Wang, A Deshmukh. An all hops optimal algorithm for dynamic routing of sliding sched-uled tra?c demands. IEEE Commun. Lett., 2005, 9(10):936-938.
[15] C Ou, J Zhang, H Zhang, L Sahasrabuddhe, B Mukherjee. New and improved approachesfor shared path protection in WDM mesh networks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2004,22(5):1223-1332.
[16] M Tornatore, C Ou, J Zhang, A Pattavina, B Mukherjee. PHOTO: an e?cient shared-path protection strategy based on connection-holding-time awareness. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw.Technol., 2005, 23(10):3138-3146.
[17] C Meusburger, D A Schupke, J Eberspa¨cher. Multiperiod planning for optical networks-approaches based on cost optimization and limited budget. In Proc. ICC, Beijing, China,May 2008.
[18] L Cheng, J Ellson, A Jukan, P Lamy, E Varma. Network engineering-control of dynamiclink topology in user networks. Bell Labs Technical Journal, 2003, 8(1):207 218.
[19] Y Lee, B Mukherjee. Tra?c engineering in next-generation optical networks. IEEE Com-mun. Surv. Tut., 2004, 6(3):16-33.
[20] W D Grover. Mesh-based survivable networks: options and strategies for optical, MPLS,SONET, and ATM networking. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, 2004.
[21] K S Trivedi. Availability modeling. (2001-10-04) [2010-01-29]. http://amod.ee.duke.edu/.
[22] J Strand, A L Chiu, R Tkach. Issues for routing in the optical layer. IEEE Commun. Mag.,2001, 39(2):81-87.
[23] S Ramamurthy, L Sahasrabuddhe, B Mukherjee. Survivable WDM mesh networks.IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2003, 21(4):870–883.
[24] D Xu, Y Xiong, C Qiao. Novel algorithms for shared segment protection. IEEE J. Sel. AreasCommun., 2003, 21(8):1320-1331.
[25] W D Grover, D Stamatelakis. Cycle-oriented distributed preconfiguration: ring-like speedwith mesh-like capacity for self-planning network restoration. In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Com-munications (ICC), Atlanta, GA, Jun. 1998, pp. 537-543.
[26] S L Woodward. Monitors to ensure the performance of photonic networks. In Proc.IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference(OFC/NFOEC), Anaheim, CA, United states, Mar. 2007, OMM1.
[27] A Ferguson1, B O’Sullivan1, D C Kilper. Transparent path length optimized optical moni-tor placement in transparent mesh networks. In Proc. IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Communi-cation/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC), San Diego, CA, Unitedstates, Feb. 2008, OThI3.
[28] J H Lee, T Tsuritani, H Guo, S Okamoto, N Yoshikane, T Otani. Field trial of GMPLS-controlled all-optical networking assisted with optical performance monitors. In Proc.IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference(OFC/NFOEC), San Diego, CA, United states, Feb. 2008, OTuA3.
[29] Y Liu. Spare Capacity Allocation: Model, Analysis and Algorithm. Ph.D., Sch. InformationSciences, Univ. Pittsburgh, PA, 2001.
[30] M Jaeger, R Huelsermann. Service availability of shared path protection in optical meshnetworks. In Proc. European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), Sept. 2004,We4.P.154.
[31] D A A Mello, D A Schupke, H Waldman. A matrix-based analytical approach to connec-tion unavailability estimation in shared backup path protection. IEEE Commun. Lett., 2005,9(9):844-846.
[32] J Zhang, K Zhu, H Zang, N S Matlo?, B Mukherjee. Availability-aware provisioning strate-gies for di?erentiated protection services in wavelength-convertible WDM mesh networks.IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2007, 15(5):1177-1190.
[33] Y Liu, D Tipper, P Siripongwutikorn. Approximating optimal spare capacity allocation bysuccessive survivable routing. In Proc. IEEE International Conference on Computer Com-munications (INFOCOM), Anchorage, AL, April 2001, 2:699-708.
[34] D A Schupke, R G Prinz. Capacity e?ciency and restorability of path protection and rerout-ing in WDM networks subject to dual failures. Springer Photonic Network Commun., 2004,8(2):191-207.
[35] E Bouillet, J F Labourdette, R Ramamurthy, S Chaudhuri. Lightpath re-optimization in meshoptical networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2005, 13(2):437-447.
[36] J Zhang, K Zhu, B Mukherjee. Backup reprovisioning to remedy the e?ect of multiple linkfailures in WDM mesh networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., supplement on optical com-munications and networking, 2006, 24(8):57-67.
[37] M Pio′ro, D Medhi. Routing, Flow, and Capacity Design in Communication and ComputerNetworks. Amsterdam, NL: Elsevier/Morgan Kaufmann, 2004.
[38] R K Ahuja, T L Magnanti, J B Orlin. Network ?ows: theory, algorithms and applications.New York: Prentice Hall, 1993.
[39] M Kodialam, T V Lakshman. Dynamic routing of bandwidth guaranteed tunnels withrestoration. In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2000, 2:902-911.
[40] Y Xiong, D Xu, C Qiao. Achieving fast and bandwidth-e?cient shared-path protection.IEEE J. Lightw. Technol., 2003, 21(2):365-371.
[41] B T Doshi, S Dravida, P Harshavardhana, O Hauser, Y Wang. Optical Network Design andRestoration. Bell Labs Technical J., 1999, 4(1):58-84.
[42] M Sridharan, M V Salapaka, A K Somani. A practical approach to operating survivableWDM networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 2002, 20(1):34-46.
[43] H Zang, C Ou, B Mukherjee. Path-protection routing and wavelength assignment (RWA)in WDM mesh networks under duct-layer constraints. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2003,11(2):248-258.
[44] L Shen, X Yang, B Ramamurthy. Shared risk link group (SRLG)-diverse path provision-ing under hybrid service level agreements in wavelength-routed optical mesh networks.IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2005, 13(4):918-931.
[45] T Li, B Wang, C Xin, X Zhang. On survivable service provisioning in WDM optical net-works under a scheduled tra?c model. In Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM, 2005, 4:1900-1904.
[46] A Jaekel. Lightpath scheduling and allocation under a ?exible scheduled tra?c model. InProc. IEEE GLOBECOM, Nov. 2006.
[47] D A Dunn, W D Grover, M H MacGregor. Comparison of k-shortest paths and maximum?ow routing for network facility restoration. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 1994, 12(1):88-99.
[48] R Diestel. Graph Theory. New York, NY: Springer, 3rd edition, 2005.
[49] E Bouillet, J-F Labourdette, R Ramamurthy, S Chaudhuri. Enhanced algorithm cost modelto control tradeo?s in provisioning shared mesh restored lightpaths. In Proc. IEEE/OSAOptical Fiber Communications (OFC), 2002, 544-546.
[50] D Leung, S Arakawa, M Murata, W D Grover. Re-optimization strategies to maximizetra?c-carrying readiness in WDM survivable mesh networks. In Proc. IEEE/OSA OpticalFiber Communications/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Mar.2005, 3:177-179.
[51] C Meusburger, D A Schupke. Rerouting of 1+1 optical channels: cost benefits for incremen-tally planned networks. In Proc. IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Communications/National FiberOptic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Mar. 2009.
[52] X Yang, L Shen, B Ramamurthy. Survivable lightpath provisioning in WDM mesh networksunder shared path protection and signal quality constraints. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol.,2005, 23(4):1556-1567.
[53] M Ali. Generalized sharing in survivable optical networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2006,14(6):1388-1399.
[54] D Schupke. Guaranteeing service availability in optical network design. In Proc. Asia-Pacific Optical Communications Conference (APOC), Shanghai, China, Nov. 2005, invitedtalk.
[55] M Jaeger. Service availability in optical network design. In Proc. IEEE/OSA Optical FiberCommunication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Anaheim, CA,United states, Mar. 2007, OThJ1.
[56] L Song, J Zhang, B Mukherjee. Dynamic provisioning with availability guarantee for di?er-entiated services in survivable WDM mesh networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., supple-ment on optical communications and networking, 2007, 25(4):35-43.
[57] L Zhou, M Held, U Sennhauser. Connection availability analysis of shared backup path-protected mesh metworks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2007, 25(5):1111-1119.
[58] S Dong, C Phillips, R Friskney. Di?erentiated-resilience provisioning for the wavelength-routed optical network. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2006, 24(2):667-673.
[59] P Choda, A Mykkeltveit, B E Helvik, O J Wittner, A Jajszczyk. A survey of resiliencedi?erentiation frameworks in communication networks. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tut., 2007,9(4):32-55.
[60] J-P Vasseur, M Pickavet, P Demeester. Network recovery: protection and restoration of op-tical, SONET-SDH, IP and MPLS. Morgan Kaufmann MKP, 2004.
[61] C Ou, K Zhu, H Zang, L Sahasrabuddhe, B Mukherjee. Tra?c grooming for survivableWDM networks-shared protection. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 2003, 21(9):1367-1383.
[62] A Jaekel, S Bandyopadhyay, Y Aneja. Logical topology design for WDM networks usingsurvivable routing. In Proc. ICC, 2006.
[63] M Batayneh, D A Schupke, M Ho?mann, A Kirsta¨dter, B Mukherjee. Optical networkdesign for a multiline-rate carrier-grade ethernet under transmission-range constraints.IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2008, 26(1):121-130.
[64] E Modiano, A Narula-Tam. Survivable lightpath routing: a new approach to the design ofWDM-based networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 2002, 20(4):800-809.
[65] M Kurant, P Thiran. On survivable routing of mesh topologies in IP-over-WDM networks.In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Mar. 2005.
[66] C Liu, L Ruan. A new survivable mapping problem in IP-over-WDM networks. IEEE J. Sel.Areas Commun., supplement on optical communications and networking, 2007, 25(4):25-34.
[67] K Thulasiraman, M S Javed, G L Xue. Circuits/cutsets duality and a unified algorithmicframework for survivable logical topology design in IP-over-WDM optical networks. InProc. IEEE INFOCOM, Apr. 2009.
[68] Y Liu, D Tipper, K Vajanapoom. Spare capacity allocation in two-layer networks. IEEE J.Sel. Areas Commun., 2007, 25(5):974-986.
[69] A Narula-Tam, E Modiano. Lightpath routing and capacity assignment for survivable IP-over-WDM networks. In Proc. the 7th International Workshop on Design of Reliable Com-munication Networks (DRCN), Washington, DC, United states, Oct. 2009, invited talk.
[70] H Zeng, C Huang, A Vukovic. A novel fault detection and localization scheme for meshall-optical networks based on monitoring-cycles. Springer Photon. Netw. Commun., 2006,11(3):277-286.
[71] B Wu, K L Yeung, P-H Ho. Monitoring cycle design for fast link failure localization inall-optical networks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2009, 27(10):1392-1401.
[72] W D Grover, A Grue. Self-fault isolation in transparent p-cycle networks: p-cycles as theirown m-cycles. IEEE Commun. Lett., 2007, 11(12):1004-1006.
[73] B Wu, P-H Ho, K L Yeung. Monitoring trail: on fast link failure localization in all-opticalWDM mesh networks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2009, 27(18):4175-4185.
[74] S S Ahuja, S Ramasubramanian, M M Krunz. Single-link failure detection in all-opticalnetworks using monitoring cycles and paths. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2009, 17(4):1080-1093.
[75] Y Wen, V WS Chan, L Zheng. E?cient fault detection and localization for all-optical net-works. In Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM, Nov. 2006.
[76] N JA Harvey, M Pa?tras?cu, Y Wen, S Yekhanin, V WS Chan. Non-adaptive fault diagnosis forall-optical networks via combinatorial group testing on graphs. In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM,May 2007.
[77] M Khair, B Kantarci, J Zheng, H T Mouftah. Optimization for fault localization in all-opticalnetworks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2009, 27(21):4832-4840.
[78] J Zhang, S Wang, K Zhu, L Song, D Datta, Y-C Kim, B Mukherjee. Optimized routing forfault management in optical burst-switched WDM networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.,2007, 25(6):111-120.
[79] J Teng, G N Rouskas. Tra?c engineering approach to path selection in optical burst switch-ing networks. OSA J. Opt. Netw., 2005, 4(11):759-777.
[80] M Klinkowski, M Pio′ro, D Careglio, M Marciniak, J Sole′-Pareta. Non-linear optimizationfor multi-path source routing in OBS networks. IEEE Commun. Lett., 2007, 11(12):1016-1018.
[81] L Yang, G N Rouskas. Adaptive path selection in OBS networks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw.Technol., 24(8):3002-3011.
[82] Y Liu, G Mohan, K C Chua, J Lu. Multipath tra?c engineering in WDM optical burstswitching networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Commun., 2009, 57(4):1099-1108.
[83] IBM ILOG CPLEX. [2010-02-19].http://www-01.ibm.com/software/integration/optimization/cplex/.
[84] M Hajiaghayi, L Li, V S Mirrokni, M Thottan. Bandwidth sharing network design for multi-class tra?c. In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Barcelona, Spain, Apr. 2006.
[85] N Andriolli, A Giorgetti, L Valcarenghi, P Castoldi. Idle protection capacity reuse in multi-class optical networks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightwave Technol., 2007, 25(5):1152-1162.
[86] J Y Yen. Finding the K shortest loopless paths in a network. INFORMS Manag. Sci., 1971,17(11):712-716.
[87] lp solve. http://lpsolve.sourceforge.net/5.5/.
[88] R Bhandari. Survivable networks algorithms for diverse routing. Boston, MA: Kluwer, 1999.
[89] J Zhang, B Mukherjee. A review of fault management in WDM mesh networks: basic con-cepts and research challenges. IEEE Network, 2004, 8(2):41-48.
[90] W He, A K Somani. Path-based protection for surviving double-Link failures in mesh-restorable optical networks. In Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM, 2003, 5:2558-2563.
[91] X Yang, L Shen, A Todimala, B Ramamurthy, T Lehman. An e?cient scheduling scheme foron-demand lightpath reservations in reconfigurable WDM optical networks. In Proc. OFC,Mar. 2006, OTuN2.
[92] C V Saradhi, M Gurusamy. Scheduling and routing of sliding scheduled lightpath demandsin WDM optical networks. In Proc. OFC, Mar. 2007, OWR7.
[93] C? Cavdar, M Tornatore, F Buzluca. Availability-guaranteed connection provisioning withdelay tolerance in optical WDM mesh networks. In Proc. IEEE/OSA OFC, Mar. 2009,OML3.
[94] H Xie, Y Li, Y Cao, X Zheng, H Zhang. Di?erentiated service provisioning based on light-path length estimation in overlay IP-over-WDM networks. In Proc. IEEE/OSA OFC, Feb.2008, JWA101.
[95] Y Lee, et al. Path computation element communication protocol (PCEP) requirements andprotocol extensions in support of global concurrent optimization. Internet draft, Mar. 2009,work in progress.
[96] X Shao, L Zhou, Y Wang. Backup reprovisioning after shared risk link group (SRLG) fail-ures in survivable WDM mesh networks. In Proc. OFC, Mar. 2007, OThJ4.
[97] Y Huang, W Wen, J P Heritage, B Mukherjee. A generalized protection framework using anew link-state availability model for reliable optical networks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Tech-nol., 2004, 22(11):2536-2547.
[98] D A A Mello, H Waldman. Analytical bounds on the unavailability of protected connectionsin WDM optical networks. IEEE Commun. Lett., 2007, 11(11):901-903.
[99] C Qiao. Labeled optical burst switching for IP-over-WDM integration. IEEE Commun.Mag., Sept. 2000, 38(9):104-114.
[100] Y Chen, C Qiao, X Yu. Optical burst switching: a new area in optical networking research.IEEE Network, May-Jun. 2004, 18(3):16-23.
[101] H L Vu, M Zukerman. Blocking probability for priority classes in optical burst switchingnetworks. IEEE Commun. Lett., May 2002, 6(5):214-216.
[102] Z Rosberg, H L Vu, M Zukerman, J White. Performance analyses of optical burst-switchingnetworks. IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., Sept. 2003, 21(7):1187-1197.
[103] Y Du, T Pu, H Zhang, Y Guo. Adaptive load balancing routing algorithm for optical burst-switching networks. In Proc. OFC, Mar. 2006, OThF7.
[2] H-J Grallert. Technologies for a petabit network. European Conference on Optical Commu-nication (ECOC), plenary session, Sept. 2008.
[3] P Cho?da, A Jajszczyk. Recovery and its quality in multilayer networks. IEEE/OSA J.Lightw. Technol., 2010, 28(4):372-389.
[4] K Lee, E Modiano. Cross-layer survivability in WDM-based networks. In Proc. IEEE Inter-national Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), Apr. 2009.
[5] C Qiao, M Yoo. Optical burst switching (OBS)–a new paradigm for an optical internet. J.High Speed Netw., 1999, 8(1):69-84.
[6] W Fawaz, B Daheb, O Audouin, B Berde, M Vigoureux, et al. Service level agreement andprovisioning in optical networks. IEEE Commun. Mag., 2004, 42(1):36-43.
[7] R Doverspike, B Cortez. Restoration in carrier networks. In Proc. the 7th International Work-shop on Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN), Washington, DC, Unitedstates, Oct. 2009.
[8] A L Chiu, G Choudhury, G Clapp, et al. Network design and architectures for highly dy-namic next-generation IP-over-optical long distance networks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Tech-nol., 2009, 27(12):1878-1890.
[9] Y Liu, D Tipper, P Siripongwutikorn. Approximating optimal spare capacity allocation bysuccessive survivable routing. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2005, 13(1):198-211.
[10] B Mukherjee, D Banerjee, S Ramamurthy, A Mukherjee. Some principles for designing awide-area WDM optical network. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 1996, 4(5):684-696.
[11] D Leung, W D Grover. Restorable mesh network design under demand uncertainty: towardfuture proofed transport investments. In Proc. IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Communications(OFC), 2004, ThO2.
[12] L Song, J Zhang, B Mukherjee. A comprehensive study on backup-bandwidth reprovision-ing after network-state updates in survivable telecom mesh networks. IEEE/ACM Trans.Netw., 2008, 16(6):1366-1377.
[13] J Kuri, N Puech, M Gagnaire, E Dotaro, R Douville. Routing and wavelength assignment ofscheduled lightpath demands. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 2003, 21(8):1231-1240.
[14] B Wang, A Deshmukh. An all hops optimal algorithm for dynamic routing of sliding sched-uled tra?c demands. IEEE Commun. Lett., 2005, 9(10):936-938.
[15] C Ou, J Zhang, H Zhang, L Sahasrabuddhe, B Mukherjee. New and improved approachesfor shared path protection in WDM mesh networks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2004,22(5):1223-1332.
[16] M Tornatore, C Ou, J Zhang, A Pattavina, B Mukherjee. PHOTO: an e?cient shared-path protection strategy based on connection-holding-time awareness. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw.Technol., 2005, 23(10):3138-3146.
[17] C Meusburger, D A Schupke, J Eberspa¨cher. Multiperiod planning for optical networks-approaches based on cost optimization and limited budget. In Proc. ICC, Beijing, China,May 2008.
[18] L Cheng, J Ellson, A Jukan, P Lamy, E Varma. Network engineering-control of dynamiclink topology in user networks. Bell Labs Technical Journal, 2003, 8(1):207 218.
[19] Y Lee, B Mukherjee. Tra?c engineering in next-generation optical networks. IEEE Com-mun. Surv. Tut., 2004, 6(3):16-33.
[20] W D Grover. Mesh-based survivable networks: options and strategies for optical, MPLS,SONET, and ATM networking. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, 2004.
[21] K S Trivedi. Availability modeling. (2001-10-04) [2010-01-29]. http://amod.ee.duke.edu/.
[22] J Strand, A L Chiu, R Tkach. Issues for routing in the optical layer. IEEE Commun. Mag.,2001, 39(2):81-87.
[23] S Ramamurthy, L Sahasrabuddhe, B Mukherjee. Survivable WDM mesh networks.IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2003, 21(4):870–883.
[24] D Xu, Y Xiong, C Qiao. Novel algorithms for shared segment protection. IEEE J. Sel. AreasCommun., 2003, 21(8):1320-1331.
[25] W D Grover, D Stamatelakis. Cycle-oriented distributed preconfiguration: ring-like speedwith mesh-like capacity for self-planning network restoration. In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Com-munications (ICC), Atlanta, GA, Jun. 1998, pp. 537-543.
[26] S L Woodward. Monitors to ensure the performance of photonic networks. In Proc.IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference(OFC/NFOEC), Anaheim, CA, United states, Mar. 2007, OMM1.
[27] A Ferguson1, B O’Sullivan1, D C Kilper. Transparent path length optimized optical moni-tor placement in transparent mesh networks. In Proc. IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Communi-cation/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC), San Diego, CA, Unitedstates, Feb. 2008, OThI3.
[28] J H Lee, T Tsuritani, H Guo, S Okamoto, N Yoshikane, T Otani. Field trial of GMPLS-controlled all-optical networking assisted with optical performance monitors. In Proc.IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference(OFC/NFOEC), San Diego, CA, United states, Feb. 2008, OTuA3.
[29] Y Liu. Spare Capacity Allocation: Model, Analysis and Algorithm. Ph.D., Sch. InformationSciences, Univ. Pittsburgh, PA, 2001.
[30] M Jaeger, R Huelsermann. Service availability of shared path protection in optical meshnetworks. In Proc. European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), Sept. 2004,We4.P.154.
[31] D A A Mello, D A Schupke, H Waldman. A matrix-based analytical approach to connec-tion unavailability estimation in shared backup path protection. IEEE Commun. Lett., 2005,9(9):844-846.
[32] J Zhang, K Zhu, H Zang, N S Matlo?, B Mukherjee. Availability-aware provisioning strate-gies for di?erentiated protection services in wavelength-convertible WDM mesh networks.IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2007, 15(5):1177-1190.
[33] Y Liu, D Tipper, P Siripongwutikorn. Approximating optimal spare capacity allocation bysuccessive survivable routing. In Proc. IEEE International Conference on Computer Com-munications (INFOCOM), Anchorage, AL, April 2001, 2:699-708.
[34] D A Schupke, R G Prinz. Capacity e?ciency and restorability of path protection and rerout-ing in WDM networks subject to dual failures. Springer Photonic Network Commun., 2004,8(2):191-207.
[35] E Bouillet, J F Labourdette, R Ramamurthy, S Chaudhuri. Lightpath re-optimization in meshoptical networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2005, 13(2):437-447.
[36] J Zhang, K Zhu, B Mukherjee. Backup reprovisioning to remedy the e?ect of multiple linkfailures in WDM mesh networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., supplement on optical com-munications and networking, 2006, 24(8):57-67.
[37] M Pio′ro, D Medhi. Routing, Flow, and Capacity Design in Communication and ComputerNetworks. Amsterdam, NL: Elsevier/Morgan Kaufmann, 2004.
[38] R K Ahuja, T L Magnanti, J B Orlin. Network ?ows: theory, algorithms and applications.New York: Prentice Hall, 1993.
[39] M Kodialam, T V Lakshman. Dynamic routing of bandwidth guaranteed tunnels withrestoration. In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2000, 2:902-911.
[40] Y Xiong, D Xu, C Qiao. Achieving fast and bandwidth-e?cient shared-path protection.IEEE J. Lightw. Technol., 2003, 21(2):365-371.
[41] B T Doshi, S Dravida, P Harshavardhana, O Hauser, Y Wang. Optical Network Design andRestoration. Bell Labs Technical J., 1999, 4(1):58-84.
[42] M Sridharan, M V Salapaka, A K Somani. A practical approach to operating survivableWDM networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 2002, 20(1):34-46.
[43] H Zang, C Ou, B Mukherjee. Path-protection routing and wavelength assignment (RWA)in WDM mesh networks under duct-layer constraints. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2003,11(2):248-258.
[44] L Shen, X Yang, B Ramamurthy. Shared risk link group (SRLG)-diverse path provision-ing under hybrid service level agreements in wavelength-routed optical mesh networks.IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2005, 13(4):918-931.
[45] T Li, B Wang, C Xin, X Zhang. On survivable service provisioning in WDM optical net-works under a scheduled tra?c model. In Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM, 2005, 4:1900-1904.
[46] A Jaekel. Lightpath scheduling and allocation under a ?exible scheduled tra?c model. InProc. IEEE GLOBECOM, Nov. 2006.
[47] D A Dunn, W D Grover, M H MacGregor. Comparison of k-shortest paths and maximum?ow routing for network facility restoration. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 1994, 12(1):88-99.
[48] R Diestel. Graph Theory. New York, NY: Springer, 3rd edition, 2005.
[49] E Bouillet, J-F Labourdette, R Ramamurthy, S Chaudhuri. Enhanced algorithm cost modelto control tradeo?s in provisioning shared mesh restored lightpaths. In Proc. IEEE/OSAOptical Fiber Communications (OFC), 2002, 544-546.
[50] D Leung, S Arakawa, M Murata, W D Grover. Re-optimization strategies to maximizetra?c-carrying readiness in WDM survivable mesh networks. In Proc. IEEE/OSA OpticalFiber Communications/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Mar.2005, 3:177-179.
[51] C Meusburger, D A Schupke. Rerouting of 1+1 optical channels: cost benefits for incremen-tally planned networks. In Proc. IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Communications/National FiberOptic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Mar. 2009.
[52] X Yang, L Shen, B Ramamurthy. Survivable lightpath provisioning in WDM mesh networksunder shared path protection and signal quality constraints. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol.,2005, 23(4):1556-1567.
[53] M Ali. Generalized sharing in survivable optical networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2006,14(6):1388-1399.
[54] D Schupke. Guaranteeing service availability in optical network design. In Proc. Asia-Pacific Optical Communications Conference (APOC), Shanghai, China, Nov. 2005, invitedtalk.
[55] M Jaeger. Service availability in optical network design. In Proc. IEEE/OSA Optical FiberCommunication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Anaheim, CA,United states, Mar. 2007, OThJ1.
[56] L Song, J Zhang, B Mukherjee. Dynamic provisioning with availability guarantee for di?er-entiated services in survivable WDM mesh networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., supple-ment on optical communications and networking, 2007, 25(4):35-43.
[57] L Zhou, M Held, U Sennhauser. Connection availability analysis of shared backup path-protected mesh metworks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2007, 25(5):1111-1119.
[58] S Dong, C Phillips, R Friskney. Di?erentiated-resilience provisioning for the wavelength-routed optical network. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2006, 24(2):667-673.
[59] P Choda, A Mykkeltveit, B E Helvik, O J Wittner, A Jajszczyk. A survey of resiliencedi?erentiation frameworks in communication networks. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tut., 2007,9(4):32-55.
[60] J-P Vasseur, M Pickavet, P Demeester. Network recovery: protection and restoration of op-tical, SONET-SDH, IP and MPLS. Morgan Kaufmann MKP, 2004.
[61] C Ou, K Zhu, H Zang, L Sahasrabuddhe, B Mukherjee. Tra?c grooming for survivableWDM networks-shared protection. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 2003, 21(9):1367-1383.
[62] A Jaekel, S Bandyopadhyay, Y Aneja. Logical topology design for WDM networks usingsurvivable routing. In Proc. ICC, 2006.
[63] M Batayneh, D A Schupke, M Ho?mann, A Kirsta¨dter, B Mukherjee. Optical networkdesign for a multiline-rate carrier-grade ethernet under transmission-range constraints.IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2008, 26(1):121-130.
[64] E Modiano, A Narula-Tam. Survivable lightpath routing: a new approach to the design ofWDM-based networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 2002, 20(4):800-809.
[65] M Kurant, P Thiran. On survivable routing of mesh topologies in IP-over-WDM networks.In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Mar. 2005.
[66] C Liu, L Ruan. A new survivable mapping problem in IP-over-WDM networks. IEEE J. Sel.Areas Commun., supplement on optical communications and networking, 2007, 25(4):25-34.
[67] K Thulasiraman, M S Javed, G L Xue. Circuits/cutsets duality and a unified algorithmicframework for survivable logical topology design in IP-over-WDM optical networks. InProc. IEEE INFOCOM, Apr. 2009.
[68] Y Liu, D Tipper, K Vajanapoom. Spare capacity allocation in two-layer networks. IEEE J.Sel. Areas Commun., 2007, 25(5):974-986.
[69] A Narula-Tam, E Modiano. Lightpath routing and capacity assignment for survivable IP-over-WDM networks. In Proc. the 7th International Workshop on Design of Reliable Com-munication Networks (DRCN), Washington, DC, United states, Oct. 2009, invited talk.
[70] H Zeng, C Huang, A Vukovic. A novel fault detection and localization scheme for meshall-optical networks based on monitoring-cycles. Springer Photon. Netw. Commun., 2006,11(3):277-286.
[71] B Wu, K L Yeung, P-H Ho. Monitoring cycle design for fast link failure localization inall-optical networks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2009, 27(10):1392-1401.
[72] W D Grover, A Grue. Self-fault isolation in transparent p-cycle networks: p-cycles as theirown m-cycles. IEEE Commun. Lett., 2007, 11(12):1004-1006.
[73] B Wu, P-H Ho, K L Yeung. Monitoring trail: on fast link failure localization in all-opticalWDM mesh networks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2009, 27(18):4175-4185.
[74] S S Ahuja, S Ramasubramanian, M M Krunz. Single-link failure detection in all-opticalnetworks using monitoring cycles and paths. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 2009, 17(4):1080-1093.
[75] Y Wen, V WS Chan, L Zheng. E?cient fault detection and localization for all-optical net-works. In Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM, Nov. 2006.
[76] N JA Harvey, M Pa?tras?cu, Y Wen, S Yekhanin, V WS Chan. Non-adaptive fault diagnosis forall-optical networks via combinatorial group testing on graphs. In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM,May 2007.
[77] M Khair, B Kantarci, J Zheng, H T Mouftah. Optimization for fault localization in all-opticalnetworks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Technol., 2009, 27(21):4832-4840.
[78] J Zhang, S Wang, K Zhu, L Song, D Datta, Y-C Kim, B Mukherjee. Optimized routing forfault management in optical burst-switched WDM networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.,2007, 25(6):111-120.
[79] J Teng, G N Rouskas. Tra?c engineering approach to path selection in optical burst switch-ing networks. OSA J. Opt. Netw., 2005, 4(11):759-777.
[80] M Klinkowski, M Pio′ro, D Careglio, M Marciniak, J Sole′-Pareta. Non-linear optimizationfor multi-path source routing in OBS networks. IEEE Commun. Lett., 2007, 11(12):1016-1018.
[81] L Yang, G N Rouskas. Adaptive path selection in OBS networks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw.Technol., 24(8):3002-3011.
[82] Y Liu, G Mohan, K C Chua, J Lu. Multipath tra?c engineering in WDM optical burstswitching networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Commun., 2009, 57(4):1099-1108.
[83] IBM ILOG CPLEX. [2010-02-19].http://www-01.ibm.com/software/integration/optimization/cplex/.
[84] M Hajiaghayi, L Li, V S Mirrokni, M Thottan. Bandwidth sharing network design for multi-class tra?c. In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Barcelona, Spain, Apr. 2006.
[85] N Andriolli, A Giorgetti, L Valcarenghi, P Castoldi. Idle protection capacity reuse in multi-class optical networks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightwave Technol., 2007, 25(5):1152-1162.
[86] J Y Yen. Finding the K shortest loopless paths in a network. INFORMS Manag. Sci., 1971,17(11):712-716.
[87] lp solve. http://lpsolve.sourceforge.net/5.5/.
[88] R Bhandari. Survivable networks algorithms for diverse routing. Boston, MA: Kluwer, 1999.
[89] J Zhang, B Mukherjee. A review of fault management in WDM mesh networks: basic con-cepts and research challenges. IEEE Network, 2004, 8(2):41-48.
[90] W He, A K Somani. Path-based protection for surviving double-Link failures in mesh-restorable optical networks. In Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM, 2003, 5:2558-2563.
[91] X Yang, L Shen, A Todimala, B Ramamurthy, T Lehman. An e?cient scheduling scheme foron-demand lightpath reservations in reconfigurable WDM optical networks. In Proc. OFC,Mar. 2006, OTuN2.
[92] C V Saradhi, M Gurusamy. Scheduling and routing of sliding scheduled lightpath demandsin WDM optical networks. In Proc. OFC, Mar. 2007, OWR7.
[93] C? Cavdar, M Tornatore, F Buzluca. Availability-guaranteed connection provisioning withdelay tolerance in optical WDM mesh networks. In Proc. IEEE/OSA OFC, Mar. 2009,OML3.
[94] H Xie, Y Li, Y Cao, X Zheng, H Zhang. Di?erentiated service provisioning based on light-path length estimation in overlay IP-over-WDM networks. In Proc. IEEE/OSA OFC, Feb.2008, JWA101.
[95] Y Lee, et al. Path computation element communication protocol (PCEP) requirements andprotocol extensions in support of global concurrent optimization. Internet draft, Mar. 2009,work in progress.
[96] X Shao, L Zhou, Y Wang. Backup reprovisioning after shared risk link group (SRLG) fail-ures in survivable WDM mesh networks. In Proc. OFC, Mar. 2007, OThJ4.
[97] Y Huang, W Wen, J P Heritage, B Mukherjee. A generalized protection framework using anew link-state availability model for reliable optical networks. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Tech-nol., 2004, 22(11):2536-2547.
[98] D A A Mello, H Waldman. Analytical bounds on the unavailability of protected connectionsin WDM optical networks. IEEE Commun. Lett., 2007, 11(11):901-903.
[99] C Qiao. Labeled optical burst switching for IP-over-WDM integration. IEEE Commun.Mag., Sept. 2000, 38(9):104-114.
[100] Y Chen, C Qiao, X Yu. Optical burst switching: a new area in optical networking research.IEEE Network, May-Jun. 2004, 18(3):16-23.
[101] H L Vu, M Zukerman. Blocking probability for priority classes in optical burst switchingnetworks. IEEE Commun. Lett., May 2002, 6(5):214-216.
[102] Z Rosberg, H L Vu, M Zukerman, J White. Performance analyses of optical burst-switchingnetworks. IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., Sept. 2003, 21(7):1187-1197.
[103] Y Du, T Pu, H Zhang, Y Guo. Adaptive load balancing routing algorithm for optical burst-switching networks. In Proc. OFC, Mar. 2006, OThF7.