钒酸盐化合物的水热合成及电化学性质研究
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摘要
锂离子电池由于具有高能量密度,高工作电压,长循环寿命,无环境污染等优点而被广泛的应用和研究。论文较为详细地阐述了锂一次电池和锂离子电池正极材料的研究现状,并着重阐述了钒酸盐化合物作为一类新型锂离子电池正极材料的优点、研究现况及应用前景。在此基础上,作者采用水热合成法制备了几种典型钒酸盐化合物,对其制备工艺、结构特征及电化学性质进行较为系统的研究。
采用水热合成法成功制备了沿[010]方向择优生长的α′-NaV_2O_5单晶纳米棒。通过对纳米棒结构形成机理的分析,发现高电负性F-离子的参与对α′-NaV_2O_5纳米棒的形成起到决定性作用。通过电化学测试发现α′-NaV_2O_5具有稳定的电化学性能及优良的结构稳定性。
采用水热合成法制备了沿[010]方向择优生长的α-CuV_2O_6纳米线。通过CV、PITT和EIS技术研究了材料的电化学反应机理及电极过程动力学性质。解释了α-CuV_2O_6容量衰减的主要原因可归结为Cu~(2+)/Cu~+和V~(4+)/V~(3+)氧化/还原反应的缺失、表面钝化膜的形成以及较低的离子扩散系数。
采用水热合成法制备了层状Li_(0.86)V_(0.8)O_2材料。通过XRD、FTIR及磁化率测试,证实了在材料结构中存在Li/V离子的结构混排现象。电化学研究表明材料容量的衰减主要可归结为在Li~+离子插入/脱出过程中持续性的Li/V离子混排以及不可逆结构相变的产生。
循环性能差一直是制约钒酸盐正极材料实际应用的主要瓶颈。通过本论文研究发现了导致该问题产生的一些主要因素,为钒酸盐正极材料的进一步改性及应用研究提供了理论支持。
Lithium ion batteries have been studied intensively due to their high energy density, high voltage, long cycle life and environmental advantages. In the first chapter of this thesis, we reviewed the development of the cathode materials for primary- and rechargeable lithium batteries. We realized that vanadate compounds are promising cathode materials due to their very high energy densities. Therefore, in this work we prepared some typical vanadate compounds using hydrothermal synthesis. The structural and electrochemical properties of the materials were investigated as cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries.
Firstly, phase pure highly crystallizedα'-NaV_2O_5 nanorods were prepared by hydrothermal process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) confirmed theseα'-NaV_2O_5 nanorods were single crystals, fabricating along the <010> axis with the width of 200 nm and the length of 10μm. ICP and EDX analysis showed that the Na:V molar ratio of the material was close to 1:2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the oxidation state of vanadium inα'-NaV_2O_5 was +4.5. The structural properties of the material were also studied by Raman scattering. The formation mechanism of theα'-NaV_2O_5 nanorods was proposed. It is showed that the presence of F- ions was crucial for the formation ofα'-NaV_2O_5 nanorods. Without F- or in the presence of other haloid anions such as Cl- and Br-, onlyα'-NaV_2O_5 flakes could be obtained.
α'-NaV_2O_5 nanorods exhibited a discharge capacity of 118 mAhg-1 in the potential window of 1.0-3.5 V.α'-NaV_2O_5 flakes had a smaller discharge capacity, but showed much better capacity retention ability. Comparing to those of transition metal vanadate materials, such as CuV_2O_6 and Ag_2V_4O_(11), the discharge capacity ofα'-NaV_2O_5 was much smaller because of its relatively higher vanadium oxidation state of +4.5. But, the material exhibited excellent capacity retention. This was attributed to its good strcutrural stability during charge/discharge cycling.
α-CuV_2O_6 nanowires were prepared by hydrothermal process under 210oC. TEM showed that the material was in nanometer scale, with the width about 100 nm and the length of 5μm. HRTEM and FFT revealed that theα-CuV_2O_6 nanowires were highly crystallized, growing along the <020> axis. The local structural properties of the material were further investigated by Raman scattering and FTIR. In addition, the oxidation state of different elements in the material was confirmed by XPS.
Electrochemical study showed that theα-CuV_2O_6 nanowires had a high discharge capacity of 425 mAhg-1 in the potential window of 1.5-4.0 V with the current density of 60mAg-1, corresponding to 4.2 mol of Li+ intercalated into the material lattice. However, the material exhibited poor capacity retention, which only showed a capacity of 150mAhg-1 after 20 cycles. CV analysis showed the Cu~(2+)/Cu~+, V~(5+)/V~(4+) and Cu~+/Cu, and V4+/V3+ redox couples in the first cycle. However, only V5+/V4+ redox couple was observed in the second cycle. The chemical diffusion coefficients of material were as small as 10-12 cm~2s~(-1) based on PITT and EIS analysis. In addition, EIS also showed the formation of SEI film on the material particle surface after the first cycle. Based on these studies, the poor capacity retention of theα-CuV_2O_6 nanowires was attributed to the following three reasons: the absence of Cu2+/Cu+ and V4+/V3+ redox couples with cycling; the formation of SEI film; and the low chemical diffusion coefficient of the material.
In the last chapter, we prepared Li_(0.86)V_(0.8)O_2 crystals by hydrothermal synthesis at 200\oC. XRD analysis showed that the quenching process is necessary for the preparation of Li_(0.86)V_(0.8)O_2. SEM photograph showed that the material had an octahedral morphology with particle size about 300 nm. The material had an layered rock salt structure. However, the (003) diffraction of the material was very weak, due to the Li/V site disorder. The Li/V site disorder was also confirmed by FTIR and magnatic experiements. In addition, XPS analysis showed that most of the vanadium ions in Li_(0.86)V_(0.8)O_2 were V_4~+, only with a slight amount of V~(3+) ions.
Li_(0.86)V_(0.8)O_2 showed a discharge capacity about 113 mAhg-1 in the first cycle, which is much better than that of previously reported LiVO2 and Li_(0.86)V_(0.8)O_2. But, the capacity retention of the material was still unsatisfying, which was only 80 mAhg-1 after 20 cycles. CV analysis showed irreversible electrochemical process in the intial stage of cycling. In addition, an irreversible phase transformation was observed by XRD after several cycles. Based on these observations, the bad cycling performance of Li_(0.86)V_(0.8)O_2 was attributed to the continuous Li/V site disorder and the irreversible phase transformation during charge/discharge cycling.
The poor capacity retention ability is a major obstacle to the practical applications of vanadate cathode materials. The new findings presented in this thesis are useful for further applications of vanadate compounds in rechargeable lithium batteries.
采用水热合成法成功制备了沿[010]方向择优生长的α′-NaV_2O_5单晶纳米棒。通过对纳米棒结构形成机理的分析,发现高电负性F-离子的参与对α′-NaV_2O_5纳米棒的形成起到决定性作用。通过电化学测试发现α′-NaV_2O_5具有稳定的电化学性能及优良的结构稳定性。
采用水热合成法制备了沿[010]方向择优生长的α-CuV_2O_6纳米线。通过CV、PITT和EIS技术研究了材料的电化学反应机理及电极过程动力学性质。解释了α-CuV_2O_6容量衰减的主要原因可归结为Cu~(2+)/Cu~+和V~(4+)/V~(3+)氧化/还原反应的缺失、表面钝化膜的形成以及较低的离子扩散系数。
采用水热合成法制备了层状Li_(0.86)V_(0.8)O_2材料。通过XRD、FTIR及磁化率测试,证实了在材料结构中存在Li/V离子的结构混排现象。电化学研究表明材料容量的衰减主要可归结为在Li~+离子插入/脱出过程中持续性的Li/V离子混排以及不可逆结构相变的产生。
循环性能差一直是制约钒酸盐正极材料实际应用的主要瓶颈。通过本论文研究发现了导致该问题产生的一些主要因素,为钒酸盐正极材料的进一步改性及应用研究提供了理论支持。
Lithium ion batteries have been studied intensively due to their high energy density, high voltage, long cycle life and environmental advantages. In the first chapter of this thesis, we reviewed the development of the cathode materials for primary- and rechargeable lithium batteries. We realized that vanadate compounds are promising cathode materials due to their very high energy densities. Therefore, in this work we prepared some typical vanadate compounds using hydrothermal synthesis. The structural and electrochemical properties of the materials were investigated as cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries.
Firstly, phase pure highly crystallizedα'-NaV_2O_5 nanorods were prepared by hydrothermal process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) confirmed theseα'-NaV_2O_5 nanorods were single crystals, fabricating along the <010> axis with the width of 200 nm and the length of 10μm. ICP and EDX analysis showed that the Na:V molar ratio of the material was close to 1:2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the oxidation state of vanadium inα'-NaV_2O_5 was +4.5. The structural properties of the material were also studied by Raman scattering. The formation mechanism of theα'-NaV_2O_5 nanorods was proposed. It is showed that the presence of F- ions was crucial for the formation ofα'-NaV_2O_5 nanorods. Without F- or in the presence of other haloid anions such as Cl- and Br-, onlyα'-NaV_2O_5 flakes could be obtained.
α'-NaV_2O_5 nanorods exhibited a discharge capacity of 118 mAhg-1 in the potential window of 1.0-3.5 V.α'-NaV_2O_5 flakes had a smaller discharge capacity, but showed much better capacity retention ability. Comparing to those of transition metal vanadate materials, such as CuV_2O_6 and Ag_2V_4O_(11), the discharge capacity ofα'-NaV_2O_5 was much smaller because of its relatively higher vanadium oxidation state of +4.5. But, the material exhibited excellent capacity retention. This was attributed to its good strcutrural stability during charge/discharge cycling.
α-CuV_2O_6 nanowires were prepared by hydrothermal process under 210oC. TEM showed that the material was in nanometer scale, with the width about 100 nm and the length of 5μm. HRTEM and FFT revealed that theα-CuV_2O_6 nanowires were highly crystallized, growing along the <020> axis. The local structural properties of the material were further investigated by Raman scattering and FTIR. In addition, the oxidation state of different elements in the material was confirmed by XPS.
Electrochemical study showed that theα-CuV_2O_6 nanowires had a high discharge capacity of 425 mAhg-1 in the potential window of 1.5-4.0 V with the current density of 60mAg-1, corresponding to 4.2 mol of Li+ intercalated into the material lattice. However, the material exhibited poor capacity retention, which only showed a capacity of 150mAhg-1 after 20 cycles. CV analysis showed the Cu~(2+)/Cu~+, V~(5+)/V~(4+) and Cu~+/Cu, and V4+/V3+ redox couples in the first cycle. However, only V5+/V4+ redox couple was observed in the second cycle. The chemical diffusion coefficients of material were as small as 10-12 cm~2s~(-1) based on PITT and EIS analysis. In addition, EIS also showed the formation of SEI film on the material particle surface after the first cycle. Based on these studies, the poor capacity retention of theα-CuV_2O_6 nanowires was attributed to the following three reasons: the absence of Cu2+/Cu+ and V4+/V3+ redox couples with cycling; the formation of SEI film; and the low chemical diffusion coefficient of the material.
In the last chapter, we prepared Li_(0.86)V_(0.8)O_2 crystals by hydrothermal synthesis at 200\oC. XRD analysis showed that the quenching process is necessary for the preparation of Li_(0.86)V_(0.8)O_2. SEM photograph showed that the material had an octahedral morphology with particle size about 300 nm. The material had an layered rock salt structure. However, the (003) diffraction of the material was very weak, due to the Li/V site disorder. The Li/V site disorder was also confirmed by FTIR and magnatic experiements. In addition, XPS analysis showed that most of the vanadium ions in Li_(0.86)V_(0.8)O_2 were V_4~+, only with a slight amount of V~(3+) ions.
Li_(0.86)V_(0.8)O_2 showed a discharge capacity about 113 mAhg-1 in the first cycle, which is much better than that of previously reported LiVO2 and Li_(0.86)V_(0.8)O_2. But, the capacity retention of the material was still unsatisfying, which was only 80 mAhg-1 after 20 cycles. CV analysis showed irreversible electrochemical process in the intial stage of cycling. In addition, an irreversible phase transformation was observed by XRD after several cycles. Based on these observations, the bad cycling performance of Li_(0.86)V_(0.8)O_2 was attributed to the continuous Li/V site disorder and the irreversible phase transformation during charge/discharge cycling.
The poor capacity retention ability is a major obstacle to the practical applications of vanadate cathode materials. The new findings presented in this thesis are useful for further applications of vanadate compounds in rechargeable lithium batteries.
引文
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