国防大气环境试验站网建设及试验与评价技术研究
|
摘要
大气环境是武器装备面临的主要环境。本文针对大气环境对武器装备全寿命期的影响开展研究。
从覆盖中国七个气候区,满足武器装备安全、保密和严酷环境试验的要求,构建了研究中心、重点试验站、一般试验站、试验点四个层次组成的国防大气环境试验站网。
采用标准金属法,中国东南沿海的大气环境腐蚀严酷度为C3、C4级,部分区域超过ISO 9223标准的C5级;用挂片法测试的氯离子沉降速率高于湿烛法;采用润湿时间、氯离子、二氧化硫评定东南沿海的环境腐蚀严酷度分别为τ4～τ5,S0～S1,P0～P1级。
北京站和万宁站等8个试验站的动态聚类说明它们之间的相似系数很低;年平均温度和雨水pH值等17个环境因素的动态聚类说明它们可分为6类;模糊综合评价方法非常适合产品环境适应性的多指标综合评价;模糊优势分析方法评价材料腐蚀性和环境严酷度具有通用性。
加速性、模拟性、重现性是评价模拟加速试验与自然大气环境试验的基本原则,并应用这三条原则对616装甲钢模拟加速试验与海洋大气环境暴露试验的相关性进行了研究。
设计的跟踪太阳反射聚能试验装置,采用日点轨迹跟踪,聚光效率接近8倍的总日辐射,大约6倍的UV辐射,具有黑、白板温度、喷淋、鼓风和离焦控制功能;该试验技术适宜对非金属材料老化的快速考核。
铀合金在库内贮存腐蚀速率极低,在高湿大气中腐蚀率明显升高,Cl—是其大气腐蚀的主要加速介质,在中、低湿大气中没有明显的应力腐蚀倾向;钢质焊接药筒的现行涂装工艺有效,在包装贮存条件下,不存在局部腐蚀,长贮性能主要取决于涂装和包装的有效性。
The atmospheric environment is main environment that the equipment was confronted with. The dissertation was studied the influence of atmospheric environment to equipment life cycle. The main contents are as follows:
The main contents are as follows:
The national defence atmospheric environmental test network was designed to consist of research centre, important test station, general test station and test point and to cover with cold region, cool temperate zoneⅠ、cool temperate zoneⅡ、warm temperate zone、xerothermic region、subtropical and tropical region, its satisfied the needs of safety, secrecy and asperity environmental test.
There was notability difference of chloride deposition rate between hanging frame method and wet candle method when conspicuous level equal 0.01. The data survey by hanging frame method is bigger than the wet candle method. China southeast littoral corrosivity categories were C3、C4 classified by standard materials corrosion rate ,and wereτ4～τ5 classified by TOW,were S0～S1 classified by Cl- chloride deposition rate,and were P0～P1 classified by SO2 chloride deposition rate.
The fuzzy dynamic cluster chart of Beijing, Qingdao, Wuhan, Jiangjin, GuangzhouⅠ, GuangzhouⅡ, Qionghai and Wanning station indicate the coefficient of similarity of 8-stations are very low even though two Guangzhou stations become one category when coefficient of similarity equal to 0.76. The fuzzy dynamic cluster chart of 17 environmental factors becomes 6 categories. Fuzzy comprehensive judgment method is especially adapted for multicriteria environmental worthiness comprehensive judgment of 19 kinds of protective coatings. Fuzzy dominance analysis has generality for the evaluation of metal materials corrosivity and the asperity of atmospheric corrosivity from the evaluation of 13 kinds of steels corrosivity and 7 atmospheric stations environmental corrosivity .
The relativity evaluation principle are accelerativity, simulativity and repeatability between artificial accelerated test and natural exposure, and apply these principle to evaluate relativity of 616 steel artificial accelerate test with natural marine exposure test.
The test device of sun track and assemble energy by reflex have white and black panel temperature, water spray, blast, focus off control functions, sun tracking accuracy±0.1°,assemble energy efficiency approach 8 times of total solar radiant and 6 times of UV. This technology is especial adapted aging of nonmetallic materials in area of clear air, little pollution and high solar radiant.
Uranium alloy have very low corrosion rate in storeroom storage, corrosion rate become higher while humidity increase, Cl—is the main corrosion medium and stress corrosion not susceptivity in middle and low humidity atmosphere. Current coating has effective protective for welding steel cartridges. There is not local corrosion in package storage. The storage performance was laid on effective of coating and package.
从覆盖中国七个气候区,满足武器装备安全、保密和严酷环境试验的要求,构建了研究中心、重点试验站、一般试验站、试验点四个层次组成的国防大气环境试验站网。
采用标准金属法,中国东南沿海的大气环境腐蚀严酷度为C3、C4级,部分区域超过ISO 9223标准的C5级;用挂片法测试的氯离子沉降速率高于湿烛法;采用润湿时间、氯离子、二氧化硫评定东南沿海的环境腐蚀严酷度分别为τ4～τ5,S0～S1,P0～P1级。
北京站和万宁站等8个试验站的动态聚类说明它们之间的相似系数很低;年平均温度和雨水pH值等17个环境因素的动态聚类说明它们可分为6类;模糊综合评价方法非常适合产品环境适应性的多指标综合评价;模糊优势分析方法评价材料腐蚀性和环境严酷度具有通用性。
加速性、模拟性、重现性是评价模拟加速试验与自然大气环境试验的基本原则,并应用这三条原则对616装甲钢模拟加速试验与海洋大气环境暴露试验的相关性进行了研究。
设计的跟踪太阳反射聚能试验装置,采用日点轨迹跟踪,聚光效率接近8倍的总日辐射,大约6倍的UV辐射,具有黑、白板温度、喷淋、鼓风和离焦控制功能;该试验技术适宜对非金属材料老化的快速考核。
铀合金在库内贮存腐蚀速率极低,在高湿大气中腐蚀率明显升高,Cl—是其大气腐蚀的主要加速介质,在中、低湿大气中没有明显的应力腐蚀倾向;钢质焊接药筒的现行涂装工艺有效,在包装贮存条件下,不存在局部腐蚀,长贮性能主要取决于涂装和包装的有效性。
The atmospheric environment is main environment that the equipment was confronted with. The dissertation was studied the influence of atmospheric environment to equipment life cycle. The main contents are as follows:
The main contents are as follows:
The national defence atmospheric environmental test network was designed to consist of research centre, important test station, general test station and test point and to cover with cold region, cool temperate zoneⅠ、cool temperate zoneⅡ、warm temperate zone、xerothermic region、subtropical and tropical region, its satisfied the needs of safety, secrecy and asperity environmental test.
There was notability difference of chloride deposition rate between hanging frame method and wet candle method when conspicuous level equal 0.01. The data survey by hanging frame method is bigger than the wet candle method. China southeast littoral corrosivity categories were C3、C4 classified by standard materials corrosion rate ,and wereτ4～τ5 classified by TOW,were S0～S1 classified by Cl- chloride deposition rate,and were P0～P1 classified by SO2 chloride deposition rate.
The fuzzy dynamic cluster chart of Beijing, Qingdao, Wuhan, Jiangjin, GuangzhouⅠ, GuangzhouⅡ, Qionghai and Wanning station indicate the coefficient of similarity of 8-stations are very low even though two Guangzhou stations become one category when coefficient of similarity equal to 0.76. The fuzzy dynamic cluster chart of 17 environmental factors becomes 6 categories. Fuzzy comprehensive judgment method is especially adapted for multicriteria environmental worthiness comprehensive judgment of 19 kinds of protective coatings. Fuzzy dominance analysis has generality for the evaluation of metal materials corrosivity and the asperity of atmospheric corrosivity from the evaluation of 13 kinds of steels corrosivity and 7 atmospheric stations environmental corrosivity .
The relativity evaluation principle are accelerativity, simulativity and repeatability between artificial accelerated test and natural exposure, and apply these principle to evaluate relativity of 616 steel artificial accelerate test with natural marine exposure test.
The test device of sun track and assemble energy by reflex have white and black panel temperature, water spray, blast, focus off control functions, sun tracking accuracy±0.1°,assemble energy efficiency approach 8 times of total solar radiant and 6 times of UV. This technology is especial adapted aging of nonmetallic materials in area of clear air, little pollution and high solar radiant.
Uranium alloy have very low corrosion rate in storeroom storage, corrosion rate become higher while humidity increase, Cl—is the main corrosion medium and stress corrosion not susceptivity in middle and low humidity atmosphere. Current coating has effective protective for welding steel cartridges. There is not local corrosion in package storage. The storage performance was laid on effective of coating and package.
引文
[1]中国人民解放军总装备部,GJB 4239-2001,装备环境工程通用要,北京:军用标准化研究中心,2001.
[2]中华人民共和国国务院,国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要(2006-2020年)[M],北京:中国法制出版社,2006.
[3]于衍华,史国华,山春荣等,武器装备环境适应性论证[M],北京:兵器工业出版社,2003.
[4] U.S.Department of Defense, MIL STD 810F-2000 Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests. Washington DC: DOD, 2000.
[5] Ministry of Defence, DEF STAN 00-35-2006 Environmental Handbook for Defense Materiel (Issue 4), Glasgow: Defence Procurement Agency of MOD, 2006.
[6]汪学华,自然环境试验技术[M],北京:航空工业出版社,2003.
[7]国防科工委科技与质量司,国防科技工业自然环境试验研究中心,国防科技工业自然环境试验站网指南[M],北京:航空工业出版社,2008.
[8]张伦武,许明等,军用自然环境试验与民用自然环境试验的关系[J],包装工程,2003,24(4):48.
[9]柯伟,中国腐蚀调查报告[M],北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[10] Director of Defense Research and Engineering.Defense Technology Area Plan, Washington: Director of Defense Research and Engineering, 1997.
[11] Atlas Electric Devices Company.Weathering Testing Guidebook, Chicago: Atlas Electric Devices Company, 2001.
[12]张鑫,余柯,王光雍等,国防科技工业自然环境试验基础条件建设专题研究报告,北京:中国国际工程咨询公司,2003.
[13]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 17297 -1998,中国气候区划名称与代码气候带和气候大区,北京:中国标准出版社,1998.
[14]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 4797.1-2005,电工电子产品自然环境条件温度和湿度,北京:中国标准出版社,2005.
[15] International Organization for Standardization, ISO/DP 9223 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys. Classification of Corrosivity Categories of Atmospheres. ISO/DP 9224 Guiding Value for the Corrosivity Categories of Atmospheres. ISO/DP 9225 Aggressivity of Atmospheres. Methods of Measurements of Pollution Data. ISO/DP 9226 Methods of Determination of Corrosion Rate of Standard Specimens for the Evaluation of Corrosivity, Geneva: ISO, 1992.
[16]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 4798.1 -2005,电工电子产品自然环境条件第一部分:贮存,北京:中国标准出版社,2005.
[17] U.S.Department of Defense, MIL HDBK 310-1997 Global Climatic Data for Developing Military Products, Washington DC: DOD, 1997.
[18]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 15957-1995,大气环境腐蚀性分类,北京:中国标准出版社,1995.
[19]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 19292.1-2003,金属和合金的腐蚀大气腐蚀性分类,北京:中国标准出版社,2003.
[20]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 19292.2-2003,金属和合金的腐蚀大气腐蚀性腐蚀等级的指导值,北京:中国标准出版社,2003.
[21]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 19292.3-2003,金属和合金的腐蚀大气腐蚀性污染物的测量,北京:中国标准出版社,2003.
[22]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 19292.4-2003,金属和合金的腐蚀大气腐蚀性用于评估腐蚀性的标准试样腐蚀率的测定,北京:中国标准出版社,2003.
[23] International Organization for Standardization, ISO 9223-1992 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys, Corrosivity of Atmospheres;Classification, Geneva: ISO, 1992.
[24] International Organization for Standardization, ISO 9224-1992 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys, Corrosivity of Atmospheres; Guiding Value for the Corrosivity Categories, Geneva: ISO, 1992.
[25] International Organization for Standardization, ISO 9225-1992 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys, Corrosivity of Atmospheres;Measurements of Pollution, Geneva: ISO, 1992.
[26] International Organization for Standardization, ISO 9225-1992 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys, Corrosivity of Atmospheres;Determination of Corrosion Rate of Standard Specimens for the Evaluation of Corrosivity, Geneva: ISO, 1992.
[27]冯德益,楼世博等,模糊数学方法与应用[M],北京:地震出版社,1983
[28]田月娥,金蕾,汪学华,我国大气腐蚀试验站气象因素变化规律[J],腐蚀科学与防护技术.1995,7(3):19.
[29]王光雍,王海江,李兴濂等,自然环境的腐蚀与防护[M],北京:化学工业出版社,1997.
[30]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 1766-1995,色漆和清漆涂层老化的评级方法,北京:中国标准出版社,2003.
[31]贺仲,模糊数学及应用[M],天津:天津科学技术出版社,1983.
[32]张宗元,模糊数学入门和在建筑管理中的应用[M],北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1991.
[33]梁彩凤,侯文秦,碳钢及低合金钢8年大气暴露腐蚀研究[J],腐蚀科学与防护技术,1995,7(3):183.
[34]牟献良,田月娥,汪学华,碳钢和低合金钢模拟加速试验与大气腐蚀试验的相关性[J],环境技术,2001,(2):21-24.
[35]王振尧,于国才,韩薇,钢的大气暴露腐蚀与室内模拟加速腐蚀的相关性[J],腐蚀科学与防护技术,2004,16(2):70-73
[36]王建军,郭小丹,郑文龙等,海洋大气暴露3年的碳钢与耐候钢表面锈层分析[J],腐蚀与防护2002,23(7):288-291.
[37] Zabielski Chester V, Levy, Milton, Corrosion of high density kinetic energy penetrator materials. AD-A249439, 1992.
[38] J.W.Koger, Summarize of corrosion, anticorrosion and stress corrosion for Uranium and Uranium alloy, Y/DV-202 Translated by Liu ming, 1981. 44-67 (关于铀及铀合金的腐蚀、防腐和应力腐蚀问题概述,刘明译)
[39] Powell G.L, et al., Hydrogen in uranium alloys, Y-DA-5317, 73.12.
[40] Hemperly V C, Effect of the relative humidity in test atmospheres on U-0.75Ti and U-2.25Nb, Y-2043, 76.5.
[41] Nagelberg A S, et al., Corrosion behavior of low Ti-Uranium alloy [J], Translated by Zhang jing. SAND 80-8215 80. (低钛铀合金的腐蚀行为,张晶译) .
[42] Magnani N J et al., The effect of chloride ions on the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of U-0.75 Nb-2.5Zr and U-4.5 Nb alloys [J], SC-RR-70-860, 70.12.
[43] Magnani N J, Stress corrosion cracking in Quenched and in underage U-67.Nb[J], SAND-75-0191, 75.
[44] Magnani N J, The stress corrosion cracking behaviour of two uranium alloy armour penetrator materials [J], SLA-74-0304.
[45] Johnson H R, Dini, J W, On the embrittlement of U and U-0.8Ti alloys by hydrogen and water[J], SLL-73-5300.
[46] Muller J F, The effects of processing variables on the hydrogen content and resultant mechanical properties of uranium and uranium-3/4wt% titanium alloy [J], LA-UR-80-3176.
[47] Katy J J, et al., Uranium Chemistry [M],Vo.1 Translated by Ren liping, Fan yixian. Original edition in 1951, Russian edition in 1954, Chinese edition in 1959(任丽素、范毅先译。铀化学"卷一。北京,化学工业出版社51年原版,54年俄文版,59年中译文版).
[48] Mcd Bater M, et al., Uranium +Water Reaction Part 1 Kinetics, products and mechanism [M], Trans. Farady Soc. 62, 1966.
[49] [苏]и.и.瓦西连科,р.к麦列霍夫著,陈石卿,焦明山译,钢的应力腐蚀开裂,北京:国防工业出版社,1983.
[50] [日]小若正伦著,袁宝林,过家驹,朱应扬译,金属的腐蚀破坏与防蚀技术,北京:化学工业出版社,1988.
[51]左景伊,应力腐蚀破裂,西安:西安交通大学出版社,1985.
[52]陈伯蠡,焊接冶金原理,北京:清华大学出版社,1991.
[53] Henry K, Hardcastle III, Weathering Experimenter Toolbox, Atlas Weathering Services Group, 1999.
[54] American Society of Testing Materials, ASTM E632-82(1996), Standard Practice for Developing Accelerated Tests to Aid Prediction of the Service Life of Building Components and Materials, Pennsylvania: ASTM, 1996.
[55] American Society of Testing Materials, ASTM G90-1998, Standard Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Nonmetallic Materials Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight, Pennsylvania: ASTM, 1998.
[56] International Organization for Standardization, ISO 877-1996, Plastics -- Methods of exposure to direct weathering, to weathering using glass-filtered daylight, and to intensified weathering by daylight using Fresnel mirrors,Geneva: ISO, 1996.
[57]中国人民解放军总装备部,GJB 150-1986,军用设备环境试验方法,北京:军用标准化研究中心,1986.
[58]国防科工委,国防科技工业中长期科技发展规划纲要,北京:国防科工委,2005.
[59]杨翔宇,苏艳,廖林清,张伦武等,一种太阳跟踪反射聚能曝晒实验机,中国,发明专利,ZL 02 1 33688.1,20070711.
[2]中华人民共和国国务院,国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要(2006-2020年)[M],北京:中国法制出版社,2006.
[3]于衍华,史国华,山春荣等,武器装备环境适应性论证[M],北京:兵器工业出版社,2003.
[4] U.S.Department of Defense, MIL STD 810F-2000 Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests. Washington DC: DOD, 2000.
[5] Ministry of Defence, DEF STAN 00-35-2006 Environmental Handbook for Defense Materiel (Issue 4), Glasgow: Defence Procurement Agency of MOD, 2006.
[6]汪学华,自然环境试验技术[M],北京:航空工业出版社,2003.
[7]国防科工委科技与质量司,国防科技工业自然环境试验研究中心,国防科技工业自然环境试验站网指南[M],北京:航空工业出版社,2008.
[8]张伦武,许明等,军用自然环境试验与民用自然环境试验的关系[J],包装工程,2003,24(4):48.
[9]柯伟,中国腐蚀调查报告[M],北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[10] Director of Defense Research and Engineering.Defense Technology Area Plan, Washington: Director of Defense Research and Engineering, 1997.
[11] Atlas Electric Devices Company.Weathering Testing Guidebook, Chicago: Atlas Electric Devices Company, 2001.
[12]张鑫,余柯,王光雍等,国防科技工业自然环境试验基础条件建设专题研究报告,北京:中国国际工程咨询公司,2003.
[13]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 17297 -1998,中国气候区划名称与代码气候带和气候大区,北京:中国标准出版社,1998.
[14]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 4797.1-2005,电工电子产品自然环境条件温度和湿度,北京:中国标准出版社,2005.
[15] International Organization for Standardization, ISO/DP 9223 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys. Classification of Corrosivity Categories of Atmospheres. ISO/DP 9224 Guiding Value for the Corrosivity Categories of Atmospheres. ISO/DP 9225 Aggressivity of Atmospheres. Methods of Measurements of Pollution Data. ISO/DP 9226 Methods of Determination of Corrosion Rate of Standard Specimens for the Evaluation of Corrosivity, Geneva: ISO, 1992.
[16]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 4798.1 -2005,电工电子产品自然环境条件第一部分:贮存,北京:中国标准出版社,2005.
[17] U.S.Department of Defense, MIL HDBK 310-1997 Global Climatic Data for Developing Military Products, Washington DC: DOD, 1997.
[18]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 15957-1995,大气环境腐蚀性分类,北京:中国标准出版社,1995.
[19]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 19292.1-2003,金属和合金的腐蚀大气腐蚀性分类,北京:中国标准出版社,2003.
[20]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 19292.2-2003,金属和合金的腐蚀大气腐蚀性腐蚀等级的指导值,北京:中国标准出版社,2003.
[21]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 19292.3-2003,金属和合金的腐蚀大气腐蚀性污染物的测量,北京:中国标准出版社,2003.
[22]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 19292.4-2003,金属和合金的腐蚀大气腐蚀性用于评估腐蚀性的标准试样腐蚀率的测定,北京:中国标准出版社,2003.
[23] International Organization for Standardization, ISO 9223-1992 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys, Corrosivity of Atmospheres;Classification, Geneva: ISO, 1992.
[24] International Organization for Standardization, ISO 9224-1992 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys, Corrosivity of Atmospheres; Guiding Value for the Corrosivity Categories, Geneva: ISO, 1992.
[25] International Organization for Standardization, ISO 9225-1992 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys, Corrosivity of Atmospheres;Measurements of Pollution, Geneva: ISO, 1992.
[26] International Organization for Standardization, ISO 9225-1992 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys, Corrosivity of Atmospheres;Determination of Corrosion Rate of Standard Specimens for the Evaluation of Corrosivity, Geneva: ISO, 1992.
[27]冯德益,楼世博等,模糊数学方法与应用[M],北京:地震出版社,1983
[28]田月娥,金蕾,汪学华,我国大气腐蚀试验站气象因素变化规律[J],腐蚀科学与防护技术.1995,7(3):19.
[29]王光雍,王海江,李兴濂等,自然环境的腐蚀与防护[M],北京:化学工业出版社,1997.
[30]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T 1766-1995,色漆和清漆涂层老化的评级方法,北京:中国标准出版社,2003.
[31]贺仲,模糊数学及应用[M],天津:天津科学技术出版社,1983.
[32]张宗元,模糊数学入门和在建筑管理中的应用[M],北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1991.
[33]梁彩凤,侯文秦,碳钢及低合金钢8年大气暴露腐蚀研究[J],腐蚀科学与防护技术,1995,7(3):183.
[34]牟献良,田月娥,汪学华,碳钢和低合金钢模拟加速试验与大气腐蚀试验的相关性[J],环境技术,2001,(2):21-24.
[35]王振尧,于国才,韩薇,钢的大气暴露腐蚀与室内模拟加速腐蚀的相关性[J],腐蚀科学与防护技术,2004,16(2):70-73
[36]王建军,郭小丹,郑文龙等,海洋大气暴露3年的碳钢与耐候钢表面锈层分析[J],腐蚀与防护2002,23(7):288-291.
[37] Zabielski Chester V, Levy, Milton, Corrosion of high density kinetic energy penetrator materials. AD-A249439, 1992.
[38] J.W.Koger, Summarize of corrosion, anticorrosion and stress corrosion for Uranium and Uranium alloy, Y/DV-202 Translated by Liu ming, 1981. 44-67 (关于铀及铀合金的腐蚀、防腐和应力腐蚀问题概述,刘明译)
[39] Powell G.L, et al., Hydrogen in uranium alloys, Y-DA-5317, 73.12.
[40] Hemperly V C, Effect of the relative humidity in test atmospheres on U-0.75Ti and U-2.25Nb, Y-2043, 76.5.
[41] Nagelberg A S, et al., Corrosion behavior of low Ti-Uranium alloy [J], Translated by Zhang jing. SAND 80-8215 80. (低钛铀合金的腐蚀行为,张晶译) .
[42] Magnani N J et al., The effect of chloride ions on the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of U-0.75 Nb-2.5Zr and U-4.5 Nb alloys [J], SC-RR-70-860, 70.12.
[43] Magnani N J, Stress corrosion cracking in Quenched and in underage U-67.Nb[J], SAND-75-0191, 75.
[44] Magnani N J, The stress corrosion cracking behaviour of two uranium alloy armour penetrator materials [J], SLA-74-0304.
[45] Johnson H R, Dini, J W, On the embrittlement of U and U-0.8Ti alloys by hydrogen and water[J], SLL-73-5300.
[46] Muller J F, The effects of processing variables on the hydrogen content and resultant mechanical properties of uranium and uranium-3/4wt% titanium alloy [J], LA-UR-80-3176.
[47] Katy J J, et al., Uranium Chemistry [M],Vo.1 Translated by Ren liping, Fan yixian. Original edition in 1951, Russian edition in 1954, Chinese edition in 1959(任丽素、范毅先译。铀化学"卷一。北京,化学工业出版社51年原版,54年俄文版,59年中译文版).
[48] Mcd Bater M, et al., Uranium +Water Reaction Part 1 Kinetics, products and mechanism [M], Trans. Farady Soc. 62, 1966.
[49] [苏]и.и.瓦西连科,р.к麦列霍夫著,陈石卿,焦明山译,钢的应力腐蚀开裂,北京:国防工业出版社,1983.
[50] [日]小若正伦著,袁宝林,过家驹,朱应扬译,金属的腐蚀破坏与防蚀技术,北京:化学工业出版社,1988.
[51]左景伊,应力腐蚀破裂,西安:西安交通大学出版社,1985.
[52]陈伯蠡,焊接冶金原理,北京:清华大学出版社,1991.
[53] Henry K, Hardcastle III, Weathering Experimenter Toolbox, Atlas Weathering Services Group, 1999.
[54] American Society of Testing Materials, ASTM E632-82(1996), Standard Practice for Developing Accelerated Tests to Aid Prediction of the Service Life of Building Components and Materials, Pennsylvania: ASTM, 1996.
[55] American Society of Testing Materials, ASTM G90-1998, Standard Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Nonmetallic Materials Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight, Pennsylvania: ASTM, 1998.
[56] International Organization for Standardization, ISO 877-1996, Plastics -- Methods of exposure to direct weathering, to weathering using glass-filtered daylight, and to intensified weathering by daylight using Fresnel mirrors,Geneva: ISO, 1996.
[57]中国人民解放军总装备部,GJB 150-1986,军用设备环境试验方法,北京:军用标准化研究中心,1986.
[58]国防科工委,国防科技工业中长期科技发展规划纲要,北京:国防科工委,2005.
[59]杨翔宇,苏艳,廖林清,张伦武等,一种太阳跟踪反射聚能曝晒实验机,中国,发明专利,ZL 02 1 33688.1,20070711.