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中低温磷化处理工艺和絮凝剂的研究
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摘要
金属磷化处理工艺可以改变金属表面原有的性质,从而提供新的物理特性或物理化学特性,因而广泛应用于金属的表面处理领域中。我国磷化技术虽然得到长足的发展,但是存在能耗大、效率低、污染严重及磷化液性能不稳定等缺点。因此开发研制高质量的中低温磷化工艺成为当前十分迫切的问题。
     通过正交实验确定了中低温磷化配方:氧化锌为7.5g/L、磷酸(85%)为15.0mL/L、硝酸镍为1.0 g/L、硫酸锰为0.4 g/L、促进剂为1.5 g/L、添加剂为0.8 g/L、络合剂为0.5 g/L;温度为30~50℃;磷化时间为3~5min;pH值范围为2.5~2.8。
     通过化学浸泡实验、硫酸铜点滴实验、测量膜重及电化学实验测试表明,碳钢经磷化后,改善了阳极溶解性能,具有良好的耐蚀性能。物理测试分析表明,磷化膜结晶组织呈网片状结构,均匀、密集、弥散分布。磷化膜组成为磷酸锌和磷酸铁锌的混合物,系结晶型磷化膜。本文所获得的中低温磷化工艺,成本低、成膜快、耐蚀性能优良,性能稳定,具有工业推广价值。
     目前水处理方法中应用最广、成本最低、最常用的是絮凝沉淀法。而我国在絮凝剂的研究正处于开发阶段。研制新型、高效、安全、经济的絮凝剂是水处理领域发展的必然趋势。
     本文研制了一种新型聚硅硫酸铁絮凝剂,其合成分两步:首先,在SiO_2含量为3%的溶液中,pH值为5.0~5.5、聚合时间为25~30min的条件下生成聚硅酸,然后加入硫酸铁(Fe~(3+)/SiO_2摩尔比为0.8),并熟化3h。在pH值为6~11的条件下使用聚硅硫酸铁絮凝效果较好,此时最佳用量是6mL/L,絮凝时间为30min,絮凝后废水的透光率为94.5%,COD值为1.8 mg/L。
     在此基础上,用正交实验方法研制了复合絮凝剂,筛选出最佳配方:聚硅硫酸铁5mL/L、聚丙烯酰胺3mL/L、助剂3mL/L。絮凝时间为25min,絮凝后废水的透光率为97.6%,COD值为1.62mg/L。复合絮凝剂的絮凝效果优于聚硅硫酸铁絮凝剂的效果。研制的复合絮凝剂,成本低、效率高,具有较高的使用价值。
Phosphating, as a broad metal surface treatment, may alter the original characteristic of metal surface and provide new physical or chemical properties. Although phosphating in our country has made greatly progress, it still exists many shortcomings, such as high energy consume, low efficiency, serious pollution and unstable performance of phosphating solution etc. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a nice quality phosphating process.
    Through perpendicular experiment means, a new phosphating process at middle-low temperature is developed. The formula is as follows: zinc oxide is 7.5g/L, phosphate acid(85%)is 15.0mL/L, nickel nitrate is 1.0 g/L, sodium sulfate is 0.4 g/L, accelerator is 1.5 g/L, additive is 0.8g/L and complex is 0.5g/L. The feasible temperature range is 30~50癈, pH is 2.5~2.8 and the time for phosphating is 3 ~5 min.
    Chemical immersion, copper sulfate drop test, film weight measuring and electrochemical tests were investigated to analyze the phosphating film. The results indicated that the anodic dissolution performance of the carbon steel was improved after phosphating. According to the scanning electron microscope analysis, the phosphating film was crystal type, which appeared net and slices structure. Since this film was compact and uniform, it possessed good corrosion resistance. This phosphating process has low cost, fast film-forming rate and stable performance virtues. Thus it has application value in industry.
    Although there are many ways of water treatments in present, the wide application, low cost and classical method is coagulation. But the research on flocculants is in development stage. So it is necessary to develop new type, high efficient, secure and economical flocculants.
    In the experiments, a new style polyferric silicate sulfate was prepared in two steps. First, the polymerization of polysilicic acid was synthesized in solution containing 3%SiO2 at pH 5.0-5.5 for 25~30min. Then it was cured for 3h after
    
    
    adding iron sulfate(the mol ratio of Fe3+/SiO2 is 0.8). This polyferric silicate sulfate presents the best coagulation efifect in the condition of 6-11 pH range, 30min coagulating time and 6mL/L concentration. After treatment, the photopermeability rate of waste water is 94.5% and Chemical Oxygen Consumption(COD) is 1.8 mg/L, respectively.
    Based on these experiments, the best compounding formula was chosen by perpendicular experiments. The formula is as follows: polyferric silicate sulfate is 5ml/L, polyacrylamide is 3mL/L and promoter is 3mL/Lo The flocculating time is 25min. After coagulation, the photopermeability rate of waste water is 97.6% and COD is 1.62mg/L, respectively.
    The effect of compounding flocculant is better than that of polyferric silicate sulfate. Because of its low cost and high efficiency, the compounding flocculant possesses good practical value.
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