玉米免耕深松全层施肥精量播种机的研究
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摘要
播种机是农业机械重要组成部分,播种机播种质量的优劣直接影响到农作物的产量以及农产品的成本,研制高质量的播种机是现代农业的迫切要求。尽管我国大部分地区早已实现播种机械化,但目前的播种机作业质量还不能满足高产的要求,尤其是在一年两熟区玉米免耕播种的情况下,播种质量差的问题尤为突出。此外,我们还面临施肥技术落后,肥料的利用率低等缺点,这些都是我们亟待解决的农机农艺问题。
海河平原(河北)一年两熟高产区多年来一直实行玉米免耕播种加小麦播前旋耕整地的耕作模式,由于旋耕深度不够,导致活土层变浅,土壤形成了坚硬的犁底层,对作物根系的生长产生了严重的影响。因此,要满足玉米生长发育对土壤的要求,在目前玉米免耕播种的情况下,有效的措施就是机械深松和全层施肥。深松可以打破犁底层,增加土壤的透气性和储水能力;全层施肥可以将肥料一次性全层施入地表下10㎝-25㎝的土壤中,不需追肥,保证玉米整个生育期的营养,提高肥料利用效率。深松全层施肥播种给玉米生长提供了一个良好的环境,对玉米产量的提高具有显著促进作用。
针对上述问题,论文研究了一种玉米免耕深松全层施肥精量播种机,该机由机架、深松铲、可调全层施肥装置、四连杆仿形机构、圆盘开沟器、排种器、镇压轮、种箱和肥箱组成。本研究的主要创新特点为:1、农机农艺融合,创新研制了“玉米免耕深松全层施肥精量播种机”,可一次完成深松、全层施肥、精量播种、镇压等多项作业,具有增强土壤蓄水能力、提高化肥利用率、增加粮食产量的作用,经权威机构查新,为国内外首创,成果鉴定为国际先进;2、在理论分析和田间测力的基础上,创新研制了具有倾斜铲刃的全层施肥开沟铲,获得国家专利(专利号:ZL 2010 2 0675281.8)。全层施肥开沟铲具有减小工作阻力,减轻地表土块形成的优点,为提高播种质量创造了条件;3、室内模拟实验结合田间实测,创新研制了可调全层施肥装置,获得国家专利(专利号:ZL 2011 2 0098253.9)。可调全层施肥装置可以将肥料一次性施入地表以下一定深度范围的垂直面内,并且可以根据不同深度施肥量的要求控制肥料分布,提供作物不同生长期所需的养分。
本机试制完成后,2010年在河北省四个县市进行了试验示范,2011年在河北、山东、河南等省推广应用,实际应用表明该机具有显著地增产作用,各项指标均优于国家标准,且经鉴定表明本机型处于国际先进地位。通过与现有播种机的对比,本机的深松铲和可调全层施肥装置的性能,大大提高了劳动效率和肥料利用率,降低了劳动力投入和肥料的污染,保护了环境,对农业增产增收做出了贡献,是一种节本增效的播种机。
Seeding machine is an important part of agricultural machinery, its quality directly affect the output of crops and the cost of agricultural products, so the development of high quality seeding machine is the urgent requirement of modern agriculture. Although it had already realize mechanization planting in most regions of China, but the current operation quality can't meet the requirements of prolific, particularly in no-till area where yield two crops a year. Fertilization backward in technology and low utilization rate is also need to solve in agricultural machinery.
In Haihe Plain (Hebei Province), the farming model have been implemented in high yield region tow crops a year area is that , no-tillage maize and rotary tillage soil preparation before wheat sowing. Because rotary tillage depth is not enough, spongy topsoil is shallow,and formed hard plough ground floor. This is a serious impact on the deep-rooted crops, such as corn plant. Therefore, to meet the requirements of corn’s growth, subsoiling and whole layer fertilization are the effective measures. Subsoiling can break the plow pan and increase permeability and water storage capacity of soil; whole layer fertilization can apply fertilizer into soil between10cm-25cm under the surface by one-time, it can ensure the nutrition of whole corn‘s growth period without extra fertilizer, increase the using rate of fertilizer.Subsoiling and whole layer fertilization technology provide a good environment to the growth of maize and have a good effect on production increasing.
In view of the above problem, this paper studies on the precise planter with no-tillage subsoil and whole layer fertilization. The planter is made up of chassis,subsoiling shovel, adjustable whole layer fertilization, Four-bar-mechanism with profile modeling, disc opener of the planter, seeder unit, press wheel, seed box and fertilizercan. The main innovative features of the equipment, as follows:1、The innovative development of the precise planter with no-tillage subsoil and whole layer fertilization, once subsoiling, the whole layer of fertilization, precision sowing, repression, and many other operations, which had the ability to enhance soil water storage, improved fertilizer use rate and increased the role of food production. By the authority checking for new, this was pioneer at home and abroad. The achievements were identified as the international advanced.2、Innovation and development whole layer fertilization with tilting shovel blade trenching shovel, and got the national patent (patent number: ZL201020675281.8). The whole layer of fertilization trenching shovel reduced the working resistance and surface clods for creating the conditions to improve planting quality.3、Innovative adjustable whole layer fertilization was developed, and got the national patent (patent number: ZL201120098253.9). The adjustable whole layer fertilization could be a one-time fertilizer was applied within a certain depth range of the vertical plane below the surface, and could be controlled according to the requirements of the different depths of fertilizer distribution, the supply of the crop growing season required nutrient.
After the completion of the trial-manufacture, we experiment it in the field for two consecutive years 2010, 2011. Experiments show that the various elements are better than national standards. And this machine is in the international advanced position. Compared with the existing planter, the subsoiling furrowing blade and adjustable whole layer fertilization greatly improved the efficiency of labor and fertilizer utilization, reduced the input of labor and fertilizer pollution, and protected the environment, which contributed to increase production of agriculture.
海河平原(河北)一年两熟高产区多年来一直实行玉米免耕播种加小麦播前旋耕整地的耕作模式,由于旋耕深度不够,导致活土层变浅,土壤形成了坚硬的犁底层,对作物根系的生长产生了严重的影响。因此,要满足玉米生长发育对土壤的要求,在目前玉米免耕播种的情况下,有效的措施就是机械深松和全层施肥。深松可以打破犁底层,增加土壤的透气性和储水能力;全层施肥可以将肥料一次性全层施入地表下10㎝-25㎝的土壤中,不需追肥,保证玉米整个生育期的营养,提高肥料利用效率。深松全层施肥播种给玉米生长提供了一个良好的环境,对玉米产量的提高具有显著促进作用。
针对上述问题,论文研究了一种玉米免耕深松全层施肥精量播种机,该机由机架、深松铲、可调全层施肥装置、四连杆仿形机构、圆盘开沟器、排种器、镇压轮、种箱和肥箱组成。本研究的主要创新特点为:1、农机农艺融合,创新研制了“玉米免耕深松全层施肥精量播种机”,可一次完成深松、全层施肥、精量播种、镇压等多项作业,具有增强土壤蓄水能力、提高化肥利用率、增加粮食产量的作用,经权威机构查新,为国内外首创,成果鉴定为国际先进;2、在理论分析和田间测力的基础上,创新研制了具有倾斜铲刃的全层施肥开沟铲,获得国家专利(专利号:ZL 2010 2 0675281.8)。全层施肥开沟铲具有减小工作阻力,减轻地表土块形成的优点,为提高播种质量创造了条件;3、室内模拟实验结合田间实测,创新研制了可调全层施肥装置,获得国家专利(专利号:ZL 2011 2 0098253.9)。可调全层施肥装置可以将肥料一次性施入地表以下一定深度范围的垂直面内,并且可以根据不同深度施肥量的要求控制肥料分布,提供作物不同生长期所需的养分。
本机试制完成后,2010年在河北省四个县市进行了试验示范,2011年在河北、山东、河南等省推广应用,实际应用表明该机具有显著地增产作用,各项指标均优于国家标准,且经鉴定表明本机型处于国际先进地位。通过与现有播种机的对比,本机的深松铲和可调全层施肥装置的性能,大大提高了劳动效率和肥料利用率,降低了劳动力投入和肥料的污染,保护了环境,对农业增产增收做出了贡献,是一种节本增效的播种机。
Seeding machine is an important part of agricultural machinery, its quality directly affect the output of crops and the cost of agricultural products, so the development of high quality seeding machine is the urgent requirement of modern agriculture. Although it had already realize mechanization planting in most regions of China, but the current operation quality can't meet the requirements of prolific, particularly in no-till area where yield two crops a year. Fertilization backward in technology and low utilization rate is also need to solve in agricultural machinery.
In Haihe Plain (Hebei Province), the farming model have been implemented in high yield region tow crops a year area is that , no-tillage maize and rotary tillage soil preparation before wheat sowing. Because rotary tillage depth is not enough, spongy topsoil is shallow,and formed hard plough ground floor. This is a serious impact on the deep-rooted crops, such as corn plant. Therefore, to meet the requirements of corn’s growth, subsoiling and whole layer fertilization are the effective measures. Subsoiling can break the plow pan and increase permeability and water storage capacity of soil; whole layer fertilization can apply fertilizer into soil between10cm-25cm under the surface by one-time, it can ensure the nutrition of whole corn‘s growth period without extra fertilizer, increase the using rate of fertilizer.Subsoiling and whole layer fertilization technology provide a good environment to the growth of maize and have a good effect on production increasing.
In view of the above problem, this paper studies on the precise planter with no-tillage subsoil and whole layer fertilization. The planter is made up of chassis,subsoiling shovel, adjustable whole layer fertilization, Four-bar-mechanism with profile modeling, disc opener of the planter, seeder unit, press wheel, seed box and fertilizercan. The main innovative features of the equipment, as follows:1、The innovative development of the precise planter with no-tillage subsoil and whole layer fertilization, once subsoiling, the whole layer of fertilization, precision sowing, repression, and many other operations, which had the ability to enhance soil water storage, improved fertilizer use rate and increased the role of food production. By the authority checking for new, this was pioneer at home and abroad. The achievements were identified as the international advanced.2、Innovation and development whole layer fertilization with tilting shovel blade trenching shovel, and got the national patent (patent number: ZL201020675281.8). The whole layer of fertilization trenching shovel reduced the working resistance and surface clods for creating the conditions to improve planting quality.3、Innovative adjustable whole layer fertilization was developed, and got the national patent (patent number: ZL201120098253.9). The adjustable whole layer fertilization could be a one-time fertilizer was applied within a certain depth range of the vertical plane below the surface, and could be controlled according to the requirements of the different depths of fertilizer distribution, the supply of the crop growing season required nutrient.
After the completion of the trial-manufacture, we experiment it in the field for two consecutive years 2010, 2011. Experiments show that the various elements are better than national standards. And this machine is in the international advanced position. Compared with the existing planter, the subsoiling furrowing blade and adjustable whole layer fertilization greatly improved the efficiency of labor and fertilizer utilization, reduced the input of labor and fertilizer pollution, and protected the environment, which contributed to increase production of agriculture.
引文
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[3]赵秀丽,苑秀荣,王爱仁,.机械深松深追肥技术的研究[J].农机使用与维修,2009,(5).128-129.
[4]李久余,. 2SBQ-4深松免耕精量播种机的研制思路[J].现代农业,2010,(5):179.
[5]宫秀杰,钱春荣,于洋,赵杨,姜宇博,王俊河,马军韬,.深松免耕技术对土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2009,(5):134-137.
[6]赵娟伟. 2BMF-4型玉米免耕播种机的研究[D].河北农业大学: ,2007.7 -9.
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