玉米施锌吸收积累及有效化调控机理的研究
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摘要
锌是植物生长所必需的微量元素,也是动物和人类所必需的。人类缺锌现象比较严重,世界上约40%的人口正面临微量元素缺乏。锌主要以土壤-植物-食品-人类所构成的食物链进行迁移。农产品中的锌量并不能满足人们健康对锌的需求,缺锌问题也没有得到根本上的解决,锌的缺乏仍然是一个影响人类健康的全球性问题。玉米做为三大粮食作物之一,在人们生活中起到了举足轻重的地位。而玉米又是对锌敏感的作物之一,土壤的缺锌会直接影响玉米的生长和发育,降低产量和品质。如何提高作物籽粒锌的含量已经越来越受到研究者的关注。因此,采取合理有效措施,改善土壤缺锌的症状,提高粮食作物可食部分锌的含量,弥补锌摄入的不足,从根本上解决人类缺锌的问题。施用锌肥是提高玉米籽粒Zn含量的最直接有效途径。本研究通过风沙土和黑土不同施锌方式和施锌量研究玉米有效的补锌方法,通过田间根袋法研究玉米根际土壤锌含量以及各形态锌的变化；采用室内模拟及大田土壤加酸球的试验方法,人为降低土壤微区域pH值,活化土壤锌,提高锌的高效利用；在玉米苗期以不同的磷锌比研究锌有效性。通过以上的试验、分析等研究得出以下主要结论。
1.在风沙土上采用田间试验3种施锌方法(土施锌肥、叶面喷锌、土施锌肥+叶面喷锌),研究施锌对玉米各生育期锌营养和产量的影响。在玉米不同生育期中,土施锌肥、叶面喷锌和土施锌肥+叶面喷锌均使玉米植株和籽粒锌含量显著增加(与不施锌对比),玉米苗期植株锌含量最高,并随植株生长,地上部干物质累积量和总累积锌量在不断增加,到成熟期达到最高；在各生育期中土施+叶面喷锌玉米地上部分干物质总量和锌积累量均最大。玉米地上部分各生育阶段对锌的吸收速率总体趋势是先增加后降低的,即苗期-拔节期锌吸收速率最低,而拔节期-吐丝期最高,到吐丝期-灌浆期和灌浆期-成熟期呈降低的趋势。土施锌+叶面喷锌方法玉米增产效果最好。
2.在风沙土和黑土上采用田间试验正常施锌(1Okg/hm2、25kg/hm2ZnSO47H2O)和超高量施锌(50kg/hm、100kg/hm2、150kg/hm2ZnSO47H2O),研究施锌对玉米吸收积累及产量的影响。两种土壤均随施锌量的提高,各生育期玉米植株和籽粒中锌含量都呈增加的趋势；同一施锌量,玉米植株积累的锌量随植株生长而增加,玉米中锌的累积与其植株体干物质的累积呈极显著正相关；黑土随施锌量的增加各部位锌含量大小是胚>果皮≈胚轴>胚乳。对产量影响两种土壤最适合施锌量是50kg/hm2。
3.风沙土中对低分子量有机酸(柠檬酸、草酸、丁二酸、苹果酸和乙酸)和磷酸盐(浓度分别为0、30、60、120mg/L)进行了土壤Zn2+吸附的试验研究,结果表明：5种低分子有机酸对风沙土Zn2+吸附量的大小影响顺序是乙酸<柠檬酸<草酸≈苹果酸<丁二酸。4种不同磷浓度下风沙土对Zn2+的吸附量大致表现为P120>P60>P30>P0,较高磷浓度可提高土壤Zn2+的最大吸附量、缓冲容量和吸附力。
4.风沙土上采用室内玉米盆栽试验,研究不同磷(37.5、75、150kg/hm2)锌(25、50.100、150kg/hm2)配比对苗期锌有效性及吸收的影响。结果表明：随土壤施锌量的增加,玉米植株磷含量和土壤有效磷量呈降低的趋势,但在相同施锌量下,随施磷量增加植株磷含量、土壤有效磷含量呈增加的趋势。相同施磷量下,施锌量增加使玉米植株锌含量、土壤有效锌含量增加,而在相同施锌量下,随施磷量增加植株锌含量和土壤有效锌含量均呈降低的趋势。这些结果说明了磷、锌在土壤和玉米植株体内都存在拮抗作用。
5.在风沙土上采用自制根袋法研究不同施锌量(0、15、30、45kg/hm2)各形态Zn在根际中有效化及其含量的亏缺变化。随施锌量增加根袋中根的总量、根表面积和根长度都呈增加的趋势,根中锌含量和地上部生物量也呈增加趋势。不同施锌量根际土上层、下层和非根际土壤的交换态锌、碳酸盐结合态锌、有机质结合态锌、氧化锰结合态锌,结晶型铁氧化物结合态锌含量由大变小的趋势是：非根际土壤>根际土壤上层>根际土壤下层,而无定型铁氧化物结合态锌量变化趋势是根际土壤上层>根际土壤下层>非根际土壤,同一施锌量下不同形态土壤锌含量变化顺序是：结晶型铁氧化物结合态锌>无定型铁氧化物结合态锌>碳酸盐结合态锌>交换态锌>有机结合态锌>氧化锰结合态锌。
6.以浓硫酸碳化秸秆与不同比例粘土制成的酸棒模拟根区不同层次土壤锌活化过程,结果表明距酸棒各层土壤pH的变化趋势为由内层到外层逐渐升高,有效锌含量逐渐降低。随距离酸棒距离的增加,各层交换态锌、碳酸盐结合态锌、有机质结合态锌、氧化锰结合态锌、结晶型铁氧化物结合态锌的含量均呈降低的趋势,同一层不同形态土壤锌含量的大小是：结晶型铁氧化物结合态锌>交换态锌>无定性铁氧化物结合态锌>有机结合态锌>氧化锰结合态锌>碳酸盐结合态锌。
7.浓硫酸碳化秸秆与不同比例粘土制成不同比例的酸球用于室内玉米盆栽和大田试验研究,结果表明随酸球中碳化秸秆量增加,盆栽玉米株高、茎粗和干重以及根体积、根重、根表面积、根长度均有不同程度提高,植株和根锌含量也呈增加趋势。大田试验,不同酸球处理各生育期玉米植株和成熟期籽粒锌含量增加趋势,各个时期植株干重和锌积累量也呈增加趋势,碳化秸秆与粘土为5：10且2克的酸酸球对玉米增产效果最好。
Zn is an essential trace element for plant growth, animals and humans. And human Zn deficiency is quite serious worldwide. About40%of the population in the world is facing a lack of trace elements. Zn mainly migrates in the form of food chain constituted by soil(environment)-plants(animals)-food-human.However, amount of zinc in the agricultural products cannot meet people's health demand. Zn deficiency problem has not been fundamentally resolved yet.Nowadays zinc deficiency is still a worldwide problem affecting human health. As one of the three major grain crops, corn plays an important role in people's life.And corn is also one of crops which are sensitive to Zn, Zn deficiency in soil will affect the growth and development of corn directly,resulting in poor yield and decreased quality. Hence how to improve the Zn content of crop kernels has drawn much attention.To solve the Zn deficiency, the effective measurements should be taken, for example,Improving soil Zn deficiency symptoms,and increasing edible content of zinc in food crops to make up for the deficiencies of Zn intake. Applying Zn fertilizer is the most direct and effective way to improve the Zn content of corn.This study focuses on the effective in aeolian sandy soil and black soil,Zn supplement by different application way and Zn fertilizer application:studying the changes of corn rhizosphere soil Zn content as well as various forms of Zn using root confinement method;Improving the efficient use of Zn by reducing the pH activated soil Zn artificially in soil little intra-area by laboratory simulation study and adding acid ball in field soil;studying availability of Zn using different P,Zn ratio during corn seedling.The main results of this paper are as follows:
1.With three application way (Soil application of zinc fertilizer, foliar Zn spraying,soil application of Zn fertilizer+foliar spray Zn) in field experiment in aeolian sandy soils, the influence of Zn fertilizer on corn yield and quality was investigated.Plant and grain zinc content increased significantly in above three experiments (comparing with the non-application of Zn) in different corn growth stages of the corn.Zn content peaked during corn seedling, and Zn content increases with the growth of plants,dry matter accumulation above ground and the total cumulative amount of zinc until maturity.Both dry matter accumulation above ground and the Zn accumulation are largest in the experiment of combining soil application of Zn fertilizer with foliar spray Zn in different growth period.The general trend of Zn absorption rate increases firstly and then decreases above ground in various growing stages,in other words,the Zn absorption rate is the lowest during seedling stage-jointing stage,highest during jointing stage-silking stage,and has a reducing trend during silking stage-filling stage and filling stage-maturity.The yield of maize, which increases by6.8%to12.9%,is tallest using soil application of Zn fertilizer+foliar spray method in three experiments.
2.The influence of Zn application on corn yield and quality is studied in field experiment with normal (10kg/hm2、25kg/hm2ZnSO47H2O) and ultra-high (10kg/hm2、25kg/hm2ZnSO47H2O) Zn application in aeolian sandy soil and black soil. Plant and grain zinc content in the growing stages of the corn has an increasing trend as the increasing Zn application in both soils. However, all the experiments shows Zn content in black soil is higher than Aeolian sandy soil, which have maximum at the seedling stage and minimum at the maturity; Zn accumulation in corn plants increases with the plant growth with the fixed Zn application, and it has a significantly positive correlation with dry matter accumulation; Zn content of corn grain embryo, endosperm, pericarp and hypocotyls has also an increasing trend as the application of increase Zn content in black soil,The Zn content of the various parts is different and the relation is the embryo>peel≈hypocotyl> endosperm.The optimal Zn application related to yield is50kg/hm2.
3.The experiment of absorbing soil Zn2+is studied under low molecular weight organic acids (citric acid(citric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and acetic acid) and P conce-ntration (0、30、60、120mg/L).The results show that the absorption capacity among five low molecular weight organic acids on Zn2+is ordered as followed:acetic acidP60>P30>P0; higher P content has a benefit of improving the maximum absorption capacity, the buffer capacity, and the absorption capacity of soil on Zn2+
4.The influence of different P (37.5,75,150kg/hm2),Zn (25,50,100,150kg/hm2) ratio on P-Zn relation at seedling stage through pot experiment in aeolian sandy soils is studied. The results demonstrate:available phosphorus content of plants and soil decreases with the increase of Zn fertilizer application. But available phosphorus content of plants and soil increases with the increase of P fertilizer application when the Zn fertilizer application is fixed.On the contrary, available Zn content increases with the increase of Zn fertilizer application when they have the same P fertilizer application,available zinc content decreases with the increase of P fertilizer application when the Zn fertilizer application is fixed.This suggests that P,Zn in soil and corn plant have antagonism effect.
5.To research on variation znic content amount of different Zn fertilizer (0、15、30、45kg/hm2) in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere of corn root confinement technique in Aeolian sandy soil is adopted.The amount, surface area and length of roots in root bags show an increasing tendency as the amount of Zn application grows, as well as Zn content and the plants in roots. When Zn application is different as to upper and lower layer of rhizosphere soil and nonhizosphere soil Ex-Zn, CARB-Zn, OM-Zn, MnO-Zn,CFeOX-Zn,it ranks as non-hizosphere soil>upper rhizosphere soil>lower rhizosphere soil,while as to AFeo-Zn,upper rhizosphere soil>lower rhizosphere soil>nonhizosphere soil;when Zn application is the same,in order of Zn content, the rank is CFeOX-Zn>AFeO-Zn>CARB-Zn>Ex-Zn>OM-Zn>MnO-Zn.
6.The simulation root Zn different levels soil Zn activation process study are conducted using concentrated sulphuric acid carbonized corn stover and different proportions of clay.The results show that the different of pH content increased from inlayer to out layer in each layer of acid spheres soil, and effective Zn content decreases. Along with the increase of distance from acids,the Zn content in the form of Ex-Zn,CARB-Zn,OM-Zn.MnO-Zn,CFeOX-Zn all tends to decrease in each layer of soil; considering the size of Zn content with different form in the same soil layer,the order is CFeOX-Zn>Ex-Zn>AFeo-Zn> OM-Zn>MnO-Zn>CARB-Zn.
7.The indoor and field experiment are conducted using different proportional spheres made of concentrated sulphuric acid carbonized corn stover and different proportions of clay.The results demonstrate:Indoor test plant height,width strain and dry weight,and root volume, root weight, root surface area,root length are increased with the increasing spheres volumn and proportion of concentrated sulfuric acid, the Zn content of the plants and roots Zn also shows an increasing trend. Zn content amount of plants in different treatments in different growth stages and corn have an increasing,and dry matter and Zn accumulation at various periods increase.Applying carbonized corn stover and clay processing with a ration of5:10-2g of acid spheres is the most beneficial to increase the yield.
1.在风沙土上采用田间试验3种施锌方法(土施锌肥、叶面喷锌、土施锌肥+叶面喷锌),研究施锌对玉米各生育期锌营养和产量的影响。在玉米不同生育期中,土施锌肥、叶面喷锌和土施锌肥+叶面喷锌均使玉米植株和籽粒锌含量显著增加(与不施锌对比),玉米苗期植株锌含量最高,并随植株生长,地上部干物质累积量和总累积锌量在不断增加,到成熟期达到最高；在各生育期中土施+叶面喷锌玉米地上部分干物质总量和锌积累量均最大。玉米地上部分各生育阶段对锌的吸收速率总体趋势是先增加后降低的,即苗期-拔节期锌吸收速率最低,而拔节期-吐丝期最高,到吐丝期-灌浆期和灌浆期-成熟期呈降低的趋势。土施锌+叶面喷锌方法玉米增产效果最好。
2.在风沙土和黑土上采用田间试验正常施锌(1Okg/hm2、25kg/hm2ZnSO47H2O)和超高量施锌(50kg/hm、100kg/hm2、150kg/hm2ZnSO47H2O),研究施锌对玉米吸收积累及产量的影响。两种土壤均随施锌量的提高,各生育期玉米植株和籽粒中锌含量都呈增加的趋势；同一施锌量,玉米植株积累的锌量随植株生长而增加,玉米中锌的累积与其植株体干物质的累积呈极显著正相关；黑土随施锌量的增加各部位锌含量大小是胚>果皮≈胚轴>胚乳。对产量影响两种土壤最适合施锌量是50kg/hm2。
3.风沙土中对低分子量有机酸(柠檬酸、草酸、丁二酸、苹果酸和乙酸)和磷酸盐(浓度分别为0、30、60、120mg/L)进行了土壤Zn2+吸附的试验研究,结果表明：5种低分子有机酸对风沙土Zn2+吸附量的大小影响顺序是乙酸<柠檬酸<草酸≈苹果酸<丁二酸。4种不同磷浓度下风沙土对Zn2+的吸附量大致表现为P120>P60>P30>P0,较高磷浓度可提高土壤Zn2+的最大吸附量、缓冲容量和吸附力。
4.风沙土上采用室内玉米盆栽试验,研究不同磷(37.5、75、150kg/hm2)锌(25、50.100、150kg/hm2)配比对苗期锌有效性及吸收的影响。结果表明：随土壤施锌量的增加,玉米植株磷含量和土壤有效磷量呈降低的趋势,但在相同施锌量下,随施磷量增加植株磷含量、土壤有效磷含量呈增加的趋势。相同施磷量下,施锌量增加使玉米植株锌含量、土壤有效锌含量增加,而在相同施锌量下,随施磷量增加植株锌含量和土壤有效锌含量均呈降低的趋势。这些结果说明了磷、锌在土壤和玉米植株体内都存在拮抗作用。
5.在风沙土上采用自制根袋法研究不同施锌量(0、15、30、45kg/hm2)各形态Zn在根际中有效化及其含量的亏缺变化。随施锌量增加根袋中根的总量、根表面积和根长度都呈增加的趋势,根中锌含量和地上部生物量也呈增加趋势。不同施锌量根际土上层、下层和非根际土壤的交换态锌、碳酸盐结合态锌、有机质结合态锌、氧化锰结合态锌,结晶型铁氧化物结合态锌含量由大变小的趋势是：非根际土壤>根际土壤上层>根际土壤下层,而无定型铁氧化物结合态锌量变化趋势是根际土壤上层>根际土壤下层>非根际土壤,同一施锌量下不同形态土壤锌含量变化顺序是：结晶型铁氧化物结合态锌>无定型铁氧化物结合态锌>碳酸盐结合态锌>交换态锌>有机结合态锌>氧化锰结合态锌。
6.以浓硫酸碳化秸秆与不同比例粘土制成的酸棒模拟根区不同层次土壤锌活化过程,结果表明距酸棒各层土壤pH的变化趋势为由内层到外层逐渐升高,有效锌含量逐渐降低。随距离酸棒距离的增加,各层交换态锌、碳酸盐结合态锌、有机质结合态锌、氧化锰结合态锌、结晶型铁氧化物结合态锌的含量均呈降低的趋势,同一层不同形态土壤锌含量的大小是：结晶型铁氧化物结合态锌>交换态锌>无定性铁氧化物结合态锌>有机结合态锌>氧化锰结合态锌>碳酸盐结合态锌。
7.浓硫酸碳化秸秆与不同比例粘土制成不同比例的酸球用于室内玉米盆栽和大田试验研究,结果表明随酸球中碳化秸秆量增加,盆栽玉米株高、茎粗和干重以及根体积、根重、根表面积、根长度均有不同程度提高,植株和根锌含量也呈增加趋势。大田试验,不同酸球处理各生育期玉米植株和成熟期籽粒锌含量增加趋势,各个时期植株干重和锌积累量也呈增加趋势,碳化秸秆与粘土为5：10且2克的酸酸球对玉米增产效果最好。
Zn is an essential trace element for plant growth, animals and humans. And human Zn deficiency is quite serious worldwide. About40%of the population in the world is facing a lack of trace elements. Zn mainly migrates in the form of food chain constituted by soil(environment)-plants(animals)-food-human.However, amount of zinc in the agricultural products cannot meet people's health demand. Zn deficiency problem has not been fundamentally resolved yet.Nowadays zinc deficiency is still a worldwide problem affecting human health. As one of the three major grain crops, corn plays an important role in people's life.And corn is also one of crops which are sensitive to Zn, Zn deficiency in soil will affect the growth and development of corn directly,resulting in poor yield and decreased quality. Hence how to improve the Zn content of crop kernels has drawn much attention.To solve the Zn deficiency, the effective measurements should be taken, for example,Improving soil Zn deficiency symptoms,and increasing edible content of zinc in food crops to make up for the deficiencies of Zn intake. Applying Zn fertilizer is the most direct and effective way to improve the Zn content of corn.This study focuses on the effective in aeolian sandy soil and black soil,Zn supplement by different application way and Zn fertilizer application:studying the changes of corn rhizosphere soil Zn content as well as various forms of Zn using root confinement method;Improving the efficient use of Zn by reducing the pH activated soil Zn artificially in soil little intra-area by laboratory simulation study and adding acid ball in field soil;studying availability of Zn using different P,Zn ratio during corn seedling.The main results of this paper are as follows:
1.With three application way (Soil application of zinc fertilizer, foliar Zn spraying,soil application of Zn fertilizer+foliar spray Zn) in field experiment in aeolian sandy soils, the influence of Zn fertilizer on corn yield and quality was investigated.Plant and grain zinc content increased significantly in above three experiments (comparing with the non-application of Zn) in different corn growth stages of the corn.Zn content peaked during corn seedling, and Zn content increases with the growth of plants,dry matter accumulation above ground and the total cumulative amount of zinc until maturity.Both dry matter accumulation above ground and the Zn accumulation are largest in the experiment of combining soil application of Zn fertilizer with foliar spray Zn in different growth period.The general trend of Zn absorption rate increases firstly and then decreases above ground in various growing stages,in other words,the Zn absorption rate is the lowest during seedling stage-jointing stage,highest during jointing stage-silking stage,and has a reducing trend during silking stage-filling stage and filling stage-maturity.The yield of maize, which increases by6.8%to12.9%,is tallest using soil application of Zn fertilizer+foliar spray method in three experiments.
2.The influence of Zn application on corn yield and quality is studied in field experiment with normal (10kg/hm2、25kg/hm2ZnSO47H2O) and ultra-high (10kg/hm2、25kg/hm2ZnSO47H2O) Zn application in aeolian sandy soil and black soil. Plant and grain zinc content in the growing stages of the corn has an increasing trend as the increasing Zn application in both soils. However, all the experiments shows Zn content in black soil is higher than Aeolian sandy soil, which have maximum at the seedling stage and minimum at the maturity; Zn accumulation in corn plants increases with the plant growth with the fixed Zn application, and it has a significantly positive correlation with dry matter accumulation; Zn content of corn grain embryo, endosperm, pericarp and hypocotyls has also an increasing trend as the application of increase Zn content in black soil,The Zn content of the various parts is different and the relation is the embryo>peel≈hypocotyl> endosperm.The optimal Zn application related to yield is50kg/hm2.
3.The experiment of absorbing soil Zn2+is studied under low molecular weight organic acids (citric acid(citric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and acetic acid) and P conce-ntration (0、30、60、120mg/L).The results show that the absorption capacity among five low molecular weight organic acids on Zn2+is ordered as followed:acetic acid
4.The influence of different P (37.5,75,150kg/hm2),Zn (25,50,100,150kg/hm2) ratio on P-Zn relation at seedling stage through pot experiment in aeolian sandy soils is studied. The results demonstrate:available phosphorus content of plants and soil decreases with the increase of Zn fertilizer application. But available phosphorus content of plants and soil increases with the increase of P fertilizer application when the Zn fertilizer application is fixed.On the contrary, available Zn content increases with the increase of Zn fertilizer application when they have the same P fertilizer application,available zinc content decreases with the increase of P fertilizer application when the Zn fertilizer application is fixed.This suggests that P,Zn in soil and corn plant have antagonism effect.
5.To research on variation znic content amount of different Zn fertilizer (0、15、30、45kg/hm2) in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere of corn root confinement technique in Aeolian sandy soil is adopted.The amount, surface area and length of roots in root bags show an increasing tendency as the amount of Zn application grows, as well as Zn content and the plants in roots. When Zn application is different as to upper and lower layer of rhizosphere soil and nonhizosphere soil Ex-Zn, CARB-Zn, OM-Zn, MnO-Zn,CFeOX-Zn,it ranks as non-hizosphere soil>upper rhizosphere soil>lower rhizosphere soil,while as to AFeo-Zn,upper rhizosphere soil>lower rhizosphere soil>nonhizosphere soil;when Zn application is the same,in order of Zn content, the rank is CFeOX-Zn>AFeO-Zn>CARB-Zn>Ex-Zn>OM-Zn>MnO-Zn.
6.The simulation root Zn different levels soil Zn activation process study are conducted using concentrated sulphuric acid carbonized corn stover and different proportions of clay.The results show that the different of pH content increased from inlayer to out layer in each layer of acid spheres soil, and effective Zn content decreases. Along with the increase of distance from acids,the Zn content in the form of Ex-Zn,CARB-Zn,OM-Zn.MnO-Zn,CFeOX-Zn all tends to decrease in each layer of soil; considering the size of Zn content with different form in the same soil layer,the order is CFeOX-Zn>Ex-Zn>AFeo-Zn> OM-Zn>MnO-Zn>CARB-Zn.
7.The indoor and field experiment are conducted using different proportional spheres made of concentrated sulphuric acid carbonized corn stover and different proportions of clay.The results demonstrate:Indoor test plant height,width strain and dry weight,and root volume, root weight, root surface area,root length are increased with the increasing spheres volumn and proportion of concentrated sulfuric acid, the Zn content of the plants and roots Zn also shows an increasing trend. Zn content amount of plants in different treatments in different growth stages and corn have an increasing,and dry matter and Zn accumulation at various periods increase.Applying carbonized corn stover and clay processing with a ration of5:10-2g of acid spheres is the most beneficial to increase the yield.
引文
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