PCB空心线圈电子式电流互感器的理论建模及设计实现
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摘要
电子式电流互感器以其优异的绝缘性能、无磁饱和的优良特性,适应了电力系统大容量、高电压等级以及自动化发展的需要。但是,复杂的工作环境因素(如温度、振动、电磁干扰等)以及高压区电源的供能问题影响了有源电子式电流互感器的测量准确度、长期稳定性和可靠性,阻碍着大规模商业应用的进程。本论文针对有源电子式电流互感器目前存在的上述主要问题,从理论与实践角度进行了一些探索,提出了高性能PCB(Printed-Circuit Board)空心线圈电流传感器的基础理论和设计方法,研究了有源电子式电流互感器高压区的电源供能理论,在此基础上,研制了PCB空心线圈电子式电流互感器样机,其中,TECT-10型样机通过了型式试验,并已挂网试运行。针对空心线圈电子式电流互感器的测量准确度难以达到0.2S级电力系统计量要求问题,论文从直接影响电流互感器性能的空心线圈一次电流传感器的基础理论研究入手,探索高性能空心线圈电流传感器的设计方法。通过对实用空心线圈的结构特征、制造技术与测量性能之间制约关系的分析,揭示出实用空心线圈细小的骨架截面是影响线圈几何制造精度进而影响测量性能的首要结构因素。为此,基于大截面实用空心线圈的结构和测量原理模型,通过理论建模、仿真和试验方法研究了实用空心线圈大截面结构对测量原理与性能的内在影响关系。研究结论纠正了关于“线圈宽度是产生位置误差的原因之一”的错误认识,解除了空心线圈对骨架截面的限制,对大截面PCB空心线圈的设计与制造具有理论指导意义。论文建立了矩形大截面实用线圈位置误差的精确数学模型和载流导体有效长度对测量准确度影响的数学模型。基于PCB空心线圈和T型积分器构建了PCB空心线圈电流传感器,推导出PCB空心线圈电流传感器的传递函数模型和工频暂态特性数学模型,动模试验表明PCB空心线圈电流传感器具备准确反映电力系统故障电流暂态过程的能力。
PCB空心线圈具有不同于普通空心线圈的结构特征,突出表现为矩形大截面结构、线匝规律离散分布和线圈导线与骨架为约束耦合关系,由此产生了不同于普通空心线圈的误差特性。基于PCB空心线圈的上述结构特征和制造精度,建立了PCB空心线圈的位置误差、结构误差和温度误差系数的数学模型,仿真分析了影响位置误差的结构因素,试验考核了两种不同内径线圈的结构误差;建立了PCB空心线圈电流传感器的温度误差系数和理论稳态误差的数学模型,提出了PCB空心线圈电流传感器的温度误差控制方法—温度系数匹配法,并通过试验证明了采用该方法可以在-40～70℃温度范围将其温度误差控制±0.1%以内。
摒弃以往单纯优化负载电阻阻值的方法,采用基于优化配置零极点的PCB空心线圈动态性能优化方法,可有效兼顾PCB空心线圈的稳态温度误差和高频动态性能。建立了T型积分器的低频动态特性优化模型,通过仿真与试验分析了T型积分器的上限截止频率与最大峰值瞬时误差之间的制约关系。基于PCB空心线圈的基础理论分析,提出了PCB空心线圈结构优化设计的基本原则与方法,尤其是提出了PCB空心线圈环径比κ优化的数学模型。提出了PCB空心线圈电流传感器的优化设计流程。
针对目前实际产品因高压区电源难以连续获取大功率能量而产生长期工作可靠性问题,提出了速饱和电流互感器、磁阀式饱和电流互感器在线取能与激光供能相配合的混合供能方案,以解决大功率供能、电流死区和唤醒时间问题。重点研究了电流互感器在线取能理论。基于速饱和电流互感器的工作特性分析,提出了速饱和电流互感器的设计方法;采用通过铁心磁导率变化自适应于一次电流变化来实现控制铁心磁通变化的方法,研制出一种用于在线取能的新型电流互感器—磁阀式饱和电流互感器,大大拓展了电流互感器0.5W功率在线取能时电流死区的上限;试验数据分析表明,采用速饱和电流互感器和磁阀式饱和电流互感器相配合的方法,当在线取能功率为0.5W时,电流死区下限可达1.5A,上限可达7000A(理论上20000A)。研制了使用电流互感器在线取能的悬浮式开关电源。
基于PCB空心线圈电流传感器的基础理论与设计方法的研究成果,研制了10KV和110KV以上电压等级的PCB空心线圈电子式电流互感器样机。其中,10KV电压等级TECT-10型样机已通过型式试验和科技成果鉴定,计量准确度达到0.2S,保护准确度达到5P,并实现了小规模产品化和挂网试运行。研究了电子式电流互感器工作环境中主要电磁干扰源及其特性,采取了有效的干扰抑制措施,保证了TECT-10型样机的电磁兼容性。
基于电子式电流互感器标准GB/T 20840.8-2007,研究了电子式电流互感器测量准确度的校验原理,采用虚拟仪器技术构建了电子式电流互感器校验系统,可应用于电子式电流互感器测量准确度的测试与校验。
Being of excellent insulation and no saturation, electronic current transformer (ECT) meets the needs of the electric power system development towards to large volume, high- level voltage and automation. However, such complicated factors as temperature, vibration and electromagnetic interference in working surroundings and the problem of the power supply on the high voltage side badly affect the measurement accuracy, long-term stability and reliability of active ECT, which baffled its extensive commercial utility in power system. Some major problems of active ECT are discussed from the points of view on theory and practice in this dissertation. The fundamental theory and design methods of high performance current sensor based on printed-circuit board (PCB) air-core coils and the power supply theory are presented. Based on the above research, the prototypes of PCB air-core coils ECT were developed. The TECT-10 prototype had successfully passed through type tests and is operating during the probative period in power system.
The measurement accuracy of air-core coils ECT cannot meet the requirement of metering application in power system. To solve this problem, this dissertation stars with the fundamental theory study of the primary current sensor based on air-core coils, which directly affects the performances of active ECT, and investigates the design methods of high-performance air-core coils current sensor. By analyzing on the mutual influence relations among the structure characters, manufacturing technology and performances of applied air-core coils, it is discovered that the chief geometric factor affecting the geometric precision and farther the measurement performances of applied air-core coils is the small cross-section of coils’former. Thus, based on the geometric structure models and operating principles of applied air-core coils, the intrinsic influence relations between the large cross-section of applied air-core coils with its operating principles and measurement performances are investigated by theory modeling, simulations and experiments. The research results not only point out the incorrect opinion - the width of air-core coils is one cause of position errors but unfreeze the cross-section dimensions of coils’former, which can be applied to the design and manufacture of PCB air-core coils as instructive theory. It is for the first time that the precise mathematical models of air-core coils position errors and the mathematical models of the influence of current-carrying conductor effective length on measurement accuracy are built. A kind of PCB air-core coils current sensor is designed based on PCB air-core coils and T-integrator. The transfer function and the transient characteristics mathematical models at 50Hz of PCB air-core coils current sensor are educed. The dynamic simulation experiments show that PCB air-core coils current sensor is competent for the accurate reproduction of the fault current transient process in power system.
The distinct structure characteristics of PCB air-core coils including the large rectangle cross-section, the regular discrete distribution of turns and the constrained coupling relation between wires and former are different from that of conventional air-core coils. And thus, the error characteristics of PCB air-core coils are also different from that of conventional air-core coils. Based on the above structure characteristics and the manufacture precision of PCB air-core coils, it is for the first time that the mathematical models including the position errors, the structure errors and the temperature error coefficient of PCB air-core coils are built. The structure factors causing the position errors are analyzed by simulation. The structure errors of two PCB air-core coils with different radii are tested by experiments. The temperature error coefficient model and steady-state theory error model of PCB air-core coils current sensor are also set up. The temperature-coefficient-match method for controlling the temperature error of PCB air-core coils current sensor is put forward. Tests show that the temperature error of PCB air-core coils current sensor is only±0.1 percent when the temperature of working surroundings varies from -40 centigrade to +70 centigrade by employing the above method.
The steady-state temperature error and the dynamic characteristic of PCB air-core coils can be considered simultaneously by adopting the dynamic characteristics optimization method based on the optimal zero-pole point configuration and not the conventional optimization method of load resistor. For the first time, the low-frequency characteristic optimization model of T-integrator is set up. The conditionality relation between the upper cut-off frequency limit and the maximum peak instantaneous error of T-integrator is analyzed by simulation and experiment. Based on the analysis on the fundamental theory of PCB air-core coils, a set of more complete optimization principles and methods are put forward and the important mathematical model of the ratio (κ) of the outside diameter to the inside diameter of toroidal coils is set up. The full optimization designs of PCB air-core coils current sensor are shown in a flow chart.
The hybrid power supplies scheme based on fast-saturation current transformer, magnetic-valve type saturable current transformer and laser-driving power supply is put forward to solve the problems including high-power supply, primary current dead range and wake-up time, which badly affect the long-term working reliability of the applied ECT products owing to the difficulty in acquiring high-power energy continuously of the power supply on the high voltage side. The study focus is on the on-line acquiring-energy using current transformer. The operating characteristics and the design method of fast-saturation current transformer are investigated. By employing a new method– the change of the iron core permeability self-adapts the change of the primary current to control the change of the iron core magnetic flux, it is for the fist time that a new-style magnetic-valve type saturable current transformer for the on-line acquiring-energy is developed, which greatly extents the upper limit of primary current dead range when applied for on-line acquiring 0.5 watt energy. The analysis on the tests data shows that the lower limit of primary current dead range can reach 1.5 ampere while the upper limit can reach 7000 ampere in practice (20000 ampere in theory) by employing fast-saturation current transformer and magnetic-valve type saturable current transformer simultaneously. The floating switch power supply is also developed.
Based on the fundamental theory and design methods research of PCB air-core coils current sensor, two prototypes of PCB air-core coils ECT were developed, which can run respectively into 10KV and 110KV above power system. The type tests and technical evaluation of TECT-10 prototype (10KV) had been performed successfully. The type tests show that the accuracy of TECT-10 prototype reaches 0.2S in metering and 5P in protection. The applied products had already been developed and are operating during the probative period in power system. The major electromagnetic interference (EMI) sources and their characteristics in working surroundings of ECT are discussed. The corresponding measurements minimizing EMI were taken to ensure the electromagnetic compatibility of TECT-10 prototype.
According to GB/T 20840.8-2007 standard, the accuracy test principle of ECT is described. The accuracy test system had been set up by employing virtual instrument technique for the accuracy test of ECT.
PCB空心线圈具有不同于普通空心线圈的结构特征,突出表现为矩形大截面结构、线匝规律离散分布和线圈导线与骨架为约束耦合关系,由此产生了不同于普通空心线圈的误差特性。基于PCB空心线圈的上述结构特征和制造精度,建立了PCB空心线圈的位置误差、结构误差和温度误差系数的数学模型,仿真分析了影响位置误差的结构因素,试验考核了两种不同内径线圈的结构误差;建立了PCB空心线圈电流传感器的温度误差系数和理论稳态误差的数学模型,提出了PCB空心线圈电流传感器的温度误差控制方法—温度系数匹配法,并通过试验证明了采用该方法可以在-40～70℃温度范围将其温度误差控制±0.1%以内。
摒弃以往单纯优化负载电阻阻值的方法,采用基于优化配置零极点的PCB空心线圈动态性能优化方法,可有效兼顾PCB空心线圈的稳态温度误差和高频动态性能。建立了T型积分器的低频动态特性优化模型,通过仿真与试验分析了T型积分器的上限截止频率与最大峰值瞬时误差之间的制约关系。基于PCB空心线圈的基础理论分析,提出了PCB空心线圈结构优化设计的基本原则与方法,尤其是提出了PCB空心线圈环径比κ优化的数学模型。提出了PCB空心线圈电流传感器的优化设计流程。
针对目前实际产品因高压区电源难以连续获取大功率能量而产生长期工作可靠性问题,提出了速饱和电流互感器、磁阀式饱和电流互感器在线取能与激光供能相配合的混合供能方案,以解决大功率供能、电流死区和唤醒时间问题。重点研究了电流互感器在线取能理论。基于速饱和电流互感器的工作特性分析,提出了速饱和电流互感器的设计方法;采用通过铁心磁导率变化自适应于一次电流变化来实现控制铁心磁通变化的方法,研制出一种用于在线取能的新型电流互感器—磁阀式饱和电流互感器,大大拓展了电流互感器0.5W功率在线取能时电流死区的上限;试验数据分析表明,采用速饱和电流互感器和磁阀式饱和电流互感器相配合的方法,当在线取能功率为0.5W时,电流死区下限可达1.5A,上限可达7000A(理论上20000A)。研制了使用电流互感器在线取能的悬浮式开关电源。
基于PCB空心线圈电流传感器的基础理论与设计方法的研究成果,研制了10KV和110KV以上电压等级的PCB空心线圈电子式电流互感器样机。其中,10KV电压等级TECT-10型样机已通过型式试验和科技成果鉴定,计量准确度达到0.2S,保护准确度达到5P,并实现了小规模产品化和挂网试运行。研究了电子式电流互感器工作环境中主要电磁干扰源及其特性,采取了有效的干扰抑制措施,保证了TECT-10型样机的电磁兼容性。
基于电子式电流互感器标准GB/T 20840.8-2007,研究了电子式电流互感器测量准确度的校验原理,采用虚拟仪器技术构建了电子式电流互感器校验系统,可应用于电子式电流互感器测量准确度的测试与校验。
Being of excellent insulation and no saturation, electronic current transformer (ECT) meets the needs of the electric power system development towards to large volume, high- level voltage and automation. However, such complicated factors as temperature, vibration and electromagnetic interference in working surroundings and the problem of the power supply on the high voltage side badly affect the measurement accuracy, long-term stability and reliability of active ECT, which baffled its extensive commercial utility in power system. Some major problems of active ECT are discussed from the points of view on theory and practice in this dissertation. The fundamental theory and design methods of high performance current sensor based on printed-circuit board (PCB) air-core coils and the power supply theory are presented. Based on the above research, the prototypes of PCB air-core coils ECT were developed. The TECT-10 prototype had successfully passed through type tests and is operating during the probative period in power system.
The measurement accuracy of air-core coils ECT cannot meet the requirement of metering application in power system. To solve this problem, this dissertation stars with the fundamental theory study of the primary current sensor based on air-core coils, which directly affects the performances of active ECT, and investigates the design methods of high-performance air-core coils current sensor. By analyzing on the mutual influence relations among the structure characters, manufacturing technology and performances of applied air-core coils, it is discovered that the chief geometric factor affecting the geometric precision and farther the measurement performances of applied air-core coils is the small cross-section of coils’former. Thus, based on the geometric structure models and operating principles of applied air-core coils, the intrinsic influence relations between the large cross-section of applied air-core coils with its operating principles and measurement performances are investigated by theory modeling, simulations and experiments. The research results not only point out the incorrect opinion - the width of air-core coils is one cause of position errors but unfreeze the cross-section dimensions of coils’former, which can be applied to the design and manufacture of PCB air-core coils as instructive theory. It is for the first time that the precise mathematical models of air-core coils position errors and the mathematical models of the influence of current-carrying conductor effective length on measurement accuracy are built. A kind of PCB air-core coils current sensor is designed based on PCB air-core coils and T-integrator. The transfer function and the transient characteristics mathematical models at 50Hz of PCB air-core coils current sensor are educed. The dynamic simulation experiments show that PCB air-core coils current sensor is competent for the accurate reproduction of the fault current transient process in power system.
The distinct structure characteristics of PCB air-core coils including the large rectangle cross-section, the regular discrete distribution of turns and the constrained coupling relation between wires and former are different from that of conventional air-core coils. And thus, the error characteristics of PCB air-core coils are also different from that of conventional air-core coils. Based on the above structure characteristics and the manufacture precision of PCB air-core coils, it is for the first time that the mathematical models including the position errors, the structure errors and the temperature error coefficient of PCB air-core coils are built. The structure factors causing the position errors are analyzed by simulation. The structure errors of two PCB air-core coils with different radii are tested by experiments. The temperature error coefficient model and steady-state theory error model of PCB air-core coils current sensor are also set up. The temperature-coefficient-match method for controlling the temperature error of PCB air-core coils current sensor is put forward. Tests show that the temperature error of PCB air-core coils current sensor is only±0.1 percent when the temperature of working surroundings varies from -40 centigrade to +70 centigrade by employing the above method.
The steady-state temperature error and the dynamic characteristic of PCB air-core coils can be considered simultaneously by adopting the dynamic characteristics optimization method based on the optimal zero-pole point configuration and not the conventional optimization method of load resistor. For the first time, the low-frequency characteristic optimization model of T-integrator is set up. The conditionality relation between the upper cut-off frequency limit and the maximum peak instantaneous error of T-integrator is analyzed by simulation and experiment. Based on the analysis on the fundamental theory of PCB air-core coils, a set of more complete optimization principles and methods are put forward and the important mathematical model of the ratio (κ) of the outside diameter to the inside diameter of toroidal coils is set up. The full optimization designs of PCB air-core coils current sensor are shown in a flow chart.
The hybrid power supplies scheme based on fast-saturation current transformer, magnetic-valve type saturable current transformer and laser-driving power supply is put forward to solve the problems including high-power supply, primary current dead range and wake-up time, which badly affect the long-term working reliability of the applied ECT products owing to the difficulty in acquiring high-power energy continuously of the power supply on the high voltage side. The study focus is on the on-line acquiring-energy using current transformer. The operating characteristics and the design method of fast-saturation current transformer are investigated. By employing a new method– the change of the iron core permeability self-adapts the change of the primary current to control the change of the iron core magnetic flux, it is for the fist time that a new-style magnetic-valve type saturable current transformer for the on-line acquiring-energy is developed, which greatly extents the upper limit of primary current dead range when applied for on-line acquiring 0.5 watt energy. The analysis on the tests data shows that the lower limit of primary current dead range can reach 1.5 ampere while the upper limit can reach 7000 ampere in practice (20000 ampere in theory) by employing fast-saturation current transformer and magnetic-valve type saturable current transformer simultaneously. The floating switch power supply is also developed.
Based on the fundamental theory and design methods research of PCB air-core coils current sensor, two prototypes of PCB air-core coils ECT were developed, which can run respectively into 10KV and 110KV above power system. The type tests and technical evaluation of TECT-10 prototype (10KV) had been performed successfully. The type tests show that the accuracy of TECT-10 prototype reaches 0.2S in metering and 5P in protection. The applied products had already been developed and are operating during the probative period in power system. The major electromagnetic interference (EMI) sources and their characteristics in working surroundings of ECT are discussed. The corresponding measurements minimizing EMI were taken to ensure the electromagnetic compatibility of TECT-10 prototype.
According to GB/T 20840.8-2007 standard, the accuracy test principle of ECT is described. The accuracy test system had been set up by employing virtual instrument technique for the accuracy test of ECT.
引文
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