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长白山自然保护区旅游产业可持续发展研究
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摘要
改革开放以来,我国工业化城镇化进程加快,经济的持续高增长推动旅游市场扩容,大众化和多样化消费需求日益增长,居民消费结构变化推动旅游转型升级,这些为旅游业快速发展提供了重要机遇。随着旅游产业规模的不断扩大,带动会展、餐饮、购物等相干产业发展,旅游产业体系日趋完善。旅游业作为一个产业链长,融合多行业的大产业集群,各级政府高度重视旅游产业的发展,将作为国家保增长、扩内需、调结构的重要抓手之一;出台各种刺激居民开展旅游消费的各项政策措施,这为国内居民开展丰富多彩的旅游活动提供了必要的度假休闲时间。同时,经济全球化和区域经济进一步促进国内外旅游业进入了快速发展的黄金时代,国际旅游蓬勃发展,发展中国家成为外国游客开展入境游的重要目的地;个体旅游、休闲旅游、生态旅游日益成为旅游者的首要旅游方式。游客在观光和旅行的基本旅游需求得到满足后,游客的旅游需求层次不断提高,从“走马观花”式的巡游到“下马赏花”式的游览,从旁观到参与,从领受到奉献,从只重视“到此一游”的结果到同时重视结果和过程,从被组织被安排到自己组织和自己安排,在旅游过程中更加关注休闲娱乐、生态保护、心理体验等需求层次,游客体验成为旅游休闲的最终产品。
     为缓解我国区域经济发展不平衡的现状,我国区域经济发展战略更加强调促进区域协调发展。正在实施的主体功能区战略,即根据资源环境承载能力、现有开发密度和发展潜力,统筹考虑未来我国人口分布、经济布局、国土利用和城镇化格局,将国土空间划分为优化开发、重点开发、限制开发和禁止开发四类主体功能区。在生态区位上,我国大江大河的上游、生态平衡的关键源头地区大多是经济发展的落后地区,如云贵高原、青藏高原、内蒙古高原等地处地势台阶的交汇区、干湿交替带、沙漠边缘的“生态环境脆弱带”,具有生态上的脆弱性、稳定性差、抗干扰能力弱、可以恢复原状机会小特征。对于这些限制开发和禁止开发地区,旅游产业作为唯一可以发展的产业对于这些地区发展具有非同寻常的价值。
     在这些自然保护区内,其独特的资源优势要求开展可持续的旅游。生态旅游作为“到自然区域,注重保护环境并持续当地居民福利”的负责任的旅游,成为自然保护区旅游业发展的最佳方式,同时自然保护区的生态旅游资源也为开展生态旅游提供了最佳场所。自然保护区开展生态旅游的核心就是协调旅游地生态环境、社区居民与旅游者三者之间的关系,兼顾三者的利益,使旅游业稳定、有序、持续的发展。因此,生态旅游成为自然保护区旅游业可持续发展的必然选择,在保护资源和社会文化完整性的同时,能够实现经济利益平衡,达到其利益共享和公平性。在自然保护区开展生态旅游不仅是实现可持续旅游的有效途径,也是我国限制和禁止开发地区实现经济快速发展,全国各区域协调发展的重要手段。
     由此可知,本文以长白山自然保护区旅游业可持续发展为研究中心,围绕长白山自然保护区保护和生态旅游开发进行深入研究,在强调可持续发展的前提下,探讨在维护长白山自然保护区生态平衡、生态环境效益的同时,通过有效率的旅游开发来追求适宜的经济效益及社会效益;并针对长白山自然保护区开展生态旅游存在的问题提出对策建议;这将为长白山自然保护区实现更好的保护与开发提供重要的决策依据。因此,本研究具有十分重要的理论意义和现实意义。
     本文在全面系统梳理国内外相关文献与重要理论阐述的基础上对长白山自然保护区旅游产业可持续发展进行深入研究,理论包括可持续发展、生态伦理学、环境系统与生态系统、环境承载力、生态足迹等理论,研究包括长白山自然保护区的生态环境与生态旅游发展状况分析、长白山生态旅游环境承载力评价、长白山生态旅游业可持续发展评价,以及促进长白山生态旅游可持续发展的对策建议。全文共分六章,具体论文结构如下:
     第1章是引言。该部分主要包括论文的选题背景与意义、国内外相关文献综述,以及论文的研究内容和方法;并给出本文的结构安排和主要创新点。
     第2章是相关概念与基础理论。本章将主要对已有的生态旅游理论进行概括总结,为研究长白山自然保护区可持续发展提供坚实的理论基础。首先,对自然保护区的内涵和性质进行阐述;其次,对生态旅游的内涵、特征和发展趋势进行阐述;最后,对可持续发展理论、生态伦理学理论、环境系统与生态系统理论、环境承载力理论、生态足迹理论进行分别阐述。
     第3章是长白山自然保护区的生态环境与生态旅游发展。在本章,首先对长白山自然保护区的生态环境与旅游资源进行系统的分类阐述,包括保护区的区域范围、区位特征与生态环境状况,以及火山地貌、水域风光、植被、气象、冰雪、人文历史等景观情况。然后,对长白山自然保护区生态旅游发展进行定量分析,包括游客规模及结构演变,旅游业总体收入变化、生态旅游发展现状、基础设施建设状况等。最后,从基础设施建设与资金约束、旅游产品季节性约束、管理体制障碍、旅游业发展与生态环境保护等角度对长白山生态旅游存在的问题进行深入分析。
     第4章是长白山生态旅游环境承载力评价。本章首先对生态旅游环境承载力的理论内涵进行阐述分析,包括承载力与资源承载力、环境容量、环境承载力、生态承载力、区域承载力,以及生态旅游环境承载力;其次,从自然环境、空间资源、经济、心理四个角度分析生态旅游环境承载力,并对生态旅游环境承载力的评价方法进行概述;最后,利用上述方法对长白山生态旅游环境承载力进行综合评价,测定得到长白山景区和天池景区的年游客容量为与日最大游客容量。
     第5章是长白山生态旅游业可持续发展评价。本章首先在借鉴相关研究基础上,提出进行长白山生态旅游业可持续发展定量评价方法,包括评价指标体系构建原则、评价指标筛选、权重确定等;其次,全面构建长白山自然保护区的生态旅游资源评价指标体系,并以此为依据对保护区的生态旅游资源进行分析评价;然后,构建4大类17个指标的长白山自然保护区生态旅游地评价指标体系,并对其开展分析评价;最后,采用静态和动态两种方法对长白山生态旅游业可持续发展条件与成效进行分析评价。
     第6章是促进长白山生态旅游可持续发展的对策建议。本章就促进长白山生态旅游可持续发展提出七个方面的对策建议。
     本文通过上述分析,获得如下重要结论:
     1.对长白山生态旅游环境承载力进行分析,根据木桶原理法提出的短板效应思想,得知空间资源承载力是确定游客容量的短板,得出长白山生态旅游环境承载力的重要结论:长白山景区年游客容量为556万人与日最大游客容量为2.3万人,以及天池景区的年游客容量为300万人与日最大游客容量为1.5万人,天池北坡、西坡、南坡的瞬时游客最大容量分别为1800人、1500人和500人。
     2.在对长白山自然保护区生态旅游可持续发展进行研究过程中,还分别对自然环境、经济、心理承载力进行分析,发现通过规划建设能解决长白山自然保护区及其周边地区常住人口和游客的用水需求,可以实现景区29000个床位,山下78250个床位的日供给能力,规划建设后污水日处理能力能够达到与供水能力相当水平;固体废弃物处理承纳能力分析表明,年游客容量为387万人;即长白山景区的自然环境不会对游客容量产生较大的限制,即使在短期内达到极限值,也可由长白山管委会、长白山开发建设集团公司通过投资建设解决。研究还发现长白山景区及周边有星级酒店房间数共3917间,7834张床位,其余旅馆房间数2673间,5766张床位,总床位数约为13600张。每日可接待住宿游客的能力约为15000人左右,年接待能力约为610万人,其经济承载力较强。研究还发现目前长白山地区的旅游和经济均未达到发达地区水平,旅游地居民的心理承载力处于无限大状态,旅游者的心理承载力是景区游客的最大日容量为1万人左右,考虑调查存在的策略性偏差等问题,实地踏查后发现最大日游客容量2.3万人仍在旺季游客的心理承载能力范围内。
     3.从静态和动态两个层面,检验长白山自然保护区生态旅游发展的可持续性条件与成效。通过构建生态环境、服务能力、旅游设计3个大类20个指标的长白山生态旅游可持续发展条件评价指标体系,计算得到长白山生态旅游可持续发展评价的总得分89.96分,处于优秀级别,得出长白山自然保护区进行可持续生态旅游条件极好的结论。通过构建长白山生态环境、社会文化、经济可持续发展成效的3大类22个指标的长白山生态旅游可持续发展成效评价指标体系,收集2006年至2011年时间序列数据,利用因子分析方法分析发现,在社会文化领域,其可持续发展情况得分分别为-1.061、-0.819、-0.094、0.256、0.677、1.041,在经济领域,其可持续发展情况得分分别为-1.256、-0.88、-0.305、0.288、0.794、1.358,比较发现历年分值均呈现上升势头。得出长白山自然保护区生态旅游的可持续发展情况越来越好,可持续发展能力逐年增强的结论。
     4.在对长白山自然保护区生态旅游可持续发展进行研究过程中,对长白山生态旅游资源、生态旅游资源地进行分析评价,研究发现长白山自然资源优势明显,地质地貌、瀑布、河流、森林等资源罕见,生态系统极为完好;天池、地热资源、高山花园、地下森林等资源,具有独特的吸引力,文化资源比较丰富,是满族的发源地、诸多民族的聚居地;诸多高品质资源叠加,使得游客体验的附加值非常高、具有开发多元产品体系的生态资源基础。研究还发现长白山自然保护区生态旅游开发区域的资源品位、区位条件、可进入性等方面有很强的吸引力,投资条件好,成为世界范围内知名的生态旅游区,外界对其有很高的美誉,对其生态旅游产品的偏好程度极高;景区及其他从事旅游相关企业竞争业绩优良,核心竞争力强,从业人员的服务、当地居民的态度都有助于游客产生良好鲜明的生态旅游感知;长白山生态旅游资源开发所产生的经济效益、社会效益、环境效益显著,且三大效益实现了协调发展。即长白山具有广阔生态旅游开发发展前景,其优良的生态旅游资源条件和区域开发条件为自然保护区的生态旅游可持续发展提供坚实的物质保障。
     5.在深入分析基础设施建设与资金约束、旅游产品季节性约束、管理体制障碍、旅游业发展与生态环境保护等长白山生态旅游发展存在的主要问题后,基于产权理论与产权非中性理论,提出管理体制障碍是长白山生态旅游发展的一个重要问题,当前需要加快长白山区域行政区划调整与管理体制改革的思路对策。此外,基于长白山现实,提出从长白山旅游产品设计开发和周边城镇建设两个方面转变长白山生态旅游业的发展方式;提出从发扬长白山文化角度提升长白山生态旅游的文化内涵;提出严格落实功能分区制度和针对生物物种、地质资源等的全面生态环境保护措施;提出适应生态旅游要求的景区管理提升方案;提出积极筹集资源保护与旅游设施建设资金的思路方法;提出加强长白山生态旅游与周边地区进行全面合作的对策建议。
Since China's reform and development, the rapid development ofindustrialization and urbanization, the growing popularity and diversified consumerdemand provide new opportunities for the rapid development of tourism. Chinesegovernment attached great importance to tourism industry. The development ofdomestic and foreign tourism showed the following trends: international tourism isbooming and developing countries become foreign visitors’ important destination;individual travel, leisure tourism, eco-tourism is increasingly becoming the primaryway to travel.
     At the same time, in order to ease the imbalance of China's regional economicdevelopment, China's regional economic development strategy put more emphasis onpromoting coordinated regional development. The implementation of main functionalareas of strategy, according to the carrying capacity of resources and environment,existing development density and potential for development, co-ordination to considerthe future of China's population distribution, economic layout, land use, andurbanization patterns, land space is divided into optimized development, keydevelopment, restricted development and prohibited development areas. For theserestricted development and prohibited development areas, the tourism industry as theonly development industry is very important.
     For these nature reserves, its unique advantages in resources require to carry outsustainable tourism. as focusing on the protection of the environment, responsibletravel to natural areas, and sustainable local residents’ welfare, eco-tourism becomethe best way of Nature Reserve tourism development, and the Nature Reserve is alsothe best place to carry eco-tourism. Eco-tourism not only is the effective way to dealwith sustainable development of tourism in the nature reserve, but also is theimportant means to prompt rapid economic development of restrictions and theprohibition development areas.
     Above all, this paper makes research on the sustainable development of tourism of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve. We analyze the maintenance of the ChangbaiMountain Nature Reserve ecological balance, the ecological environmental benefits,the pursuit of appropriate tourism economic and social benefits, and reasonabledevelopment of eco-tourism and protection under the premise of emphasis onconservation and sustainable development. This provided an important decisionmaking basis for Changbai Mountain nature reserve protection and sustainabledevelopment, the eco-tourism development path. Therefore, this study is of importanttheoretical and practical significance.
     In this paper, a comprehensive system combing the relevant literature andclassification elaborate on sustainable development, on the basis of the theory ofecological ethics, environmental systems and ecosystem, environmental carryingcapacity, ecological footprint, Sustainable Development of Tourism in ChangbaiMountain Nature Reserve in-depth research, including the development of ecologicalenvironment and eco-tourism in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve ecotourismenvironmental capacity evaluation of Changbai Mountain Changbai Mountain tourismsustainable development evaluation, as well as to promote the sustainabledevelopment of eco-tourism in Changbai Mountains Suggestions. Text is divided intosix chapters; the specific structure of the paper is as follows:
     Chapter1is an introduction. This part includes research background andsignificance of the paper, Review of relevant literature, and the research content andmethods; given the structural arrangements and the main innovations of this article.
     Chapter2is the related concept and basic theory. This chapter summarized theexisting theory of eco-tourism; sustainable development provides a solid theoreticalfoundation for the study of the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve.
     Chapter3is the ecological environment and the development of eco-tourism ofthe Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve. In this chapter, we set forth the ecologicalenvironment and tourism resources in Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve system ofclassification. Then we introduced quantitative analysis of the development ofeco-tourism in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve. Finally, we made an in-depthanalysis of the development of tourism and problems of the ecological environmentChangbai Mountain Tourism.
     Chapter4is the evaluation of Changbai Mountain ecotourism environmentalcapacity. This chapter begins with the theoretical connotation of ecotourismenvironmental capacity; secondly, we introduced the evaluation method of the ecotourism environmental capacity. Finally, using the above method, we made anevaluation on Changbai Mountain ecotourism environmental capacity, and obtainedthe maximum daily visitors of the Changbai Mountain scenic area and Tianchi scenic.
     Chapter5is the evaluation of the sustainable development of eco-tourism ofChangbai Mountain. This chapter proposed quantitative evaluation method ofsustainable development for eco-tourism of Changbai Mountain. Second, we build theevaluation index system of eco-tourism resources in Changbai Mountain NatureReserve, and made evaluation; then we carry out the analysis and evaluation onChangbai Mountain Nature Reserve. Finally, we made static and dynamic evaluationon the conditions and effectiveness of the sustainable development of eco-tourism inChangbai Mountain.
     Chapter6is the suggestions to promote the sustainable development ofeco-tourism of Changbai Mountains.
     Based on the above analysis, this paper obtains the following importantconclusions:
     1. Through analyzing Changbai Mountain ecotourism environmental capacity,based on barrel principle method, we come to the important conclusion of ChangbaiMountain ecotourism environmental capacity.556million visitors with a maximumdaily capacity of23000tourists, and the Tianchi scenic tourists capacity for1.5million visitors, the instantaneous maximum tourists capacity for north slope, westernslope, southern slope of Tianchi is1800,1500and500people respectively.
     2. We also do research on the natural environment, economic, psychologicalbearing capacity, and found that problems can be resolved through the planning andconstruction. The planning and construction of sewage treatment capacity will be ableto achieve a considerable level of water supply capacity; solid waste processing orderof the assimilative capacity analysis shows that, with an annual capacity of387million tourists; Tourists daily reception accommodation capacity of about17,000people about the reception capacity of approximately610million people. The studyalso found that tourism resident’s psychological carrying capacity is infinite and thetourists’ psychological carrying capacity is10,000Tourists. Considering strategicdeviation of investigation, we agreed that23000people in the peak season areconsisted with the psychological carrying capacity.
     3. From the static and dynamic views, we tested the condition and effectivenessof sustainability of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve eco-tourism development. We calculated a total score of89.96points for the sustainable development of ecotourism.Using factor analysis method, we found the score of social and cultural sustainabledevelopment were-1.061,-0.819,-0.094,0.256,0.677,1.041, and the score ofeconomic field were-1.256,-0.88,-0.305,0.288,0.794,1.358. We came to theconclusion: the situation of sustainable development of the Changbai MountainNature Reserve is getting better and better.
     4. Through making evaluation on eco-tourism resources of Changbai Mountain,and the development condition of eco-tourism resources, we found that the ChangbaiMountain had obvious advantages of natural resources and broad prospects for thedevelopment of eco-tourism development, excellent eco-tourism resource conditionsand regional development conditions for the Nature Reserve of the sustainabledevelopment of ecotourism solid material security.
     5. Through analyzing the main problems of the development of eco-tourism ofChangbai Mountain, including the construction of infrastructure and fundingconstraints, etc. Based on the Changbai Mountain reality, we proposed six suggestions,including strengthening the cooperation with surrounding areas, etc.
引文
①转引自邹统钎,旅游景区开发与管理,清华大学出版社,2004.
    ①转引自邹统钎.旅游景区开发与管理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
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