高等植物长链脂肪醇氧化酶初步研究
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摘要
一些酵母在以烷烃或长链脂肪酸为碳源进行生长时,首先利用定位在内质网膜上的ω-氧化系统将烷烃或长链脂肪酸氧化形成羧酸或二羧酸,然后进入β-氧化为生物体生长提供碳源及能量。
在ω-氧化中,烷烃或脂肪酸的亚甲基端依次由P450单加氧酶、产生过氧化氢的长链脂肪醇氧化酶(Long-chain fatty alcohol oxidase, FAO)及醛脱氢酶氧化分别生成ω-醇、ω-醛及ω-脂肪酸。
研究表明,当酵母利用烷烃或长链脂肪酸为碳源时,催化第一步反应的P450单加氧酶是由CYP52基因家族的成员编码的。已经发现多种植物中存在与CYP52同源的基因,且这一类基因大都和植物的抗病抗逆相关。既然在植物中存在类似于酵母中催化ω-氧化第一步的酶,那么在植物中是否存在类似的FAO?其功能又是什么?
本研究主要对拟南芥、百脉根及水稻这三种高等植物中的FAO基因进行了基因序列分析、生化功能及生理功能等方面的初步研究。
首先利用酵母FAO的氨基酸序列对拟南芥全基因组序列进行搜索,发现四个与FAO同源性较高的基因,分别是AtFAO1(At1g03990)、AtFAO3(At3g23410)、AtFAO4a(At4g19380)和AtFAO4b(At4g28570)。通过RT-PCR方法获得了AtFAO1 (At1g03990), AtFAO4a (At4g19380)和AtFAO4b (At4g28570)三个基因的全长ORF。
接着利用拟南芥的四个FAO全长氨基酸序列搜索百脉根的EST数据库,得到一个EST序列。根据该序列设计引物并以百脉根顶端cDNA为模板进行3’-RACE,得到一个1.4 kb的片段。以该片段为探针筛选百脉根cDNA文库并最终得到了LjFAO1基因。利用PCR方法得到全长为3.6 kb的LjFAO1基因基因组DNA。另外还通过cDNA文库筛选得到了百脉根中的LjFAO2。
再利用拟南芥中FAO的氨基酸序列对水稻基因组进行tblastn及blastp搜索。结果显示在水稻基因组中存在四个FAO基因,一个位于2号染色体,命名为OsFAO1;另外三个在10号染色体上,分别命名为OsFAO2、OsFAO3和OsFAO4。
对上述的10个FAO基因做序列分析发现:存在于高等植物中的FAO基因大多为三个外显子和两个内含子的基因结构;其氨基酸序列都具有酵母FAO蛋白的五个保守结构域。进化分析表明FAO在单双子叶植物中的分化是在单双子叶植物分化之后。
将得到的基因序列用原核表达系统进行蛋白表达后检测酶活,结果只有AtFAO4b和LjFAO1两个蛋白能够催化长链脂肪醇的氧化。酶动力学分析表明,AtFAO4b和LjFAO1都具有底物特异性。利用Ni-NTA柱纯化这两个蛋白后进行电泳检测,结果都得到了单一的蛋白条带。
对AtFAO3和AtFAO4b的表达模式进行了RT-PCR检测。结果显示:AtFAO3和AtFAO4b基因在整株中均有表达,但是其表达水平在不同组织部位存在差异;AtFAO3和AtFAO4b对低温胁迫响应不同。对AtFAO3和AtFAO4b的T-DNA插入突变体进行病原菌接种,发现病原菌感染对AtFAO3的T-DNA插入突变体生长没有影响,而AtFAO4b的T-DNA插入突变体表现出易感性增高。这些结果说明AtFAO3和AtFAO4b虽然都能够催化长链脂肪醇氧化,但是它们在植物体内的功能不相同。AtFAO4b可能在拟南芥脂肪代谢及细胞壁发育中具有重要的作用。
RT-PCR分析显示LjFAO1在整株中都有表达,但是在顶端表达水平最高而在果荚中表达量最低。在8日龄的百脉根幼苗的顶端和子叶中,LjFAO1表达水平可被低温诱导下调。
对公共数据库中水稻FAO基因的表达模式数据进行分析发现OsFAO1和OsFAO4的表达水平较高,OsFAO2和OsFAO3的表达水平较低,而且四个基因对逆境处理有不同的响应。
上述结果说明,在高等植物中普遍存在FAO基因,拟南芥、百脉根与水稻的研究表明该类基因可能与植物的抗病抗逆相关。
When some industrial yeast species are utilizing alkanes and/or long chain fatty acids as carbon source for growth, they first metabolize alkanes and/or long chain fatty acids to carboxylic acids or dicarboxylic acids throughω-oxidation system located at endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and then provide carbon source or energy to organism byβ-oxidation.
Duringω-oxidation, the methyl end of the molecule is oxidized successively by a cytochrome P450 alkane/fatty acid hydroxylase, a hydrogen peroxide-generating alcohol oxidase, and an aldehyde dehydrogenase, producingω-alcohol,ω-aldehyde, andω-fatty acid, respectively.
The P450 gene which encodes the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the reactions using the alkanes or long-chain fatty acids as carbon source belongs to CYP52 gene family. There exist many homologous genes of CYP52 gene family in plants. Most of this kind of genes are related to resistance against disease and stress. Since the enzymes similar to those catalyzing the first step of theω-oxidation in yeast exist in plants, whether the enzymes similar to FAOs in yeast also exist in plants and what are their functions?
This research mainly focuses on gene sequences analysis, biochemical and physiological functions of FAOs in three higher plants including Arabidopsis thaliana, Lotus japonicus and Oryza sativa.
There are four long-chain fatty alcohol oxidase genes found in Arabidopsis thaliana genome using the amino acid sequence of the FAO in yeast to search the data-base of the Arabidopsis thaliana. These four genes are designated as AtFAO1 (At1g03990), AtFAO3 (At3g23410), AtFAO4a (At4g19380) and AtFAO4b (At4g28570). We have obtained the full-length ORF of three AtFAOs except AtFAO3 by RT-PCR.
The Lotus japonicus EST database was searched against AtFAOs full-length amino acid sequences. One EST fragment was detected. A 1.4 kb fragment was cloned by 3’-RACE using the primers which were designed according to this EST and the cDNA that is from the apexes of Lotus japonicus as template. The corresponding full-length cDNA was obtained by screening a cDNA library of L. japonicus using the 1.4 kb fragment as probe. The LjFAO1 genomic DNA was amplified by PCR, to give a product of 3.6 kb in length. Comparison between the LjFAO1 cDNA and genomic DNA reveals that the LjFAO1 contains 3 exons and 2 introns. In addition, the LjFAO2 was obtained by screening the same cDNA library.
The genome of Oryza sativa was also searched against the amino acid sequences of FAO genes in Arabidopsis, by tblastn and blastp. It shows that there are four FAO genes in genome of Oryza sativa. One is located at the chromosome 2 and it is designated as OsFAO1. The other three named as OsFAO2, OsFAO3 and OsFAO4 respectively are all at the chromosome 10.
Analysis of the ten FAO gene sequeces mentioned above indicates that most of the FAO genes which exist in higher plants are composed of three exons and two introns, and they all contain five conserved domains in their amino acid sequences. Evolutionary study shows that the differentiation of FAOs in higher plants follows the differentiation of the monocotyledon and dicotyledon.
Enzymes assay were carried out after over-expression of the above mentioned genes by BL21(DE3) . The results show that only the AtFAO4b and LjFAO1 have the ability to catalyze the oxidation of the long-chain fatty alcohol. Enzyme kinetics analysis shows that AtFAO4b and LjFAO1 both have substrate specificity. After the proteins purification using Ni-NTA columns and electrophoresis analysis, single protein band was obtained respectively.
RT-PCR was performed to check the expression patterns of the AtFAO3 and AtFAO4b. The results show that the AtFAO3 and AtFAO4b are both expressed in the whole plant but respective transcription level is variant in different tissues. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR results also show that the AtFAO3 and AtFAO4b have different responses to cold stress. T-DNA insertion mutants of AtFAO3 and AtFAO4b were inoculated with pathogen, P. syringe pv. tomato DC3000. AtFAO3 T-DNA insertion mutant shows no obvious change whereas AtFAO4b T-DNA insertion mutant shows higher susceptibility to infection. These results indicate that AtFAO3 and AtFAO4b both can catalyze the long-chain fatty alcohol oxidation but they may carry out different functions in vivo, and AtFAO4b may have important impact on lipid metabolism and cell wall development in A. thaliana.
RT-PCR analysis shows that the LjFAO1 is expressed in the whole plant, with the highest expression level in apex and the lowest expression level in the siliques. The LjFAO1 gene is down-regulated by cold stress in both the apexes and the cotelydons of the 8-day old seedlings.
Analysis of the OsFAO genes expression data downloaded from the public data-base shows that the OsFAO1 and OsFAO4 have higher expression level while OsFAO2 and OsFAO3 have lower expression level. Further more the four FAO genes have different responses to stresses.
All the results mentioned above indicate that the FAO genes exist ubiquitously in higher plants. Research focusing on the Arabidopsis thaliana,Lotus japonicus and Oryza sativa show that this kind of genes are related with the resistance against disease and stresses.
在ω-氧化中,烷烃或脂肪酸的亚甲基端依次由P450单加氧酶、产生过氧化氢的长链脂肪醇氧化酶(Long-chain fatty alcohol oxidase, FAO)及醛脱氢酶氧化分别生成ω-醇、ω-醛及ω-脂肪酸。
研究表明,当酵母利用烷烃或长链脂肪酸为碳源时,催化第一步反应的P450单加氧酶是由CYP52基因家族的成员编码的。已经发现多种植物中存在与CYP52同源的基因,且这一类基因大都和植物的抗病抗逆相关。既然在植物中存在类似于酵母中催化ω-氧化第一步的酶,那么在植物中是否存在类似的FAO?其功能又是什么?
本研究主要对拟南芥、百脉根及水稻这三种高等植物中的FAO基因进行了基因序列分析、生化功能及生理功能等方面的初步研究。
首先利用酵母FAO的氨基酸序列对拟南芥全基因组序列进行搜索,发现四个与FAO同源性较高的基因,分别是AtFAO1(At1g03990)、AtFAO3(At3g23410)、AtFAO4a(At4g19380)和AtFAO4b(At4g28570)。通过RT-PCR方法获得了AtFAO1 (At1g03990), AtFAO4a (At4g19380)和AtFAO4b (At4g28570)三个基因的全长ORF。
接着利用拟南芥的四个FAO全长氨基酸序列搜索百脉根的EST数据库,得到一个EST序列。根据该序列设计引物并以百脉根顶端cDNA为模板进行3’-RACE,得到一个1.4 kb的片段。以该片段为探针筛选百脉根cDNA文库并最终得到了LjFAO1基因。利用PCR方法得到全长为3.6 kb的LjFAO1基因基因组DNA。另外还通过cDNA文库筛选得到了百脉根中的LjFAO2。
再利用拟南芥中FAO的氨基酸序列对水稻基因组进行tblastn及blastp搜索。结果显示在水稻基因组中存在四个FAO基因,一个位于2号染色体,命名为OsFAO1;另外三个在10号染色体上,分别命名为OsFAO2、OsFAO3和OsFAO4。
对上述的10个FAO基因做序列分析发现:存在于高等植物中的FAO基因大多为三个外显子和两个内含子的基因结构;其氨基酸序列都具有酵母FAO蛋白的五个保守结构域。进化分析表明FAO在单双子叶植物中的分化是在单双子叶植物分化之后。
将得到的基因序列用原核表达系统进行蛋白表达后检测酶活,结果只有AtFAO4b和LjFAO1两个蛋白能够催化长链脂肪醇的氧化。酶动力学分析表明,AtFAO4b和LjFAO1都具有底物特异性。利用Ni-NTA柱纯化这两个蛋白后进行电泳检测,结果都得到了单一的蛋白条带。
对AtFAO3和AtFAO4b的表达模式进行了RT-PCR检测。结果显示:AtFAO3和AtFAO4b基因在整株中均有表达,但是其表达水平在不同组织部位存在差异;AtFAO3和AtFAO4b对低温胁迫响应不同。对AtFAO3和AtFAO4b的T-DNA插入突变体进行病原菌接种,发现病原菌感染对AtFAO3的T-DNA插入突变体生长没有影响,而AtFAO4b的T-DNA插入突变体表现出易感性增高。这些结果说明AtFAO3和AtFAO4b虽然都能够催化长链脂肪醇氧化,但是它们在植物体内的功能不相同。AtFAO4b可能在拟南芥脂肪代谢及细胞壁发育中具有重要的作用。
RT-PCR分析显示LjFAO1在整株中都有表达,但是在顶端表达水平最高而在果荚中表达量最低。在8日龄的百脉根幼苗的顶端和子叶中,LjFAO1表达水平可被低温诱导下调。
对公共数据库中水稻FAO基因的表达模式数据进行分析发现OsFAO1和OsFAO4的表达水平较高,OsFAO2和OsFAO3的表达水平较低,而且四个基因对逆境处理有不同的响应。
上述结果说明,在高等植物中普遍存在FAO基因,拟南芥、百脉根与水稻的研究表明该类基因可能与植物的抗病抗逆相关。
When some industrial yeast species are utilizing alkanes and/or long chain fatty acids as carbon source for growth, they first metabolize alkanes and/or long chain fatty acids to carboxylic acids or dicarboxylic acids throughω-oxidation system located at endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and then provide carbon source or energy to organism byβ-oxidation.
Duringω-oxidation, the methyl end of the molecule is oxidized successively by a cytochrome P450 alkane/fatty acid hydroxylase, a hydrogen peroxide-generating alcohol oxidase, and an aldehyde dehydrogenase, producingω-alcohol,ω-aldehyde, andω-fatty acid, respectively.
The P450 gene which encodes the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the reactions using the alkanes or long-chain fatty acids as carbon source belongs to CYP52 gene family. There exist many homologous genes of CYP52 gene family in plants. Most of this kind of genes are related to resistance against disease and stress. Since the enzymes similar to those catalyzing the first step of theω-oxidation in yeast exist in plants, whether the enzymes similar to FAOs in yeast also exist in plants and what are their functions?
This research mainly focuses on gene sequences analysis, biochemical and physiological functions of FAOs in three higher plants including Arabidopsis thaliana, Lotus japonicus and Oryza sativa.
There are four long-chain fatty alcohol oxidase genes found in Arabidopsis thaliana genome using the amino acid sequence of the FAO in yeast to search the data-base of the Arabidopsis thaliana. These four genes are designated as AtFAO1 (At1g03990), AtFAO3 (At3g23410), AtFAO4a (At4g19380) and AtFAO4b (At4g28570). We have obtained the full-length ORF of three AtFAOs except AtFAO3 by RT-PCR.
The Lotus japonicus EST database was searched against AtFAOs full-length amino acid sequences. One EST fragment was detected. A 1.4 kb fragment was cloned by 3’-RACE using the primers which were designed according to this EST and the cDNA that is from the apexes of Lotus japonicus as template. The corresponding full-length cDNA was obtained by screening a cDNA library of L. japonicus using the 1.4 kb fragment as probe. The LjFAO1 genomic DNA was amplified by PCR, to give a product of 3.6 kb in length. Comparison between the LjFAO1 cDNA and genomic DNA reveals that the LjFAO1 contains 3 exons and 2 introns. In addition, the LjFAO2 was obtained by screening the same cDNA library.
The genome of Oryza sativa was also searched against the amino acid sequences of FAO genes in Arabidopsis, by tblastn and blastp. It shows that there are four FAO genes in genome of Oryza sativa. One is located at the chromosome 2 and it is designated as OsFAO1. The other three named as OsFAO2, OsFAO3 and OsFAO4 respectively are all at the chromosome 10.
Analysis of the ten FAO gene sequeces mentioned above indicates that most of the FAO genes which exist in higher plants are composed of three exons and two introns, and they all contain five conserved domains in their amino acid sequences. Evolutionary study shows that the differentiation of FAOs in higher plants follows the differentiation of the monocotyledon and dicotyledon.
Enzymes assay were carried out after over-expression of the above mentioned genes by BL21(DE3) . The results show that only the AtFAO4b and LjFAO1 have the ability to catalyze the oxidation of the long-chain fatty alcohol. Enzyme kinetics analysis shows that AtFAO4b and LjFAO1 both have substrate specificity. After the proteins purification using Ni-NTA columns and electrophoresis analysis, single protein band was obtained respectively.
RT-PCR was performed to check the expression patterns of the AtFAO3 and AtFAO4b. The results show that the AtFAO3 and AtFAO4b are both expressed in the whole plant but respective transcription level is variant in different tissues. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR results also show that the AtFAO3 and AtFAO4b have different responses to cold stress. T-DNA insertion mutants of AtFAO3 and AtFAO4b were inoculated with pathogen, P. syringe pv. tomato DC3000. AtFAO3 T-DNA insertion mutant shows no obvious change whereas AtFAO4b T-DNA insertion mutant shows higher susceptibility to infection. These results indicate that AtFAO3 and AtFAO4b both can catalyze the long-chain fatty alcohol oxidation but they may carry out different functions in vivo, and AtFAO4b may have important impact on lipid metabolism and cell wall development in A. thaliana.
RT-PCR analysis shows that the LjFAO1 is expressed in the whole plant, with the highest expression level in apex and the lowest expression level in the siliques. The LjFAO1 gene is down-regulated by cold stress in both the apexes and the cotelydons of the 8-day old seedlings.
Analysis of the OsFAO genes expression data downloaded from the public data-base shows that the OsFAO1 and OsFAO4 have higher expression level while OsFAO2 and OsFAO3 have lower expression level. Further more the four FAO genes have different responses to stresses.
All the results mentioned above indicate that the FAO genes exist ubiquitously in higher plants. Research focusing on the Arabidopsis thaliana,Lotus japonicus and Oryza sativa show that this kind of genes are related with the resistance against disease and stresses.
引文
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