冲击负荷引起的配电网络电压波动分析及治理
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摘要
随着电力工业的发展，冲击和时变特性的负荷日益增多，现代电力系统不能仅用频率和电压来衡量电能质量。本文针对同步辐射装置(SRF)供电系统的波动负荷引起的配电网络电压波动，首先计算了波动负荷引起的无功功率变动量；再用最大无功功率变动量法分析配电网络电压的波动范围；然后用OrCAD软件对系统进行了部分仿真，将所得的结果与理论结果进行比较，并对照电压波动与闪变的国家标准，发现结果超标，因此必须进行无功功率补偿。
本文根据SRF系统中的无功功率变动量进行分组投切电容器来实现无功功率补偿。MATLAB作为一种系统分析和仿真工具，它功能强大、使用方便，可对电力系统进行深入的仿真和分析研究。在进行无功补偿之前，本文利用MATLAB仿真软件对SRF系统中晶闸管投入电容器暂态过程进行了仿真研究。从仿真曲线可以看出，利用并联电容器组虽然可以很好的实现无功功率补偿，但其投入时会带来很大的涌流电流，过大的涌流会损坏元件，但当电路中串联电抗器后，可明显地限制涌流。，因此需要在无功补偿装置主电路部分加入电抗器。
随着电力电子技术的发展，静止无功补偿装置得到了迅猛地发展，本文对负荷补偿的必要性、理想补偿器的要求、无功补偿方式的基本原则以及主要补偿手段进行了介绍。文中着重针对治理波动性负荷的电压波动的技术措施——晶闸管投切电容器的基本原理进行了分析和研究，对电容器的投入时刻进行了探讨，计算出了在35kV侧和10kV侧需投切的电容量，并针对波动性负荷进行了控制电路的硬件设计。通过分组投切电容器，使得SRF的冲击性负荷在35kV侧和10kV侧引起的电压波动均为1％，符合电压允许波动和闪变的国家标准要求。
With the development of power industry, the surge and time-changed load become more and more, so modern power system cann't be measured only by voltage and frequence. This paper introduces the concept of the voltage fluctuation, and deduces the formula of the maximum reactive power method. On the basis of the formula, the voltage fluctuation of the SRF magnet power system is calculated. Then, part simulation of the system is done by using OrCAD software. Finally, the result of the simulation is compared with the result of the academic calculation to verify whether the voltage fluctuation meets. According to the standard of voltage fluctuation and flicker, the SRF magnet power system should be taken measures of reactive compensation.
MATLAB is a kind of convenient software for analysis and simulation, so it is used in the power system to make a further research. This paper simulinks the transient state of thyristor switching capacitor by using MATLAB software. The result is that reactive power can be well compensated by switching capacitor, but it also produces rush current. To prevent rush current from destroying device, series reactor must be employed in the circuit.
In the dynamic reactive power compensation device, microcomputer is employed as the control center and a rapid reactive power detecting method with a special thyristor controlling technology is available. It can compensate the fundamental-wave reactive power in distribution network in real time. The control mode of the main circuit and the schematic block of the device are presented in detail. By switching capacitor, the voltage fluctuation can meet the standard.
本文根据SRF系统中的无功功率变动量进行分组投切电容器来实现无功功率补偿。MATLAB作为一种系统分析和仿真工具，它功能强大、使用方便，可对电力系统进行深入的仿真和分析研究。在进行无功补偿之前，本文利用MATLAB仿真软件对SRF系统中晶闸管投入电容器暂态过程进行了仿真研究。从仿真曲线可以看出，利用并联电容器组虽然可以很好的实现无功功率补偿，但其投入时会带来很大的涌流电流，过大的涌流会损坏元件，但当电路中串联电抗器后，可明显地限制涌流。，因此需要在无功补偿装置主电路部分加入电抗器。
随着电力电子技术的发展，静止无功补偿装置得到了迅猛地发展，本文对负荷补偿的必要性、理想补偿器的要求、无功补偿方式的基本原则以及主要补偿手段进行了介绍。文中着重针对治理波动性负荷的电压波动的技术措施——晶闸管投切电容器的基本原理进行了分析和研究，对电容器的投入时刻进行了探讨，计算出了在35kV侧和10kV侧需投切的电容量，并针对波动性负荷进行了控制电路的硬件设计。通过分组投切电容器，使得SRF的冲击性负荷在35kV侧和10kV侧引起的电压波动均为1％，符合电压允许波动和闪变的国家标准要求。
With the development of power industry, the surge and time-changed load become more and more, so modern power system cann't be measured only by voltage and frequence. This paper introduces the concept of the voltage fluctuation, and deduces the formula of the maximum reactive power method. On the basis of the formula, the voltage fluctuation of the SRF magnet power system is calculated. Then, part simulation of the system is done by using OrCAD software. Finally, the result of the simulation is compared with the result of the academic calculation to verify whether the voltage fluctuation meets. According to the standard of voltage fluctuation and flicker, the SRF magnet power system should be taken measures of reactive compensation.
MATLAB is a kind of convenient software for analysis and simulation, so it is used in the power system to make a further research. This paper simulinks the transient state of thyristor switching capacitor by using MATLAB software. The result is that reactive power can be well compensated by switching capacitor, but it also produces rush current. To prevent rush current from destroying device, series reactor must be employed in the circuit.
In the dynamic reactive power compensation device, microcomputer is employed as the control center and a rapid reactive power detecting method with a special thyristor controlling technology is available. It can compensate the fundamental-wave reactive power in distribution network in real time. The control mode of the main circuit and the schematic block of the device are presented in detail. By switching capacitor, the voltage fluctuation can meet the standard.
引文
[1]．电能质量·公用电网谐波(GB／T 14549-93)
[2]．林海雪．现代电能质量的基本问题．电网技术，2001，25(10)：5～12
[3]．电能质量·供电电压允许偏差(GB12325-90)
[4]．电能质量·电力系统频率允许偏差(GB 15945-1995)
[5]．电能质量·三相电压允许不平衡度(GB／T 15543-95)
[6]．电能质量·电压允许波动和闪变(GB 12326-2000)
[7]．孙树勤．电压波动与闪变．北京：中国电力出版社，1999
[8]．石新春等．一种采用零压型开关的TSC低压无功补偿装置．电网技术，2000．1(12)：41～44
[9]．彭正未，李裕能．电路．北京：中国水利水电出版社，1998
[10]．Roman T, Ubeda J. Power quality regulation in Argentina: Flicker and harmonics. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1998, 13(3): 895-1002
[11]．苏文成，金子康．无功补偿与电力电子技术．北京：机械工业出版社，1989
[12]．K. Engberg, H. Frank, B. Klerfors. Thyristor Switched Capacitors, TSC, in Theory and Practice Four International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission, London, Septemper, 1985, 183-188
[13]．孙树勤编著．无功补偿的矢量控制．北京：中国电力出版社，1998
[14]．L. Gyugyi, R. A. otto, T. H. putman, Principles and Application of Static Thyristor controlled Shunt Compensation. IEEE Trans on power Apparatus and Systems, 1978; PAS-97 (5), 1935-1945
[15]．S. Nande, P. Biswas and V. N. Nandakumar. Two Novel Schemes Suitable for Static Switching of Three-phase Delta-Connected Capacitor banks with Minimum Surge Current. IEEE Trans on Industry Applications. 1997(5): 1348～1353
[16]．胡萌林等．低压电容无功补偿装置的控制方式．电工技术杂志，1995(1)：5～7
[17]．彭辉等．配电网中三相不平衡负荷补偿．电力自动化设备，2002，22(1)：32～34．
[18]．林海雪．具有谐波补偿性能的自饱利电抗器基本原理．北京：电机工程学会学报，1984(1)
[19]．陈珩．电力系统稳态分析．北京：水利电力出版社，1995
[20]．戴晓亮．无功补偿技术在配电网中的应用．电网技术，1999(6)：11～14
[21]．陈允平，刘会金，彭辉．微机控制的晶闸管开关型低压配电网基波无功分相补偿．电网技术，1999，23(4)：57～61
[22]．王鹏．低压动态无功补偿装置可控硅触发电路的改进．节能技术，1998．3；(3)：6～9
[23]．R.S. Kemerer, L.E. Berkebile, Directly connected Static VAR compensation in Distribution System Applications IEEE Trans on Industry Applications, 1999, 35(1), 176-182.
[24]．高压直流输电．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1980
[25]．L. M. Smith. A practical Approach in Substation Calculating, limiting, and Reducing the Effects of Transient Current, IEEE Trans on Industry Applications ,1995,31 (4),721-724
[26]．孙树勤，林海雪．干扰性负荷的供电．北京：中国电力出版社，1996
[27]．王兆安，杨君，刘进军．谐波抑制和无功功率补偿．北京：机械工业出版社，1998．1～205
[28]．李晓明等．低压配电网动态无功补偿装置的研制．武汉水利电力大学学报，1998．10；31(5)：40～42
[29]．陈黎娟等．DS80C320的特点及应用．电子技术及应用，1997(8)：50～54
[30]．林海雪．新国家标准介绍．供用电，2001，12(6)：4～10
[31]．徐以荣，冷增祥．电力电子学基础．南京：东南大学出版社，1996
[32]．L. Gyugyi, F. Cibulka. Over-voltage Protection of Thyristors Values in VAR Compensators Four International Conference on AC and DC power Transmission, London, September, 1985, 325-332
[33]．K.C. Liu, N. Chen. Voltage -peak Synchronous Closing Control for Shunt Capacitors. IEEE proc-Gener, Transm. Distrib. 1998, 145(3), 233-238
[34]．浙江大学发电教研组直流输电科研组，直流输电．北京：水利电力出版社，1982
[35]．李鹏等．ATSC型快速动态无功补偿装置．电力系统自动化，2001，25(10)：51～54
[36]．马维新．电力系统过电压．北京：中国电力出版社，1998
[37]．UIE. WG. Disturbances Connections of fluctuating loads, 1988
[38]．Miller THE. Reactive power control in electric Systems. Wiley. 1982, 胡国根译．电力系统无功功率控制．北京：水利电力出版社，1991
[39]．徐爱钧．功率因素自动补偿装置．电气自动化，1992(5)：28～31．
[40]．丁毓山等．电网无功补偿实用技术，中国水利水电出版社，1997
[2]．林海雪．现代电能质量的基本问题．电网技术，2001，25(10)：5～12
[3]．电能质量·供电电压允许偏差(GB12325-90)
[4]．电能质量·电力系统频率允许偏差(GB 15945-1995)
[5]．电能质量·三相电压允许不平衡度(GB／T 15543-95)
[6]．电能质量·电压允许波动和闪变(GB 12326-2000)
[7]．孙树勤．电压波动与闪变．北京：中国电力出版社，1999
[8]．石新春等．一种采用零压型开关的TSC低压无功补偿装置．电网技术，2000．1(12)：41～44
[9]．彭正未，李裕能．电路．北京：中国水利水电出版社，1998
[10]．Roman T, Ubeda J. Power quality regulation in Argentina: Flicker and harmonics. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1998, 13(3): 895-1002
[11]．苏文成，金子康．无功补偿与电力电子技术．北京：机械工业出版社，1989
[12]．K. Engberg, H. Frank, B. Klerfors. Thyristor Switched Capacitors, TSC, in Theory and Practice Four International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission, London, Septemper, 1985, 183-188
[13]．孙树勤编著．无功补偿的矢量控制．北京：中国电力出版社，1998
[14]．L. Gyugyi, R. A. otto, T. H. putman, Principles and Application of Static Thyristor controlled Shunt Compensation. IEEE Trans on power Apparatus and Systems, 1978; PAS-97 (5), 1935-1945
[15]．S. Nande, P. Biswas and V. N. Nandakumar. Two Novel Schemes Suitable for Static Switching of Three-phase Delta-Connected Capacitor banks with Minimum Surge Current. IEEE Trans on Industry Applications. 1997(5): 1348～1353
[16]．胡萌林等．低压电容无功补偿装置的控制方式．电工技术杂志，1995(1)：5～7
[17]．彭辉等．配电网中三相不平衡负荷补偿．电力自动化设备，2002，22(1)：32～34．
[18]．林海雪．具有谐波补偿性能的自饱利电抗器基本原理．北京：电机工程学会学报，1984(1)
[19]．陈珩．电力系统稳态分析．北京：水利电力出版社，1995
[20]．戴晓亮．无功补偿技术在配电网中的应用．电网技术，1999(6)：11～14
[21]．陈允平，刘会金，彭辉．微机控制的晶闸管开关型低压配电网基波无功分相补偿．电网技术，1999，23(4)：57～61
[22]．王鹏．低压动态无功补偿装置可控硅触发电路的改进．节能技术，1998．3；(3)：6～9
[23]．R.S. Kemerer, L.E. Berkebile, Directly connected Static VAR compensation in Distribution System Applications IEEE Trans on Industry Applications, 1999, 35(1), 176-182.
[24]．高压直流输电．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1980
[25]．L. M. Smith. A practical Approach in Substation Calculating, limiting, and Reducing the Effects of Transient Current, IEEE Trans on Industry Applications ,1995,31 (4),721-724
[26]．孙树勤，林海雪．干扰性负荷的供电．北京：中国电力出版社，1996
[27]．王兆安，杨君，刘进军．谐波抑制和无功功率补偿．北京：机械工业出版社，1998．1～205
[28]．李晓明等．低压配电网动态无功补偿装置的研制．武汉水利电力大学学报，1998．10；31(5)：40～42
[29]．陈黎娟等．DS80C320的特点及应用．电子技术及应用，1997(8)：50～54
[30]．林海雪．新国家标准介绍．供用电，2001，12(6)：4～10
[31]．徐以荣，冷增祥．电力电子学基础．南京：东南大学出版社，1996
[32]．L. Gyugyi, F. Cibulka. Over-voltage Protection of Thyristors Values in VAR Compensators Four International Conference on AC and DC power Transmission, London, September, 1985, 325-332
[33]．K.C. Liu, N. Chen. Voltage -peak Synchronous Closing Control for Shunt Capacitors. IEEE proc-Gener, Transm. Distrib. 1998, 145(3), 233-238
[34]．浙江大学发电教研组直流输电科研组，直流输电．北京：水利电力出版社，1982
[35]．李鹏等．ATSC型快速动态无功补偿装置．电力系统自动化，2001，25(10)：51～54
[36]．马维新．电力系统过电压．北京：中国电力出版社，1998
[37]．UIE. WG. Disturbances Connections of fluctuating loads, 1988
[38]．Miller THE. Reactive power control in electric Systems. Wiley. 1982, 胡国根译．电力系统无功功率控制．北京：水利电力出版社，1991
[39]．徐爱钧．功率因素自动补偿装置．电气自动化，1992(5)：28～31．
[40]．丁毓山等．电网无功补偿实用技术，中国水利水电出版社，1997