地下结构偶然性内爆炸效应研究
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摘要
近年来频繁出现的恐怖爆炸和各种偶然性爆炸破坏建(构)筑物事件,愈益凸显出建筑物防爆炸灾害的重要性。发生在建筑物内的爆炸由于处于相对封闭的环境中,爆炸产生的冲击波流场和对建筑结构的破坏效应与发生在自由空气中的爆炸情况不同,内爆炸产生的工程破坏效应、爆炸冲击波在相对封闭空间内的传播特性和对结构的作用荷载规律以及对爆炸破坏的工程防护技术是当前国际上仍在探索研究的热点问题。本文针对地下结构内爆炸破坏效应问题,通过实际爆炸灾害事件调研、原型隧道内爆炸试验结果分析和数值模拟计算三者相结合的方法进行了深入研究,主要完成了以下工作:
(一)通过对典型恐怖爆炸破坏建筑物实例及隧道事故爆炸和隧道现场试验结果的研究分析,总结了不同爆炸方式建(构)筑物的宏观爆炸破坏现象和破坏特征,初步认识了结构爆炸破坏机理。分析结果表明:当爆源较近时,结构主要发生局部破坏,表现为:构件迎爆面出现爆坑、材料开裂破碎、临空背面材料层裂剥离和构件贯穿破坏;承重构件的爆炸破坏也可能引起建筑结构的连续性倒塌破坏;另一方面,因内爆炸冲击波处于相对封闭空间中,比之自由大气中的冲击波不仅压力更高,且其衰减要慢得多,是造成结构爆炸破坏的主要因素。此外,爆炸产生的破片、地震动、噪声、毒气灰尘、火灾等虽不至于引起结构的严重破坏,但可造成人员伤亡和设备损毁。
(二)基于爆炸动力学和动力有限元理论,研究了爆炸冲击波流场计算和结构动力反应模拟中涉及的相关理论模型和算法问题,分析了爆炸相似定律在有限元数值计算中的适用性并给出了其成立的条件,探讨了爆炸冲击问题的有限元数值模型的网格划分方法。
(三)以某原型隧道中内爆炸试验为对象,以试验结果为参照,采用有限元数值模拟方法研究了内爆炸对隧道结构的破坏机理,研究了装药量、装药形状、引爆位置等因素对隧道内爆炸荷载分布的影响,对比分析了双向开口隧道和一端带端墙的单向开口隧道的内爆炸冲击波传播规律。通过大量计算拟合给出了作用于隧道壁面上的反射冲击波荷载峰值衰减公式: (?)该公式考虑了爆高对反射荷载分布的影响,与以往其他经验公式相比,具有更宽的适用范围。
(四)为给城市交通盾构隧道的爆炸灾害防护设计提供分析方法,针对以往国内外关于盾构隧道抗爆特性研究很少的现状,建立了考虑管片-管片、管片-螺栓及管片与周围土体界面接触效应的盾构隧道内爆炸三维有限元模型,计算分析了盾构隧道在内爆炸作用下的破坏机理。计算结果表明:管片接头是盾构隧道抗内爆炸的薄弱部位,盾构隧道刚度小、整体性差,其抵抗内爆炸的能力不如整体现浇钢筋混凝土结构。盾构隧道内爆炸破坏特征主要表现为爆炸近区环向管片接头的受拉张开和纵向管片接头的相对错台,以及由此导致的环向螺栓受拉破坏和纵向螺栓的弯曲变形,提高连接螺栓的强度和延性有利于盾构隧道的抗内爆炸特性。
(五)针对地下建筑结构或高层建筑地下室对爆炸灾害防护设计的需要,研究了内爆炸冲击波在房间墙体开口及通道中的传播规律。在用相关模型试验结果对有限元计算模型和网格划分方案的正确性进行考核后,计算分析了爆室内爆炸荷载特性及空气冲击波在地下建筑物内的传播过程,分析了装药量与爆室容积比(W/V)、爆室墙面开口面积与房间容积参数V2/3比(A/V2/3)等因素对建筑内空气冲击波、壁面反射波、冲量、压力持续时间等的影响,拟合给出了由爆炸间开口向外泄露的空气冲击波压力峰值衰减公式。
In recent years, a great number of buildings and structures are destroyed by terrorist blast attacks and accidental explosions, which highlights the importance to resist explosion disaster of buildings. Explosion occurred inside buildings is in an enclosed space and the shock wave flow field inside the structure and the damage of the structure caused by shock wave are different from the explosion occurred in open air. The damage effect of inner explosion on structures, the propagation characteristic of shock wave in the enclosed space and distribution of load on the structure and protective technologies of engineering are still worldwide hot issues to be studied. In this thesis, the damage effect of underground structure under inner explosion is studied by means of investigation of the actual explosion disasters, analysis of inner explosion test results and the numerical simulation analysis results. The primary research and results of this paper are as follows:
(1) The damage phenomena and damage characteristics of structure in different explosion modes are acquired by analyzing the typical explosion hazards and the filed test results of explosion in a prototype tunnel. The damage mechanism of structure under blast is preliminarily understood. The results show that, when the explosive is close to the structure, the structures mainly have the local damage shown as blasting pit, material cracking, spallation, penetration damage and the progressive collapse of building owing to the damage of support member. The shock wave is the main factor of failure of the structure. The pressure of shock wave of inner explosion is higher than that of explosion in open air and the attenuation of the shock wave of inner explosion is slower than that of explosion in open air. In addition, although the fragments, ground motion, noise, dust, gas and fire from explosion may not cause serious damage of structure, but they can cause casualties and equipment damage.
(2) Based on the explosion dynamics and the theory of finite element, the simulation arithmetic of the dynamic response of structure and the calculation method of shock wave flow field are studied. The applicability of similitude law of blast in the finite element method is analyzed and the necessary condition is given. The mesh generation method of FEM simulation of shock wave is discussed.
(3) Aimming at the prototype tunnel tested as above, based on the test data, the damage mechanism of tunnel under the inner explosion is studied. the influence of the shape of explosive, the location of explosive and the explosive weight on the distribution of shock wave load in the tunnel are studied by the FEM, and the propagation of shock wave in a tunnel with and without end walls are analyzed. The formula to evaluate the attenuation of peak value of the reflected shock wave load on the inner surface of the tunnel versus the distance from the center of explosion is proposed and it can be widely applied. It can be expressed as: (?)
(4) In order to meet the needs of protective design of the traffic shield tunnel to resist explosion disaster. A three dimensional FEM model of shield tunnel under internal explosion loading is proposed, which can simulate the contact effects of segment-segment, segment-bolt and segment-soil. The damage mechanism of shield tunnel under internal explosion loading is studied. The results indicate that segment joint is the frail part of shield tunnel to resist internal explosion loading and blast-resistant characteristics of shield tunnel is inferior to that of integral cast in-situ tunnel. The damage characteristics of shield tunnel under internal explosion are opening of circumferential segment joints, relative sliding of longitudinal segment joints, tensile damage of ring bolts and bending deformation of longitudinal bolts. Enhance of bolt strength and ductility can improve the blast-resistant characteristics of shield tunnel.
(5) According to the need of protective design of underground structure or basement of tall building to resist explosion disaster. The propagation of shock wave in building through passage and room opening is studied. The calculation model and the mesh generation are validated by the result of correlative matrix test, then the blast load characteristics inside explosion chamber and the propagation process of air shock wave in the underground building are studied. The influence of the ratio (W/V) of charge weight(W) to chamber volume (V) and the ratio (A/V2/3) of opening area (A) of chamber to the parameters (V2/3)of chamber volume on the air shock wave, reflect wave、duration of shock wave and impulse are analyzed. The formula to evaluate the attenuation of peak pressure of the shock wave leaking from explosion chamber is proposed.
(一)通过对典型恐怖爆炸破坏建筑物实例及隧道事故爆炸和隧道现场试验结果的研究分析,总结了不同爆炸方式建(构)筑物的宏观爆炸破坏现象和破坏特征,初步认识了结构爆炸破坏机理。分析结果表明:当爆源较近时,结构主要发生局部破坏,表现为:构件迎爆面出现爆坑、材料开裂破碎、临空背面材料层裂剥离和构件贯穿破坏;承重构件的爆炸破坏也可能引起建筑结构的连续性倒塌破坏;另一方面,因内爆炸冲击波处于相对封闭空间中,比之自由大气中的冲击波不仅压力更高,且其衰减要慢得多,是造成结构爆炸破坏的主要因素。此外,爆炸产生的破片、地震动、噪声、毒气灰尘、火灾等虽不至于引起结构的严重破坏,但可造成人员伤亡和设备损毁。
(二)基于爆炸动力学和动力有限元理论,研究了爆炸冲击波流场计算和结构动力反应模拟中涉及的相关理论模型和算法问题,分析了爆炸相似定律在有限元数值计算中的适用性并给出了其成立的条件,探讨了爆炸冲击问题的有限元数值模型的网格划分方法。
(三)以某原型隧道中内爆炸试验为对象,以试验结果为参照,采用有限元数值模拟方法研究了内爆炸对隧道结构的破坏机理,研究了装药量、装药形状、引爆位置等因素对隧道内爆炸荷载分布的影响,对比分析了双向开口隧道和一端带端墙的单向开口隧道的内爆炸冲击波传播规律。通过大量计算拟合给出了作用于隧道壁面上的反射冲击波荷载峰值衰减公式: (?)该公式考虑了爆高对反射荷载分布的影响,与以往其他经验公式相比,具有更宽的适用范围。
(四)为给城市交通盾构隧道的爆炸灾害防护设计提供分析方法,针对以往国内外关于盾构隧道抗爆特性研究很少的现状,建立了考虑管片-管片、管片-螺栓及管片与周围土体界面接触效应的盾构隧道内爆炸三维有限元模型,计算分析了盾构隧道在内爆炸作用下的破坏机理。计算结果表明:管片接头是盾构隧道抗内爆炸的薄弱部位,盾构隧道刚度小、整体性差,其抵抗内爆炸的能力不如整体现浇钢筋混凝土结构。盾构隧道内爆炸破坏特征主要表现为爆炸近区环向管片接头的受拉张开和纵向管片接头的相对错台,以及由此导致的环向螺栓受拉破坏和纵向螺栓的弯曲变形,提高连接螺栓的强度和延性有利于盾构隧道的抗内爆炸特性。
(五)针对地下建筑结构或高层建筑地下室对爆炸灾害防护设计的需要,研究了内爆炸冲击波在房间墙体开口及通道中的传播规律。在用相关模型试验结果对有限元计算模型和网格划分方案的正确性进行考核后,计算分析了爆室内爆炸荷载特性及空气冲击波在地下建筑物内的传播过程,分析了装药量与爆室容积比(W/V)、爆室墙面开口面积与房间容积参数V2/3比(A/V2/3)等因素对建筑内空气冲击波、壁面反射波、冲量、压力持续时间等的影响,拟合给出了由爆炸间开口向外泄露的空气冲击波压力峰值衰减公式。
In recent years, a great number of buildings and structures are destroyed by terrorist blast attacks and accidental explosions, which highlights the importance to resist explosion disaster of buildings. Explosion occurred inside buildings is in an enclosed space and the shock wave flow field inside the structure and the damage of the structure caused by shock wave are different from the explosion occurred in open air. The damage effect of inner explosion on structures, the propagation characteristic of shock wave in the enclosed space and distribution of load on the structure and protective technologies of engineering are still worldwide hot issues to be studied. In this thesis, the damage effect of underground structure under inner explosion is studied by means of investigation of the actual explosion disasters, analysis of inner explosion test results and the numerical simulation analysis results. The primary research and results of this paper are as follows:
(1) The damage phenomena and damage characteristics of structure in different explosion modes are acquired by analyzing the typical explosion hazards and the filed test results of explosion in a prototype tunnel. The damage mechanism of structure under blast is preliminarily understood. The results show that, when the explosive is close to the structure, the structures mainly have the local damage shown as blasting pit, material cracking, spallation, penetration damage and the progressive collapse of building owing to the damage of support member. The shock wave is the main factor of failure of the structure. The pressure of shock wave of inner explosion is higher than that of explosion in open air and the attenuation of the shock wave of inner explosion is slower than that of explosion in open air. In addition, although the fragments, ground motion, noise, dust, gas and fire from explosion may not cause serious damage of structure, but they can cause casualties and equipment damage.
(2) Based on the explosion dynamics and the theory of finite element, the simulation arithmetic of the dynamic response of structure and the calculation method of shock wave flow field are studied. The applicability of similitude law of blast in the finite element method is analyzed and the necessary condition is given. The mesh generation method of FEM simulation of shock wave is discussed.
(3) Aimming at the prototype tunnel tested as above, based on the test data, the damage mechanism of tunnel under the inner explosion is studied. the influence of the shape of explosive, the location of explosive and the explosive weight on the distribution of shock wave load in the tunnel are studied by the FEM, and the propagation of shock wave in a tunnel with and without end walls are analyzed. The formula to evaluate the attenuation of peak value of the reflected shock wave load on the inner surface of the tunnel versus the distance from the center of explosion is proposed and it can be widely applied. It can be expressed as: (?)
(4) In order to meet the needs of protective design of the traffic shield tunnel to resist explosion disaster. A three dimensional FEM model of shield tunnel under internal explosion loading is proposed, which can simulate the contact effects of segment-segment, segment-bolt and segment-soil. The damage mechanism of shield tunnel under internal explosion loading is studied. The results indicate that segment joint is the frail part of shield tunnel to resist internal explosion loading and blast-resistant characteristics of shield tunnel is inferior to that of integral cast in-situ tunnel. The damage characteristics of shield tunnel under internal explosion are opening of circumferential segment joints, relative sliding of longitudinal segment joints, tensile damage of ring bolts and bending deformation of longitudinal bolts. Enhance of bolt strength and ductility can improve the blast-resistant characteristics of shield tunnel.
(5) According to the need of protective design of underground structure or basement of tall building to resist explosion disaster. The propagation of shock wave in building through passage and room opening is studied. The calculation model and the mesh generation are validated by the result of correlative matrix test, then the blast load characteristics inside explosion chamber and the propagation process of air shock wave in the underground building are studied. The influence of the ratio (W/V) of charge weight(W) to chamber volume (V) and the ratio (A/V2/3) of opening area (A) of chamber to the parameters (V2/3)of chamber volume on the air shock wave, reflect wave、duration of shock wave and impulse are analyzed. The formula to evaluate the attenuation of peak pressure of the shock wave leaking from explosion chamber is proposed.
引文
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