模拟增温和氮沉降对松嫩草原土壤养分状况的影响
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摘要
中国东北松嫩草原受全球气候变暖和大气氮沉降增加的影响日益显著，但是草原生态系统土壤重要养分之间的关系对气候变暖和氮沉降双重作用的响应机制还不清楚。本研究从2007年到2010年在野外原位条件下利用红外线加热仪和添加硝酸铵的方法模拟大气升温和氮沉降，探讨温度升高和氮沉降对松嫩草原土壤氮素磷素等重要养分、养分之间的耦合关系以及微生物生物量的影响。四年的实验结果表明：
（1）氮素添加后显著提高了土壤全氮、速效氮、有机碳含量和土壤氮素的净矿化速率，使土壤全磷和速效磷的含量显著降低。而增温处理对土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷以及铵态氮含量的影响没有达到显著水平，说明增温处理对松嫩草原土壤重要养分的影响并不显著。
（2）由于施氮处理时土壤氮/磷比率显著升高，氮素含量的升高以及磷素含量的降低使氮素和磷素向两个不同的方向发展，因此减弱了土壤氮素和磷素的耦合作用。与对照相比施氮处理土壤全氮和速效磷以及土壤速效氮和速效磷的正相关性减弱也可以很好的印证这一点。随着中国工业化的深入发展，大气氮沉降量还将持续增加，在盐碱化土壤广泛分布的中国东北松嫩草地上，土壤磷素的限制现象将更为突出。因此对草地土壤养分进行合理调控和管理有助于提高草地生产力以及草地生态系统的可持续利用。
（3）添加的氮素使土壤微生物生物量氮显著增加，而使土壤微生物生物量磷的含量显著降低。增温和施氮处理的交互作用显著增加了土壤微生物生物量碳的含量，而增温处理对其影响不显著。施氮处理使土壤微生物生物量C/P显著增加，这也暗示松嫩草原羊草草甸土壤中微生物生物量磷的含量有所缺乏，土壤养分向着磷限制的方向转变。土壤微生物生物量与土壤养分之间存在很好的相关性，尤其是在施氮处理时这种相关性更显著，因此土壤微生物生物量可以作为评价长期施氮过程中土壤质量变化情况的生物学指标。
综上所述，本研究的开展不仅能为预测全球变化对松嫩草原土壤养分动态的影响提供一定的理论依据；同时，对全球变化背景下草原生态系统的恢复以及生态环境保护都具有重要意义。
Songnen Meadow Steppe, which is in northeast China, is increasingly affectedby global warming and incremental increases in atmospheric nitrogen deposition.However, the responses of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in steppe soil, and of thecoupling mechanism between them, to the dual effects of global warming and Ndeposition are still unknown. In this study, the effects of simulated atmosphericwarming and N deposition on N and P in Songnen steppe soil, on the couplingbetween N and P, as well as on the soil microbial biomass were examined under insitu conditions from2007to2010. Infrared heaters were used to elevate soiltemperature by approximately1.7°C since2006. N additions were treated once a yearwith aqueous ammonium nitrate at a rate of10g m–2a–1. During the four-year study:
(1) Addition of N increased the amount of total N, and available N, as well as therate of N mineralization in the soil. Moreover, the amounts of total P and available Pin the soil were considerably reduced. Soil total N, available N, total P, available Pand NH4+-N content were not significantly affected by warming, which means thatwarming did not significantly impact soil important nutrient in Songnen MeadowSteppe.
(2) The N: P ratio increases with N addition, and the increase in the amount of N,as well as the decrease in the amount of P, have different effects on N and P. Therefore,the coupling mechanism between soil N and P is reduced, as reflected by thesignificant reduction in the liner relationship between total N and available P as wellas between available N and available P in N addition compare with control. With thegrowth of China’s industrialization, N deposition continues to increase. The studyarea of Songnen Meadow Steppe, and northeast China in general, are characterized bywidespread distribution of saline alkali soil. Therefore, the finding of increased Plimitation in the soil of Songnen Meadow Steppe has major implications forecosystems in northeast China. Reasonable regulation and management of meadowsoil nutrients will be of great importance in increasing soil productivity and promotingsustainable use of grassland ecosystems.
(3) Soil microbial biomass N was significantly increased by N addition, whichmade the soil microbial biomass P content significantly decreased. Interaction ofwarming and N addition significantly increased the content of soil microbial biomassC, however, warming did not significantly influence it. N addition significantlyincreased soil microbial biomass C: P ratio, which was also suggested that the contentof soil microbial biomass P was lacking in Songnen meadow steppe, soil nutrientwere turning into P limitation. There were better correlated between soil microbialbiomass and soil important nutrient, especially the correlation is more significantwhen N addition. Therefore the soil microbial biomass can be used as biologicalindicators, which could evaluate the long-term changes in soil quality.
Overall, this research provides a theoretical basis for understanding the influenceof ongoing trends related to global changes on soil nutrients in Songnen MeadowSteppe, and it is relevant to determining methods to facilitate the recovery ofgrassland ecosystems and protect the environment as global changes occur.
（1）氮素添加后显著提高了土壤全氮、速效氮、有机碳含量和土壤氮素的净矿化速率，使土壤全磷和速效磷的含量显著降低。而增温处理对土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷以及铵态氮含量的影响没有达到显著水平，说明增温处理对松嫩草原土壤重要养分的影响并不显著。
（2）由于施氮处理时土壤氮/磷比率显著升高，氮素含量的升高以及磷素含量的降低使氮素和磷素向两个不同的方向发展，因此减弱了土壤氮素和磷素的耦合作用。与对照相比施氮处理土壤全氮和速效磷以及土壤速效氮和速效磷的正相关性减弱也可以很好的印证这一点。随着中国工业化的深入发展，大气氮沉降量还将持续增加，在盐碱化土壤广泛分布的中国东北松嫩草地上，土壤磷素的限制现象将更为突出。因此对草地土壤养分进行合理调控和管理有助于提高草地生产力以及草地生态系统的可持续利用。
（3）添加的氮素使土壤微生物生物量氮显著增加，而使土壤微生物生物量磷的含量显著降低。增温和施氮处理的交互作用显著增加了土壤微生物生物量碳的含量，而增温处理对其影响不显著。施氮处理使土壤微生物生物量C/P显著增加，这也暗示松嫩草原羊草草甸土壤中微生物生物量磷的含量有所缺乏，土壤养分向着磷限制的方向转变。土壤微生物生物量与土壤养分之间存在很好的相关性，尤其是在施氮处理时这种相关性更显著，因此土壤微生物生物量可以作为评价长期施氮过程中土壤质量变化情况的生物学指标。
综上所述，本研究的开展不仅能为预测全球变化对松嫩草原土壤养分动态的影响提供一定的理论依据；同时，对全球变化背景下草原生态系统的恢复以及生态环境保护都具有重要意义。
Songnen Meadow Steppe, which is in northeast China, is increasingly affectedby global warming and incremental increases in atmospheric nitrogen deposition.However, the responses of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in steppe soil, and of thecoupling mechanism between them, to the dual effects of global warming and Ndeposition are still unknown. In this study, the effects of simulated atmosphericwarming and N deposition on N and P in Songnen steppe soil, on the couplingbetween N and P, as well as on the soil microbial biomass were examined under insitu conditions from2007to2010. Infrared heaters were used to elevate soiltemperature by approximately1.7°C since2006. N additions were treated once a yearwith aqueous ammonium nitrate at a rate of10g m–2a–1. During the four-year study:
(1) Addition of N increased the amount of total N, and available N, as well as therate of N mineralization in the soil. Moreover, the amounts of total P and available Pin the soil were considerably reduced. Soil total N, available N, total P, available Pand NH4+-N content were not significantly affected by warming, which means thatwarming did not significantly impact soil important nutrient in Songnen MeadowSteppe.
(2) The N: P ratio increases with N addition, and the increase in the amount of N,as well as the decrease in the amount of P, have different effects on N and P. Therefore,the coupling mechanism between soil N and P is reduced, as reflected by thesignificant reduction in the liner relationship between total N and available P as wellas between available N and available P in N addition compare with control. With thegrowth of China’s industrialization, N deposition continues to increase. The studyarea of Songnen Meadow Steppe, and northeast China in general, are characterized bywidespread distribution of saline alkali soil. Therefore, the finding of increased Plimitation in the soil of Songnen Meadow Steppe has major implications forecosystems in northeast China. Reasonable regulation and management of meadowsoil nutrients will be of great importance in increasing soil productivity and promotingsustainable use of grassland ecosystems.
(3) Soil microbial biomass N was significantly increased by N addition, whichmade the soil microbial biomass P content significantly decreased. Interaction ofwarming and N addition significantly increased the content of soil microbial biomassC, however, warming did not significantly influence it. N addition significantlyincreased soil microbial biomass C: P ratio, which was also suggested that the contentof soil microbial biomass P was lacking in Songnen meadow steppe, soil nutrientwere turning into P limitation. There were better correlated between soil microbialbiomass and soil important nutrient, especially the correlation is more significantwhen N addition. Therefore the soil microbial biomass can be used as biologicalindicators, which could evaluate the long-term changes in soil quality.
Overall, this research provides a theoretical basis for understanding the influenceof ongoing trends related to global changes on soil nutrients in Songnen MeadowSteppe, and it is relevant to determining methods to facilitate the recovery ofgrassland ecosystems and protect the environment as global changes occur.
引文
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