临策铁路防沙明洞防风阻沙机理及对风沙环境的影响
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摘要
临策铁路从阿拉善高原穿过乌兰布和沙漠、雅玛雷克沙漠、巴丹吉林沙漠和广袤的戈壁（岩漠、砾漠）分布区，在巴丹吉林沙漠西北边缘以明洞形式穿越流动沙丘密集区。明洞作为一种线性拱形防沙构筑物，其不透风性和构筑尺寸大的特点，决定了其防沙机理与传统防沙措施有较大差异性。本文在对临策铁路明洞所在区域风沙环境本底特征和演变趋势分析的基础上，采用风洞实验与野外调查测试相结合的研究方法，对明洞的防风阻沙机理进行了系统研究，并从地表沙物质粒度变化、沙丘移动规律的角度，研究了明洞对风沙环境的干扰作用，评价了明洞防风阻沙潜力、走向合理性和沙埋可能性，并构建了洞口沙害防治模式。
（1）迎风侧距明洞6H处是风速急剧变化的拐点，且不随指示风速的变化而变化；明洞上部的强风区位置随着风向夹角的变大逐渐向迎风侧移动，也不受指示风速变化的干扰；不同风向夹角条件下背风侧气流变化规律高度一致，弱风区或静风区随指示风速的增大而加强。
（2）明洞迎风侧、背风侧各个水平观测点的气流速度廓线变化显示，不同高度范围气流速度受明洞的影响差异明显。迎风侧气流速度廓线变化的拐点为2h，背风侧气流速度廓线变化的拐点为1h。指示风速的变化不影响迎风侧气流速度廓线变化规律，只影响风速变化的尺度；指示风速的变化影响背风侧气流速度廓线变化规律，不同风向夹角的气流速度廓线变化规律差异较大。
（3）在迎风侧，1h垂向高度以下气流一直处于减速状态，1h垂向高度以上气流在靠近明洞附近呈现加速趋势。风向夹角、指示风速对迎风侧气流加速、减速规律的影响不大。指示风速对背风侧气流重附距离的影响不显著；背风侧气流重附距离随风向夹角的变化可以近似的划分为三个范围：δ=75°～90°，气流重附距离为1H；δ=60°～30°，气流重附距离为2H；δ=15°及以下，气流重附距离为6H。
（4）迎风侧85%以上的输沙量在0～10cm高度内，背风侧80%的输沙量集中在30～70cm高度范围；风向夹角对迎风侧输沙量变化的影响大致可以分为4种情况，90°～60°变化过程基本一致，55°～30°变化趋于相同，15°时输沙量最大。指示风速相同的条件下，随着风向夹角的减小，明洞模型周围的积沙表面积、积沙量变化呈不断的增大过程。随着风向夹角的增大，迎风侧和背风侧积沙的范围趋于相同，反之迎风侧积沙表面积大于背风侧。
（5）明洞影响区内外沙丘表面沙物质粒度特征产生分异，影响区内表现为粗粒化、粒径均匀化、粒径分布集中化；明洞影响区内外两个沙丘移动方向偏转程度、年直线移动距离、沙丘正体积和正表面面积等形态特征均出现明显差异性，明洞影响区内沙丘形态逐步向典型新月形沙丘演变发育，明洞影响区外沙丘形态发育偏离了新月形沙丘的固有形态，两个翼角出现差异化发育趋势。这种差异性从微观和宏观尺度反映了防沙明洞对当地风沙环境的显著影响。
（6）综合FUZZY模型评价结果和明洞与当地主导风向、主害风向的夹角，上风向地貌、植被、沙源情况以及工程施工实际，在沙漠地区建设防沙明洞时应尽可能使明洞与主导风向大角度相交。明洞顶部通气口不会产生灌沙现象，在小尺度时间范围内流沙埋没明洞的可能性不大。
（7）明洞洞口沙害防治应建立工程防沙体系与滴灌条件下植物防沙体系相结合的综合防沙体系。防沙体系结构、功能与防沙措施的配置应考虑当地的气象因子、地形地貌特征、沙源丰富程度，植物种应首选梭梭、柽柳等乡土植物。
Lin-ce railway runs through Ulan Buh desert, Yamaleik desert, Badain Jaran desert,and the vast Gobi (Hamada and Gravel desert) regions，Lince railway turns around theBadain Jaran desert and the railway is covered by opencut tunnel in the active sandy area.The opencut tunnel is a kind of linear arch construction and a new linear sand-preventionstructure. The contained structure and its large size impact the wind field and sandresistance around it, which is greatly different from the traditional sand preventionconstruction. Based on the analysis of wind-sand environmental conditions and the desertdevelopment trend in the studied area, this paper studied the wind-sand resistancemechanism of opencut tunnel with lab and field experiments. Based on the analysis ofsand size and sand dune movement, the paper1) systematically studied the impact ofopencut tunnel on its around environment;2) assessed sand resistance capability of theopencut tunnel;3) provided a methodology to prevent the entrance of the opencut tunnelbeing buried;4)constructed a sand model of preventing the entrance of the Opencuttunnel.
（1）In the windward side of the tunnel,6H is the inflection point of wind speed,which does not change with the coming wind speed and direction. The high-wind-speedfield above the opencut tunnel moves toward windward direction when the wind angleincreases,which does not change with the changement of coming wind speed. At theleeward side of the tunnel, flow variaion are consistent under the different wind angle,wind shadow area increases with increasing wind speed.
（2）From the analysis of the wind speed profile at both sides of the tunnel, thetunnel significantly impacts wind speed around it. At the windward side, wind speedinflection point is at the height of2H. At the leeward side, it is at the height of1H. At thewindward side, wind speed does not impact the wind profile, but impacts the size of thewind field. At the leeward side, wind direction significantly impacts wind profile and thesize of wind field.
（3）The wind has been in a slow state under the vertical height of1h and has anaccelarating trend when near the tunnel.Wind speed does not impact the windreattachment distance significantly at the leeward side. According to the reattachmentdistance, wind field can be classified into three ranges: reattachment distance=1H with δ=75°~90°;, reattachment distance=2H with δ=60°~30°; flow reattachment distance=6H with δ=15°or below.
（4）85%of the sand discharge concentrates in the range of0～10cm.At theleeward side, sand discharge increases with the increasing of height and80%of the sanddischarge concentrates in the range of30～70cm. The impact of wind angle on sanddischarge can be divided into the same change process with90°～60°,the similar changeprocess with55°～30°and the maximum sand discharge with15°four classes。At a samewind speed, the accumulated sand dune area and amounts near the model of tunnelincreases with the decreasing of wind angle. With the increasing of wind angle, theaccumulated sand dune area tends to be the same at both sides of the tunnel; with thedecreasing of wind angle, the accumulated sand dune area in the windward side will belarger than at the leeward side.
（5）Under the impact of the tunnel, the sand size have big difference between theoutside and inside the tunnel. The sand size inside the tunnel express as coarse-grained,uniform diameter and unified distribution. The feature between the inside and outsidetunnel are significant difference. The movement direction, annual movement distance,the shape and volume of two studied sand dunes was changed, the morphology of thesand dunes closer to the tunnel was becoming typical barchan dune, and the sand dunesfurther away from the tunnel was gradually losing the morphology of typical barchandune,which reflect the significant effects of opencut tunnel on the wind and sandenvironment of region.
（6）Based on the analysis results of FUZZY,Angel between tunnel and thedirection of wind should across when we construct the opencut tunnel in the desert areas.With the co-influence of dominant wind and the acceleration of wind, the tunnel will notbe buried in the recent years.
（7）To prevent sand damage to the entrance of tunnel, the integrated engineeringand drip-irrigated plantation methodology should be used. The construction of sandprevention should take incount of the factor of topography, sand source, and weather.The strip-mixed vegetation with the native species of Haloxylon ammodendron andTamarix chinensis should be the best choice.
（1）迎风侧距明洞6H处是风速急剧变化的拐点，且不随指示风速的变化而变化；明洞上部的强风区位置随着风向夹角的变大逐渐向迎风侧移动，也不受指示风速变化的干扰；不同风向夹角条件下背风侧气流变化规律高度一致，弱风区或静风区随指示风速的增大而加强。
（2）明洞迎风侧、背风侧各个水平观测点的气流速度廓线变化显示，不同高度范围气流速度受明洞的影响差异明显。迎风侧气流速度廓线变化的拐点为2h，背风侧气流速度廓线变化的拐点为1h。指示风速的变化不影响迎风侧气流速度廓线变化规律，只影响风速变化的尺度；指示风速的变化影响背风侧气流速度廓线变化规律，不同风向夹角的气流速度廓线变化规律差异较大。
（3）在迎风侧，1h垂向高度以下气流一直处于减速状态，1h垂向高度以上气流在靠近明洞附近呈现加速趋势。风向夹角、指示风速对迎风侧气流加速、减速规律的影响不大。指示风速对背风侧气流重附距离的影响不显著；背风侧气流重附距离随风向夹角的变化可以近似的划分为三个范围：δ=75°～90°，气流重附距离为1H；δ=60°～30°，气流重附距离为2H；δ=15°及以下，气流重附距离为6H。
（4）迎风侧85%以上的输沙量在0～10cm高度内，背风侧80%的输沙量集中在30～70cm高度范围；风向夹角对迎风侧输沙量变化的影响大致可以分为4种情况，90°～60°变化过程基本一致，55°～30°变化趋于相同，15°时输沙量最大。指示风速相同的条件下，随着风向夹角的减小，明洞模型周围的积沙表面积、积沙量变化呈不断的增大过程。随着风向夹角的增大，迎风侧和背风侧积沙的范围趋于相同，反之迎风侧积沙表面积大于背风侧。
（5）明洞影响区内外沙丘表面沙物质粒度特征产生分异，影响区内表现为粗粒化、粒径均匀化、粒径分布集中化；明洞影响区内外两个沙丘移动方向偏转程度、年直线移动距离、沙丘正体积和正表面面积等形态特征均出现明显差异性，明洞影响区内沙丘形态逐步向典型新月形沙丘演变发育，明洞影响区外沙丘形态发育偏离了新月形沙丘的固有形态，两个翼角出现差异化发育趋势。这种差异性从微观和宏观尺度反映了防沙明洞对当地风沙环境的显著影响。
（6）综合FUZZY模型评价结果和明洞与当地主导风向、主害风向的夹角，上风向地貌、植被、沙源情况以及工程施工实际，在沙漠地区建设防沙明洞时应尽可能使明洞与主导风向大角度相交。明洞顶部通气口不会产生灌沙现象，在小尺度时间范围内流沙埋没明洞的可能性不大。
（7）明洞洞口沙害防治应建立工程防沙体系与滴灌条件下植物防沙体系相结合的综合防沙体系。防沙体系结构、功能与防沙措施的配置应考虑当地的气象因子、地形地貌特征、沙源丰富程度，植物种应首选梭梭、柽柳等乡土植物。
Lin-ce railway runs through Ulan Buh desert, Yamaleik desert, Badain Jaran desert,and the vast Gobi (Hamada and Gravel desert) regions，Lince railway turns around theBadain Jaran desert and the railway is covered by opencut tunnel in the active sandy area.The opencut tunnel is a kind of linear arch construction and a new linear sand-preventionstructure. The contained structure and its large size impact the wind field and sandresistance around it, which is greatly different from the traditional sand preventionconstruction. Based on the analysis of wind-sand environmental conditions and the desertdevelopment trend in the studied area, this paper studied the wind-sand resistancemechanism of opencut tunnel with lab and field experiments. Based on the analysis ofsand size and sand dune movement, the paper1) systematically studied the impact ofopencut tunnel on its around environment;2) assessed sand resistance capability of theopencut tunnel;3) provided a methodology to prevent the entrance of the opencut tunnelbeing buried;4)constructed a sand model of preventing the entrance of the Opencuttunnel.
（1）In the windward side of the tunnel,6H is the inflection point of wind speed,which does not change with the coming wind speed and direction. The high-wind-speedfield above the opencut tunnel moves toward windward direction when the wind angleincreases,which does not change with the changement of coming wind speed. At theleeward side of the tunnel, flow variaion are consistent under the different wind angle,wind shadow area increases with increasing wind speed.
（2）From the analysis of the wind speed profile at both sides of the tunnel, thetunnel significantly impacts wind speed around it. At the windward side, wind speedinflection point is at the height of2H. At the leeward side, it is at the height of1H. At thewindward side, wind speed does not impact the wind profile, but impacts the size of thewind field. At the leeward side, wind direction significantly impacts wind profile and thesize of wind field.
（3）The wind has been in a slow state under the vertical height of1h and has anaccelarating trend when near the tunnel.Wind speed does not impact the windreattachment distance significantly at the leeward side. According to the reattachmentdistance, wind field can be classified into three ranges: reattachment distance=1H with δ=75°~90°;, reattachment distance=2H with δ=60°~30°; flow reattachment distance=6H with δ=15°or below.
（4）85%of the sand discharge concentrates in the range of0～10cm.At theleeward side, sand discharge increases with the increasing of height and80%of the sanddischarge concentrates in the range of30～70cm. The impact of wind angle on sanddischarge can be divided into the same change process with90°～60°,the similar changeprocess with55°～30°and the maximum sand discharge with15°four classes。At a samewind speed, the accumulated sand dune area and amounts near the model of tunnelincreases with the decreasing of wind angle. With the increasing of wind angle, theaccumulated sand dune area tends to be the same at both sides of the tunnel; with thedecreasing of wind angle, the accumulated sand dune area in the windward side will belarger than at the leeward side.
（5）Under the impact of the tunnel, the sand size have big difference between theoutside and inside the tunnel. The sand size inside the tunnel express as coarse-grained,uniform diameter and unified distribution. The feature between the inside and outsidetunnel are significant difference. The movement direction, annual movement distance,the shape and volume of two studied sand dunes was changed, the morphology of thesand dunes closer to the tunnel was becoming typical barchan dune, and the sand dunesfurther away from the tunnel was gradually losing the morphology of typical barchandune,which reflect the significant effects of opencut tunnel on the wind and sandenvironment of region.
（6）Based on the analysis results of FUZZY,Angel between tunnel and thedirection of wind should across when we construct the opencut tunnel in the desert areas.With the co-influence of dominant wind and the acceleration of wind, the tunnel will notbe buried in the recent years.
（7）To prevent sand damage to the entrance of tunnel, the integrated engineeringand drip-irrigated plantation methodology should be used. The construction of sandprevention should take incount of the factor of topography, sand source, and weather.The strip-mixed vegetation with the native species of Haloxylon ammodendron andTamarix chinensis should be the best choice.
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