紫外光固化天然生漆及其复合体系的研究
摘要
生漆是我国的特产,在我国已有七千多年的使用历史。当今,一方面,新材料层出不穷；另一方面,资源日益短缺。如何进一步开发可再生天然资源生漆,如何加快生漆的固化速率,对于传承我国生漆文化,开发天然生漆的综合利用具有重要的意义。天然生漆的行业发展目标是开发制备出能快干或摆脱漆酶催干限制的生漆产品,目前研究较多的方法有：含铜模拟漆酶催干、有机硅改性、热固化、漆酚金属配合固化、电化学聚合等,其中金属配位固化已得到工业生产。这些方法均是一种有效的方法,但仍至少需几个小时才能彻底干燥。因此,开发一种更为快速的制备方法,仍是生漆行业亟待解决的课题。
本工作采用紫外光辐照法,在无外加光引发剂的条件下,研究天然生漆成膜条件；以现代分析测试为手段,研究天然生漆光引发聚合行为,并对其形貌进行控制。天然生漆黏度大,不易以水为稀释剂施工,本研究结合紫外光快速固化的特点,以UE/PVA混合乳化剂,制备了可在水性环境下施工的水基化天然生漆光固化膜,并研究其纳米复合膜的性能。为实现天然生漆的功能化使用,采用原位法制备光聚合漆酚/金属硫化物纳米复合材料,研究纳米粒子分散性及纳米复合物的耐热性能。
研究发现,在无外加光引发剂的条件下,天然生漆能在2 min之内快速固化成膜,其固化膜具有优异的理化性能,找到“死漆变活”的快速途径。提出了光引发天然生漆聚合反应的机理：在紫外光辐照下,生漆漆酚羟基断裂成漆酚半醌自由基,进而进攻苯环侧链发生自由基聚合反应,或进攻苯环发生自由基取代反应,这些反应不断进行下去,最后固化成膜。实现了光固化天然生漆膜的形貌可控：光固化天然生漆膜表现出水波纹褶皱形貌,通过对其不同程度的氢化或将羟基封端,光固化天然生漆膜转化为平整光亮的膜。发现了该光固化体系的普适性：苯环上的羟基、长侧不饱和碳链是该固化体系的基础,因此该固化方法可适用于其它具有长侧不饱和碳链的酚类或邻苯二酚类衍生物的光聚合,如腰果壳液、死漆、漆酚金属及其它漆酚基改性产品。光固化水基化天然生漆膜及其纳米复合膜具有优异的理化性能,并克服了天然生漆黏度大、不易与水性环境下施工的缺点。金属硫化物纳米粒子均匀且非常小(∠10 nm)地分散在聚合漆酚基体中,该类复合物具有良好的耐热性能。
Chinese lacquer with a high gloss and superhigh durability is dried by enzyme-catalyzed process at room temperature, which is a natural, energy-saving coating, as well as an environmentally friendly product and, most importantly, a people-friendly material, and it has been used to coat objects for more than 7000 years in China. However, Chinese lacquer films are formed by a laccase-catalyzed oxidation polymerization, following a coupling reaction as well as an autoxidation reaction on the long aliphatic unsaturated side chain. And, the lacquer drying process requires severe and specific conditions (about 80-90% relative humidity at 20-30℃). Additionally, when the laccase is inactivated (we call it dead lacquer), the lacquer can not dry, so these limit the applications of lacquer. To fabricate fast drying lacquer or to be free of the restriction of relative humidity and temperature, many efforts have been performed in this field. However, these methods still need a few hours to form lacquer films. To further improve the drying rate of lacquer saps is of high importance for the protection and restoration of archeological findings coated by lacquer or excavated lacquer wares and the development of new application of this lacquer.
In this work, the UV-curing technology was introduced to dry Chinese lacquer quickly by using a high-pressure mercury lamp of 365 nm wavelength as a UV source. The effects of mainly specific components and the role of each reactive group of urushiol in the course of UV exposure were well-studied. The UV-induced polymeric behavior of Chinese lacquer was also investigated by FT-IR,1H NMR, SEM, TGA, and Py-GC/MS. In addition, the UV curing waterborne Chinese lacquer films were fabricated. Furthermore, the UV curing PU/MS nanocomposties were prepared by in situ method.
It was found that the UV-cured Chinese lacquer films could be completely dried within 2 min in the absence of any additional photoinitiator, and that urushiol was the main component to form Chinese lacquer films, and decomposed to generate the urushiol semiquinone radicals, which sequentially induced the polymerization of Chinese lacquer by radical polymerization, as well as radical substitution under UV irradiation. In addition, the TG analysis suggested that polysaccharide and glycoproteins were integrated with the UV-cured films by covalent bonding. Furthermore, this method could be suitable to fast cure other phenol bearing long aliphatic unsaturated chain, such as CNSL. At the same time, the UV-cured Chinese lacquer films and the UV curing waterborne Chinese lacquer films had excellent properties. MS nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed in the polymer matrix.
Free of the restriction of relative humidity and temperature, this fast curable technology would bring bright and significant prospects into the field of the protection and/or restoration of archeological findings coated by lacquer or excavated lacquer wares and the new application of this lacquer. More interestedly, the dead lacquer, urushiol-based polymers, together with other long aliphatic unsaturated chain phenol derivatives such as CNSL, could also be rapidly dried within 2 min by using this method without an additional photoinitiator.
本工作采用紫外光辐照法,在无外加光引发剂的条件下,研究天然生漆成膜条件；以现代分析测试为手段,研究天然生漆光引发聚合行为,并对其形貌进行控制。天然生漆黏度大,不易以水为稀释剂施工,本研究结合紫外光快速固化的特点,以UE/PVA混合乳化剂,制备了可在水性环境下施工的水基化天然生漆光固化膜,并研究其纳米复合膜的性能。为实现天然生漆的功能化使用,采用原位法制备光聚合漆酚/金属硫化物纳米复合材料,研究纳米粒子分散性及纳米复合物的耐热性能。
研究发现,在无外加光引发剂的条件下,天然生漆能在2 min之内快速固化成膜,其固化膜具有优异的理化性能,找到“死漆变活”的快速途径。提出了光引发天然生漆聚合反应的机理：在紫外光辐照下,生漆漆酚羟基断裂成漆酚半醌自由基,进而进攻苯环侧链发生自由基聚合反应,或进攻苯环发生自由基取代反应,这些反应不断进行下去,最后固化成膜。实现了光固化天然生漆膜的形貌可控：光固化天然生漆膜表现出水波纹褶皱形貌,通过对其不同程度的氢化或将羟基封端,光固化天然生漆膜转化为平整光亮的膜。发现了该光固化体系的普适性：苯环上的羟基、长侧不饱和碳链是该固化体系的基础,因此该固化方法可适用于其它具有长侧不饱和碳链的酚类或邻苯二酚类衍生物的光聚合,如腰果壳液、死漆、漆酚金属及其它漆酚基改性产品。光固化水基化天然生漆膜及其纳米复合膜具有优异的理化性能,并克服了天然生漆黏度大、不易与水性环境下施工的缺点。金属硫化物纳米粒子均匀且非常小(∠10 nm)地分散在聚合漆酚基体中,该类复合物具有良好的耐热性能。
Chinese lacquer with a high gloss and superhigh durability is dried by enzyme-catalyzed process at room temperature, which is a natural, energy-saving coating, as well as an environmentally friendly product and, most importantly, a people-friendly material, and it has been used to coat objects for more than 7000 years in China. However, Chinese lacquer films are formed by a laccase-catalyzed oxidation polymerization, following a coupling reaction as well as an autoxidation reaction on the long aliphatic unsaturated side chain. And, the lacquer drying process requires severe and specific conditions (about 80-90% relative humidity at 20-30℃). Additionally, when the laccase is inactivated (we call it dead lacquer), the lacquer can not dry, so these limit the applications of lacquer. To fabricate fast drying lacquer or to be free of the restriction of relative humidity and temperature, many efforts have been performed in this field. However, these methods still need a few hours to form lacquer films. To further improve the drying rate of lacquer saps is of high importance for the protection and restoration of archeological findings coated by lacquer or excavated lacquer wares and the development of new application of this lacquer.
In this work, the UV-curing technology was introduced to dry Chinese lacquer quickly by using a high-pressure mercury lamp of 365 nm wavelength as a UV source. The effects of mainly specific components and the role of each reactive group of urushiol in the course of UV exposure were well-studied. The UV-induced polymeric behavior of Chinese lacquer was also investigated by FT-IR,1H NMR, SEM, TGA, and Py-GC/MS. In addition, the UV curing waterborne Chinese lacquer films were fabricated. Furthermore, the UV curing PU/MS nanocomposties were prepared by in situ method.
It was found that the UV-cured Chinese lacquer films could be completely dried within 2 min in the absence of any additional photoinitiator, and that urushiol was the main component to form Chinese lacquer films, and decomposed to generate the urushiol semiquinone radicals, which sequentially induced the polymerization of Chinese lacquer by radical polymerization, as well as radical substitution under UV irradiation. In addition, the TG analysis suggested that polysaccharide and glycoproteins were integrated with the UV-cured films by covalent bonding. Furthermore, this method could be suitable to fast cure other phenol bearing long aliphatic unsaturated chain, such as CNSL. At the same time, the UV-cured Chinese lacquer films and the UV curing waterborne Chinese lacquer films had excellent properties. MS nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed in the polymer matrix.
Free of the restriction of relative humidity and temperature, this fast curable technology would bring bright and significant prospects into the field of the protection and/or restoration of archeological findings coated by lacquer or excavated lacquer wares and the new application of this lacquer. More interestedly, the dead lacquer, urushiol-based polymers, together with other long aliphatic unsaturated chain phenol derivatives such as CNSL, could also be rapidly dried within 2 min by using this method without an additional photoinitiator.
引文
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