基于周期性结构的天线技术研究
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摘要
无源电磁周期性结构(Passive Electromagnetic Periodic Structures: PEPSs))作为人工电磁材料的一般实现方式，现已广泛应用于微波和天线领域。例如采用一维周期性结构实现的CRLH TL(Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Line: CRLH TL)，可将其应用于小型化微波滤波器中；以及采用二维周期性结构实现的人工磁导体AMCs(ArtificialMagnetic Conductors: AMCs)和频率选择性表面FSSs(Frequency Selective Surfaces: FSSs)，在低剖面、高增益天线应用中有着巨大的应用前景。因此，进一步深入研究周期性结构在天线中的应用具有重大的意义。本文通过理论分析与实践结合的方式，着重研究了几种周期性结构，探讨了周期性结构在天线小型化、陷波特性、低剖面和高增益等方面的应用。作者的主要研究工作和成果可以概括为：
1.研究了一维有限周期性结构的色散特性提取技术。针对元胞间仅存在弱耦合的情形，提出了高效的单元胞法；而当元胞间存在强耦合效应时，根据具体元胞是否满足对称或互易特性分别提出了均匀等效法和宏元胞法。
2.设计了基于零阶谐振的低剖面高效率天线。首先分析了CRLH TL的零阶谐振特性及其LC集总网络实现。然后分析了折叠偶极子的阻抗提升效应，并且设计了基于零阶谐振的低剖面折叠单极子天线，采用两元的MTM(Metamaterials: MTM)元胞加载，实现折叠单极子的同相馈电，并且使其阻抗提升为原来的4倍，简化了天线的匹配方式。最后设计了一种基于零阶谐振的缝隙加载的负天线，对两MTM元胞和四MTM元胞的天线结构，分别采用耦合馈电和阶梯阻抗馈电方式，不仅简化了天线的馈电结构，同时实现了低Q值高效率辐射。
3.设计了多种具有陷波特性的超宽带印刷单极子天线。首先设计了分别在辐射贴片或地板上引入倒“L”和倒“C”缝隙以实现单陷波特性，或同时在这两者地方引入倒“L”或倒“C”缝隙实现双陷波特性，并且分析其工作原理以及给出相应的等效电路。最后设计了基于周期性结构的蘑菇EBG的单陷波超宽带天线，在f3.5GHz实现较好的陷波特性。
4.设计了基于CRLH TL的串馈圆极化阵列天线。首先分析了CRLH TL的传输线理论及其LC集总网络实现，然后设计了基于CRLH TL零阶谐振特性的1分6路串馈功分器，实现了功分器的小型化，进而分析了矩形单臂螺旋天线的特性，设计了波束倾斜的矩形单臂螺旋天线，并结合串馈阵设计出串馈圆极化天线阵列。
5.研究了基于Fabry-Perot谐振腔的PRS(Partially Reflective Surface: PRS)低剖面高增益天线。首先通过研究AMC在TE模式和TM模式情况下的表面阻抗来分析AMC结构的反射相位特性和表面波带隙特性，进而从结构上对AMC进行参数化分析，得到谐振频率随主要参数的增大而降低，同相反射带宽随主要参数的增大而变小的特性，同时研究AMC结构的小型化、宽带化和多频化。最后结合AMC结构设计基于Fabry-Perot谐振腔的低剖面高增益天线。
Passive electromagnetic periodic structures (PEPSs) has been applied in microwaveantennas, always behaving as a method of realizing artificial electromagnetic materials.Taking CRLH TLs for example, they always are realized by1D periodic structures, whichusually be used in miniaturized microwave filters. Also taking AMCs and FSSs for example,they are realized by2D periodic structures, which have great prospects in low profile and highgain antennas. Thus, further research on the applications of periodic structures in antennas hasgreat significance. By using the method of combining theoretical analysis and experiments,several periodic structures are designed for the miniaturization, notch bands, low profile, andhigh gain of antennas in this dissertation. The main works and contributions in thisdissertation are outlined as follows:
1. The technique of extracting dispersion characteristics for1D periodic structure isstudied. A Unit-Cell-Method with high efficiency is advanced applicable to the periodicstructure with weak coupling among cells. When there are strong coupling among unit cells,the Macro-Cell-Method and Uniform-Equivalence-Method are separately put forward interms of the unit cell’s symmetrical properties.
2. A low-profile and high gain antenna based on zero-order resonator is designed.Firstly, the characteristic of zeroth-order resonance and the realization of lumped LC networksfor CRLH TL are analyzed. Secondly, the impedance step-up of a single dipole is introduced,and a novel low-profile folded-monopole antenna based on zeroth-order resonance ispresented, which uses two-MTM-unit-cell loaded structure, realizing cophase feedsimultaneously stepping impedance up by ratio of four, resulting in a compact way of feed.Finally, a1D slot-loaded epsilon-negative (ENG) based zeroth-order resonant antenna withimproved radiation efficiency is proposed. Coupling feed and stepped impedance feed arerespectively used for two-MTM-unit–cell and four-MTM-unit–cell antennas, simplifyingmatching method of the antenna, meanwhile realizing a low quality factor with improvedradiation efficiency.
3. Various band-notched wideband dipoles are proposed. A method of introducing aninverted L-type or C-type to achieve single band notch characteristic is put forward, orintroducing the two type slots in different place of the antenna as to realize dual band notches.Contemporarily, the working principle is analyzed and corresponding equivalent circuits arepresented. Finally, a novel band-notched monopole antenna based on the periodic structure ofmushroom EBG is designed, with good band-notched characteristic at3.5GHz.
4. A series-fed circularly-polarized array antenna based on CRLH TL is designed.Firstly the theory of CRLH TL is analyzed, also for the realization of the lumped LC networks.
Next a series six-way power divider based Zero-Order Resonant is designed, which achievesminiaturization. Then the characteristics of rectangular spiral are investigated, and arectangular spiral antenna with a titled beam is carried out. Finally, a series-fedcircularly-polarized antenna array is designed by combining the series-fed power divider.
5. A low-profile and high-gain antenna based on the Fabry-Perot theory is investigated.At first, the properties of reflection and surface band-gap of AMC are studied through doingthe research about its surface impedance in TE and TM mode separately. Secondly, theparametric analysis about the structure of AMC is carried out, obtaining the results that theresonant frequency increases with the main parameters becoming smaller, and meanwhile, thein-phase bandwidth becomes wider with the decrease of these main parameters generally. Theminiaturization, wider bandwidth and multi-frequency of AMC are also under researches.Finally, a low-profile and high-gain antenna based on the Fabry-Perot theory is designed withthe combination of AMCs.
1.研究了一维有限周期性结构的色散特性提取技术。针对元胞间仅存在弱耦合的情形，提出了高效的单元胞法；而当元胞间存在强耦合效应时，根据具体元胞是否满足对称或互易特性分别提出了均匀等效法和宏元胞法。
2.设计了基于零阶谐振的低剖面高效率天线。首先分析了CRLH TL的零阶谐振特性及其LC集总网络实现。然后分析了折叠偶极子的阻抗提升效应，并且设计了基于零阶谐振的低剖面折叠单极子天线，采用两元的MTM(Metamaterials: MTM)元胞加载，实现折叠单极子的同相馈电，并且使其阻抗提升为原来的4倍，简化了天线的匹配方式。最后设计了一种基于零阶谐振的缝隙加载的负天线，对两MTM元胞和四MTM元胞的天线结构，分别采用耦合馈电和阶梯阻抗馈电方式，不仅简化了天线的馈电结构，同时实现了低Q值高效率辐射。
3.设计了多种具有陷波特性的超宽带印刷单极子天线。首先设计了分别在辐射贴片或地板上引入倒“L”和倒“C”缝隙以实现单陷波特性，或同时在这两者地方引入倒“L”或倒“C”缝隙实现双陷波特性，并且分析其工作原理以及给出相应的等效电路。最后设计了基于周期性结构的蘑菇EBG的单陷波超宽带天线，在f3.5GHz实现较好的陷波特性。
4.设计了基于CRLH TL的串馈圆极化阵列天线。首先分析了CRLH TL的传输线理论及其LC集总网络实现，然后设计了基于CRLH TL零阶谐振特性的1分6路串馈功分器，实现了功分器的小型化，进而分析了矩形单臂螺旋天线的特性，设计了波束倾斜的矩形单臂螺旋天线，并结合串馈阵设计出串馈圆极化天线阵列。
5.研究了基于Fabry-Perot谐振腔的PRS(Partially Reflective Surface: PRS)低剖面高增益天线。首先通过研究AMC在TE模式和TM模式情况下的表面阻抗来分析AMC结构的反射相位特性和表面波带隙特性，进而从结构上对AMC进行参数化分析，得到谐振频率随主要参数的增大而降低，同相反射带宽随主要参数的增大而变小的特性，同时研究AMC结构的小型化、宽带化和多频化。最后结合AMC结构设计基于Fabry-Perot谐振腔的低剖面高增益天线。
Passive electromagnetic periodic structures (PEPSs) has been applied in microwaveantennas, always behaving as a method of realizing artificial electromagnetic materials.Taking CRLH TLs for example, they always are realized by1D periodic structures, whichusually be used in miniaturized microwave filters. Also taking AMCs and FSSs for example,they are realized by2D periodic structures, which have great prospects in low profile and highgain antennas. Thus, further research on the applications of periodic structures in antennas hasgreat significance. By using the method of combining theoretical analysis and experiments,several periodic structures are designed for the miniaturization, notch bands, low profile, andhigh gain of antennas in this dissertation. The main works and contributions in thisdissertation are outlined as follows:
1. The technique of extracting dispersion characteristics for1D periodic structure isstudied. A Unit-Cell-Method with high efficiency is advanced applicable to the periodicstructure with weak coupling among cells. When there are strong coupling among unit cells,the Macro-Cell-Method and Uniform-Equivalence-Method are separately put forward interms of the unit cell’s symmetrical properties.
2. A low-profile and high gain antenna based on zero-order resonator is designed.Firstly, the characteristic of zeroth-order resonance and the realization of lumped LC networksfor CRLH TL are analyzed. Secondly, the impedance step-up of a single dipole is introduced,and a novel low-profile folded-monopole antenna based on zeroth-order resonance ispresented, which uses two-MTM-unit-cell loaded structure, realizing cophase feedsimultaneously stepping impedance up by ratio of four, resulting in a compact way of feed.Finally, a1D slot-loaded epsilon-negative (ENG) based zeroth-order resonant antenna withimproved radiation efficiency is proposed. Coupling feed and stepped impedance feed arerespectively used for two-MTM-unit–cell and four-MTM-unit–cell antennas, simplifyingmatching method of the antenna, meanwhile realizing a low quality factor with improvedradiation efficiency.
3. Various band-notched wideband dipoles are proposed. A method of introducing aninverted L-type or C-type to achieve single band notch characteristic is put forward, orintroducing the two type slots in different place of the antenna as to realize dual band notches.Contemporarily, the working principle is analyzed and corresponding equivalent circuits arepresented. Finally, a novel band-notched monopole antenna based on the periodic structure ofmushroom EBG is designed, with good band-notched characteristic at3.5GHz.
4. A series-fed circularly-polarized array antenna based on CRLH TL is designed.Firstly the theory of CRLH TL is analyzed, also for the realization of the lumped LC networks.
Next a series six-way power divider based Zero-Order Resonant is designed, which achievesminiaturization. Then the characteristics of rectangular spiral are investigated, and arectangular spiral antenna with a titled beam is carried out. Finally, a series-fedcircularly-polarized antenna array is designed by combining the series-fed power divider.
5. A low-profile and high-gain antenna based on the Fabry-Perot theory is investigated.At first, the properties of reflection and surface band-gap of AMC are studied through doingthe research about its surface impedance in TE and TM mode separately. Secondly, theparametric analysis about the structure of AMC is carried out, obtaining the results that theresonant frequency increases with the main parameters becoming smaller, and meanwhile, thein-phase bandwidth becomes wider with the decrease of these main parameters generally. Theminiaturization, wider bandwidth and multi-frequency of AMC are also under researches.Finally, a low-profile and high-gain antenna based on the Fabry-Perot theory is designed withthe combination of AMCs.
引文
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