机载天线设计及天线系统布局研究
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摘要
论文结合科研项目进行选题研究,文中论述了机载天线的设计及天线系统的布局问题。
论文的研究工作主要分为两个部分,第一部分为机载平台无线电通信系统的天线设计,其中包括特定波束双锥天线、低剖面宽频带微带天线、相位中心稳定天线以及窄波束低副瓣阵列天线；第二部分为小型机载平台天线系统的布局设计。作者的主要工作和成果可概括如下：
1.研究了将粒子群算法(PSO)和FEKO仿真软件相结合的天线优化方法(PSO/FEKO)。该方法克服了FEKO软件在进行复杂结构优化时存在的结构重叠问题,并且能够随时中断优化过程和继续优化,具有灵活、方便的优点,能够有效地实现复杂结构模型的优化。
2.在特定波束双锥天线的设计中,提出了基于曲折型母线的波束设计方法。基于该方法,采用PSO/FEKO方法对其结构参数进行优化,实现了Ku波段双锥天线在方位角0°～360°,俯仰角65°～95°范围内增益大于1dBi的辐射特性。
3.设计了低剖面宽频带微带天线。利用U形耦合片,采用改进型GPSO/FEKO方法设计了介质厚度为1mm的宽频带微带贴片天线。实测结果表明,优化获得的微带天线的频率带宽是相同厚度矩形天线的2.33倍。
4.研制了具有稳定相位中心的圆极化微带天线。理论分析表明,采用幅度相等,相位相差120°的三馈电方式,可使圆形微带天线获得圆极化辐射特性。基于最小二乘法,推导了任意轴向切面相位方向图的视在相心(二维)计算公式,计算结果表明三馈点圆极化微带天线具有稳定的相位中心。在此基础上,应用基于复合左右手传输线的宽带相移馈电网络,设计了3dB轴比带宽为47%的宽带相位中心稳定天线。
5.设计了高性能的窄波束低副瓣阵列天线。利用GPSO算法对阵列馈电幅度分布进行优化,设计了窄波束低副瓣印刷振子阵列天线,实测结果表明天线性能满足工程需求。此外,基于参数提取方法设计了波导缝隙辐射阵面,阵列方向图仿真结果与优化结果吻合良好,方向图性能满足设计指标。
6.研究了GPSO/FEKO方法在机载平台天线系统布局设计中的应用。根据工程需求和电磁兼容布局的基本原则对天线位置进行预布局。在此基础上,利用GPSO/FEKO方法对局部区域中的天线位置进行优化设计。仿真结果和实测结果基本吻合,表明该方法在天线系统的布局设计中具有可靠性和工程实用价值。
The research works are made with scientific projects. The design methods of the airborne antennas and antenna distribution are discussed in this dissertation.
In the dissertation, the major works can be divided into two parts:several airborne antennas used for aeroplane wireless system are proposed in the first part, which includes biconical antennas with specific beam, broadband low profile microstrip antennas, circularly polarized antennas with stable phase center and array antennas with low sidelobe. The distribution of antenna system on the small airborne platform is studied in the second part. The author's major contributions are outlined as follows:
1. An optimization design method for antennas is proposed by combining particle swarm optimization (PSO) with standard software FEKO (PSO/FEKO). Antennas with complicated structures can be optimized using the proposed method without causing overlap problem in FEKO. The optimization procedure of the PSO/FEKO method can be suspended and resumed at spare time, which makes it possible to design complicated antennas in an effective, convenient and flexible manner.
2. In the design of a biconical antenna with specific beam, a beam designing method based on meandered mother-lines is proposed. The PSO/FEKO method is adopted to optimize the structural parameters. By optimizing the structural parameters with the PSG/FEKO method, gain values of the biconical antenna for Ku-band application are greater than ldBi in the rang of0°～360°in the azimuth and0°～360°in the elevation.
3. The broadband low-profile microstrip antenna is designed. With a U-shaped parasitic patch, a broadband microstrip antenna based on a thin substrate of1mm is designed using the modified GPSO/FEKO method. The measured results show that the bandwidth of the optimized antenna is2.33times as large as that of the rectangle microstrip antennas.
4. Circular polarized microstrip antennas with stable phase center are investigated and implemented. It has been theoretically proved that a circular microstrip antenna, which is excited by a triple-feeding with equal amplitudes and120°phase shifts, can obtain circularly polarized radiation characteristics. Applying the least square method, the formulas of the apparent phase center (two dimensional) for arbitrary section in phase patterns are presented, and the results illustrate that the triple-fed circular polarized microstrip antennas can achieve stable phase center. Then, using a broadband phase shifting network based on composite right/left-hand transmission line (CRLH TL), the microstrip antenna with stable phase center can provide a3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of47.88%.
5. Excellent array antennas with narrow beam and low sidelobe are designed. The feeding amplitude distributions of the array antenna are optimized by the GPSO algorithm. The printed dipole array antenna with narrow beam and low sidelobe is designed and fabricated. The measured results show that the proposed antenna can meet the requirements for engineering applications. Based on the method of parameter extracting, the waveguide slot array is designed. The simulated patterns, which agree well with the optimized ones, can satisfy the designing requirements.
6. Applications of the FEKO/GPSO method in optimizing arrangement of antennas in small aircraft platforms are investigated. The pre-layout of the antenna system is arranged according to the engineering requirements and the design principle for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of antennas. The locations of the antennas in local areas are optimized by the FEKO/GPSO method. The measured results of airborne antenna EMC agree well with the simulated ones, which show the practicability and effectiveness of this method.
论文的研究工作主要分为两个部分,第一部分为机载平台无线电通信系统的天线设计,其中包括特定波束双锥天线、低剖面宽频带微带天线、相位中心稳定天线以及窄波束低副瓣阵列天线；第二部分为小型机载平台天线系统的布局设计。作者的主要工作和成果可概括如下：
1.研究了将粒子群算法(PSO)和FEKO仿真软件相结合的天线优化方法(PSO/FEKO)。该方法克服了FEKO软件在进行复杂结构优化时存在的结构重叠问题,并且能够随时中断优化过程和继续优化,具有灵活、方便的优点,能够有效地实现复杂结构模型的优化。
2.在特定波束双锥天线的设计中,提出了基于曲折型母线的波束设计方法。基于该方法,采用PSO/FEKO方法对其结构参数进行优化,实现了Ku波段双锥天线在方位角0°～360°,俯仰角65°～95°范围内增益大于1dBi的辐射特性。
3.设计了低剖面宽频带微带天线。利用U形耦合片,采用改进型GPSO/FEKO方法设计了介质厚度为1mm的宽频带微带贴片天线。实测结果表明,优化获得的微带天线的频率带宽是相同厚度矩形天线的2.33倍。
4.研制了具有稳定相位中心的圆极化微带天线。理论分析表明,采用幅度相等,相位相差120°的三馈电方式,可使圆形微带天线获得圆极化辐射特性。基于最小二乘法,推导了任意轴向切面相位方向图的视在相心(二维)计算公式,计算结果表明三馈点圆极化微带天线具有稳定的相位中心。在此基础上,应用基于复合左右手传输线的宽带相移馈电网络,设计了3dB轴比带宽为47%的宽带相位中心稳定天线。
5.设计了高性能的窄波束低副瓣阵列天线。利用GPSO算法对阵列馈电幅度分布进行优化,设计了窄波束低副瓣印刷振子阵列天线,实测结果表明天线性能满足工程需求。此外,基于参数提取方法设计了波导缝隙辐射阵面,阵列方向图仿真结果与优化结果吻合良好,方向图性能满足设计指标。
6.研究了GPSO/FEKO方法在机载平台天线系统布局设计中的应用。根据工程需求和电磁兼容布局的基本原则对天线位置进行预布局。在此基础上,利用GPSO/FEKO方法对局部区域中的天线位置进行优化设计。仿真结果和实测结果基本吻合,表明该方法在天线系统的布局设计中具有可靠性和工程实用价值。
The research works are made with scientific projects. The design methods of the airborne antennas and antenna distribution are discussed in this dissertation.
In the dissertation, the major works can be divided into two parts:several airborne antennas used for aeroplane wireless system are proposed in the first part, which includes biconical antennas with specific beam, broadband low profile microstrip antennas, circularly polarized antennas with stable phase center and array antennas with low sidelobe. The distribution of antenna system on the small airborne platform is studied in the second part. The author's major contributions are outlined as follows:
1. An optimization design method for antennas is proposed by combining particle swarm optimization (PSO) with standard software FEKO (PSO/FEKO). Antennas with complicated structures can be optimized using the proposed method without causing overlap problem in FEKO. The optimization procedure of the PSO/FEKO method can be suspended and resumed at spare time, which makes it possible to design complicated antennas in an effective, convenient and flexible manner.
2. In the design of a biconical antenna with specific beam, a beam designing method based on meandered mother-lines is proposed. The PSO/FEKO method is adopted to optimize the structural parameters. By optimizing the structural parameters with the PSG/FEKO method, gain values of the biconical antenna for Ku-band application are greater than ldBi in the rang of0°～360°in the azimuth and0°～360°in the elevation.
3. The broadband low-profile microstrip antenna is designed. With a U-shaped parasitic patch, a broadband microstrip antenna based on a thin substrate of1mm is designed using the modified GPSO/FEKO method. The measured results show that the bandwidth of the optimized antenna is2.33times as large as that of the rectangle microstrip antennas.
4. Circular polarized microstrip antennas with stable phase center are investigated and implemented. It has been theoretically proved that a circular microstrip antenna, which is excited by a triple-feeding with equal amplitudes and120°phase shifts, can obtain circularly polarized radiation characteristics. Applying the least square method, the formulas of the apparent phase center (two dimensional) for arbitrary section in phase patterns are presented, and the results illustrate that the triple-fed circular polarized microstrip antennas can achieve stable phase center. Then, using a broadband phase shifting network based on composite right/left-hand transmission line (CRLH TL), the microstrip antenna with stable phase center can provide a3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of47.88%.
5. Excellent array antennas with narrow beam and low sidelobe are designed. The feeding amplitude distributions of the array antenna are optimized by the GPSO algorithm. The printed dipole array antenna with narrow beam and low sidelobe is designed and fabricated. The measured results show that the proposed antenna can meet the requirements for engineering applications. Based on the method of parameter extracting, the waveguide slot array is designed. The simulated patterns, which agree well with the optimized ones, can satisfy the designing requirements.
6. Applications of the FEKO/GPSO method in optimizing arrangement of antennas in small aircraft platforms are investigated. The pre-layout of the antenna system is arranged according to the engineering requirements and the design principle for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of antennas. The locations of the antennas in local areas are optimized by the FEKO/GPSO method. The measured results of airborne antenna EMC agree well with the simulated ones, which show the practicability and effectiveness of this method.
引文
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