集中水流内典型红壤分离机制及团聚体剥蚀特征研究
|
摘要
我国南方红壤丘陵区地处热带、亚热带,水热资源丰富,但由于该区域土壤性能较差,加之不合理的土地利用,土壤侵蚀退化严重。同时,该区域降雨集中且强度大,分散的地表径流由于地形影响逐渐集中,形成的集中水流冲刷地表,在土壤表面有明显的细沟和侵蚀沟出现。因此,研究该区域集中水流内红壤分离机制和红壤结构因子——团聚体在集中水流内的剥蚀特征十分必要。本文以我国南方亚热带丘陵区泥质页岩和第四纪红粘土两种典型母质发育红壤为研究对象,系统分析了水力学特性、红壤结构因子与红壤分离过程间的内在关系,并深刻探讨了水力学特性、运移距离、团聚体粒径大小、稳定性强弱对自身剥蚀程度的定量影响以及团聚体剥蚀后颗粒粒径、粒形、胶结物质的分布规律,从机理层面对红壤坡面集中水流内土壤分离机制和粗颗粒泥沙(团聚体)剥蚀过程进行了详细阐述。取得的主要结论如下：
1.在采用传统的湿筛法指标分析红壤团聚体稳定性的基础上,结合可以区分团聚体破碎方式的LB法,从多个角度综合评价了红壤团聚体稳定性。同时,针对红壤独特的成土条件和物质组成,分析了红壤基本理化性质对团聚体稳定性的影响作用机制,重点探讨了粘粒、有机质和铁铝氧化物与团聚体稳定性间的关系。
(1)由于预处理、团聚体稳定机制和衡量指标的差异,所有供试红壤团聚体稳定性排序不完全相同。湿筛法研究结果表明,在相似的土地利用状况,泥质页岩发育红壤的团聚体水稳性总是低于第四纪红粘土发育红壤(QJ4土样除外)；忽略成土母质,所供试红壤中茶园、林地、草地的农耕活动相对较少,因此水稳性相对较强。LB法测得的不同处理各红壤间差异显著性趋势不同,但所有供试红壤团聚体平均重量直径排序均为MWDFW(快速湿润) (2)团聚体稳定性参数不同,与理化性质问的相关性也明显不同。红壤团聚体稳定性主要与粘粒含量、有机质、游离态铁铝相关性较好,而与阳离子交换量、非晶形铝未有显著性相关。其中,粘粒在快速湿润的条件下所起的作用更强,与团聚体稳定性间相关性更好,而有机质、游离态氧化铁铝在维持土壤团聚体稳定性上起到主导作用。
2.通过选取扰动土样和野外原状土样,进行室内模拟集中水流冲刷试验。研究得出了不同水力学参数及水动力学参数对集中水流内红壤分离速率的定量影响。同时,综合团聚体稳定性特征参数(As)、饱和抗剪强度(σs)及根系密度(Rd)相关参数,分析其参数与集中水流内红壤分离速率、可蚀性因子及临界剪切力间定量关系。
(1)集中水流内水流流态主要以紊流、急流为主,且坡度对水流流态的影响远小于流量对流态的影响。平均流速、径流水深与坡度、流量的关系均可用幂函数来模拟。红壤分离速率是流量、坡度的幂函数,也是径流水深和坡度的幂函数,此外,红壤分离速率与坡面水流流速关系密切,呈较好的幂函数关系。所选取的水流剪切力、水流功率和单位水流功率三个水动力力参数,它们均与红壤分离速率呈线性关系,水流功率是描述红壤分离速率最为确切的水动力参数。
(2)各红壤分离速率与水流剪切力间呈较好的线性关系,但红壤间集中水流内可蚀性系数Kc与临界水流剪切力τc有较大差异。团聚体稳定性特征参数As与不同水流剪切力中红壤分离速率有较好的相关,并且与集中水流内可蚀性系数Kc呈现显著的线性关系(R2=0.70,p<0.01),同时,作物根系密度(Rd)与其呈现较好的负相关幂函数关系(R2=0.40,p=0.09)；红壤饱和抗剪强度(σs)与集中水流内临界水流剪切力(τs)亦呈较好的线性关系(R2=0.64,p=0.02)。利用WEPP细沟侵蚀模型框架,以团聚体稳定性特征参数As、根系密度Rd代替可蚀性因子Kc,饱和抗剪强度σs代替临界水流剪切力τc,通过回归分析,得出新的预测集中水流内红壤分离速率方程。
3.通过4个相关的集中水流内团聚体冲刷试验,分析得出运移距离、水力学特性、粒径大小及自身稳定性对团聚体剥蚀破坏的定量影响。首次阐述其在集中水流内剥蚀规律,团聚体剥蚀后粒径、粒形变化及红壤团聚体胶结物质—有机质、铁铝氧化物在其内外的分布特征。
(1)团聚体在坡面集中水流中的剥蚀破坏受自身稳定性、粒径大小的影响,稳定性越强、粒径越小,在不同运输距离和流量中破坏程度越小。不同粒径团聚体在坡面运移过程中的剥蚀破坏大致分为两个阶段。团聚体在坡面集中水流中的破坏机制与砾石在河流中的剥蚀破坏机制不同。团聚体剥蚀程度与径流水深、阻力系数水力学参数关系密切。融合坡度和径流水深的多元回归方程亦可准确预测不同坡度和流量条件下团聚体剥蚀破坏程度。初步得出单位水流功率是描述集中水流内红壤团聚体剥蚀破坏程度较好的水动力学参数。
(2)研究得出具有一定物理意义的机械破碎指数RMI与不同运移距离中团聚体剥蚀破坏程度Wr/Wi值均达到显著性相关(p<0.05),利用团聚体机械破碎指数RMI和运移距离x相结合,得出了集中水流中不同运移距离红壤团聚体剥蚀程度预测方程。
(3)初始对机械破碎敏感较弱的团聚体,一定运移距离内剥蚀破坏程度较低,大颗粒团聚体含量相对较多,剥蚀破坏后的MWD相应较大。剥蚀破坏后供试各红壤间微团聚体粒径粒形变化不大,而形状因子(Cir)的Ds0值均随运移距离的增加呈现对数函数增加的趋势。即对机械破碎程度敏感较弱的团聚体,定运移距离剥蚀破坏后微团聚体颗粒形状愈接近球形。
(4)红壤团聚体中主要胶结物质有机质(SOM)、游离态铁铝(Fed和Ald)在团聚体内外并非均匀分布,而是集中于团聚体颗粒内部,且经过一定运移距离剥蚀后的团聚体内部SOM、Fed和Ald含量对其原土中相应含量值贡献最大。
Hilly red soil region of southeast China locate in the tropical and subtropical area, and they are abundant in hydrothermal resources. However, many reasons, such as undulating topography, poor soil properties, improper land use and soil management, have caused severe soil erosion in this region. Besides, due to the effects of high intensity rainfalls and topographic, the rills and gullies caused by washing are obvious on the surface of the soil in this area. It is important and essential to understand the red soil detachment mechanism and aggregate (Red soil structure factor) abrasion characteristic in concentrated flow. In this paper, selected soils were derived from Quaternary red clay and Shale, which were main parent materials in this region. The relationship between hydraulic characteristics, red soil structure factor and red soil detachment processes were obtained. In addition, we analyzed the quantitative effects of hydraulic characteristics, transport distance, particle size and stability on aggregate abrasion degree, and the distribution of aggregate size, shape and cementing material after it abrasion in concentrated flow was also studied. The main results were listed as following:
1. The red soil aggregate stability and breakdown mechanisms were estimated by traditional wet-sieving and LB method. Moreover, due to the subtropical conditions of the red soil region, the relationship between and aggregate stability and some basic physical and chemical properties were studied. Especially, we focused on analyzing the effects of clay content, organic matter, and different forms of Fe oxides and Al oxides on selected red soil aggregate stability.
(1) The trend of the aggregate stability was not always the same because of the difference of pretreatment and selected indexes. In the wet-sieving method, for similar land use of the two parent materials, the water stability of the aggregates from Quaternary red clay was stronger than those from Shale except QJ4sample. Because of the relatively small farming activities, the water stability of the aggregates from tea garden, woodland and weed land was also stronger than cropland. In the LB method, values of these parameters did not always show the same trend in different treatments. In all the soil samples of the three treatments, aggregate stability was the greatest for the slow-wetting treatment (MWDSW), followed by the wet-stirring treatment(MWDws) and the fast-wetting treatment (MWDFW).This result showed that slaking and mechanical breakdown were probably the main mechanisms of aggregate breakdown in these study soils.
(2) Because of the difference of the parameters from aggregate stability, the correlation between the red soil physical and chemical properties and the aggregate stability was significantly different. In this study, the aggregate stability was significantly correlated with the contents of soil organic matter, free iron and aluminum oxides, while not significantly related to cation exchange capacity and acid ammonium oxalate extracted aluminum oxides. The clay content played an important role while the aggregate was suffered the fast wetting conditions. Organic matter and free iron and aluminum oxides played a leading role in maintaining the aggregate stability.
2. Through selected disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, concentrated flow simulation and measurements of detachment was carried out in this study. The quantitative effects of hydrodynamics on red soil detachment rate in concentrated flow were analyzed. Further, this study was conducted to establish the quantitative relationship between soil detachment rate in concentrated flow with the aggregate stability index (As), root density (Rd) and saturated soil strength (σs).
(1) The flow regime was mainly turbulent and torrent in this concentrated flow. The effect of slope was smaller than discharge on flow regime. It could be used the power function to simulate the relationship between velocity or flow deep with slope and discharge. The red soil detachment rate would be predicted by the power function of discharge and slope, or flow deep and slope, or velocity. Among shear stress, stream power and unit stream power, all of them were a linear relation with red soil detachment rate, and stream power was the best related to soil detachment rate.
(2) The results showed a linear relationship between the detachment rates and shear stress for different soils. It was clear that erodibilities and critical shear stresses varied among different soil samples. The correlation between the aggregate stability index (As) and the soil detachment rates showed that As was well related with soil detachment rate. The As values had better linear relationship with concentrated flow erodibility factors (R2=0.70, p<0.01), and a significant negative exponential relationship between Kc and root density (Rd) was obtained at the10%level (R2=0.40, p=0.09). A positive linear relationship between saturated soil shear strength and critical flow shear stress could be also observed for study soils (R2=0.64, p=0.02). By introducing As, Rd and σs into the WEPP model frame as a substitute for soil erodibility factor and critical flow shear stress, statistical formulae for estimating red soil detachment rate were established with a good correlation coefficient.
3. Fore related test of the aggregate abrasion were conducted in concentrated flow. We analyzed the quantitative effects of transport distance, hydraulic characteristics, particle size and aggregate stability on aggregate abrasion degree. And the abrasion regularities, the distribution of aggregate size, shape and cementing material (organic matter, iron and aluminum oxides) after it abrasion in concentrated flow was also studied.
(1) The abrasion of aggregates in concentrated flow was affected by its stability and particle size. Aggregate with higher stability or smaller size suffered less extent of abrasion in different transport distances and discharges. The study revealed that the mechanism of abrasion and destruction of soil aggregates in concentrated flow was different from the mechanism of the abrasion of rock fragments in river flow, and two stages of aggregate breakdown could be identified. These results demonstrated that flow depth and friction factor should be appropriation indicators to reflect aggregate abrasion in concentrated flow. The aggregate abrasion degree under different slopes and discharges could be predicted from the slope and flow deep. Among three hydrodynamic parameters, unit stream power was the best related to aggregate abrasion.
(2) In the present study, the Wr/Wi(%) values were highly correlated to RMI from LB method in different transport distances (p<0.05), and therefore it would be logical to include the RMI and transport distance x in the aggregate abrasion prediction equation. A multiple regression equation was then developed, relating Wr/Wi(%) to RMI and x for all the tested samples
(3) The aggregate with weaker susceptible to mechanical breakdown, the content of large particles and the value of MWD were higher under them suffered to abrade in a transport distance. There are small changes in the particle size and shape after the aggregate abraded, and the D50of shape factor (Cir) was logarithmic function increasing with the transport distance increasing. The aggregate with weaker susceptible to mechanical breakdown, the micro-aggregate was more nearly spherical under them suffered to abrade in a transport distance.
(4) From the preceding study, the dominantly cementing agents of the aggregate were organic matter, free iron and aluminum oxides (SOM, Fed and Ald). The organic matter, free iron and aluminum oxides contents distribute mainly near the inside of the aggregate and in the aggregates inside were higher than the aggregates outside. The SOM, Fed and Ald contents of the aggregates retained on the0.25mm sieve after subjecting to abrade upon72m distances in overland flow (Ag72m>o.25) were larger contributed to the bulk SOM, Fed and Ald contents in the study soils from the high correlation coefficients.
1.在采用传统的湿筛法指标分析红壤团聚体稳定性的基础上,结合可以区分团聚体破碎方式的LB法,从多个角度综合评价了红壤团聚体稳定性。同时,针对红壤独特的成土条件和物质组成,分析了红壤基本理化性质对团聚体稳定性的影响作用机制,重点探讨了粘粒、有机质和铁铝氧化物与团聚体稳定性间的关系。
(1)由于预处理、团聚体稳定机制和衡量指标的差异,所有供试红壤团聚体稳定性排序不完全相同。湿筛法研究结果表明,在相似的土地利用状况,泥质页岩发育红壤的团聚体水稳性总是低于第四纪红粘土发育红壤(QJ4土样除外)；忽略成土母质,所供试红壤中茶园、林地、草地的农耕活动相对较少,因此水稳性相对较强。LB法测得的不同处理各红壤间差异显著性趋势不同,但所有供试红壤团聚体平均重量直径排序均为MWDFW(快速湿润)
2.通过选取扰动土样和野外原状土样,进行室内模拟集中水流冲刷试验。研究得出了不同水力学参数及水动力学参数对集中水流内红壤分离速率的定量影响。同时,综合团聚体稳定性特征参数(As)、饱和抗剪强度(σs)及根系密度(Rd)相关参数,分析其参数与集中水流内红壤分离速率、可蚀性因子及临界剪切力间定量关系。
(1)集中水流内水流流态主要以紊流、急流为主,且坡度对水流流态的影响远小于流量对流态的影响。平均流速、径流水深与坡度、流量的关系均可用幂函数来模拟。红壤分离速率是流量、坡度的幂函数,也是径流水深和坡度的幂函数,此外,红壤分离速率与坡面水流流速关系密切,呈较好的幂函数关系。所选取的水流剪切力、水流功率和单位水流功率三个水动力力参数,它们均与红壤分离速率呈线性关系,水流功率是描述红壤分离速率最为确切的水动力参数。
(2)各红壤分离速率与水流剪切力间呈较好的线性关系,但红壤间集中水流内可蚀性系数Kc与临界水流剪切力τc有较大差异。团聚体稳定性特征参数As与不同水流剪切力中红壤分离速率有较好的相关,并且与集中水流内可蚀性系数Kc呈现显著的线性关系(R2=0.70,p<0.01),同时,作物根系密度(Rd)与其呈现较好的负相关幂函数关系(R2=0.40,p=0.09)；红壤饱和抗剪强度(σs)与集中水流内临界水流剪切力(τs)亦呈较好的线性关系(R2=0.64,p=0.02)。利用WEPP细沟侵蚀模型框架,以团聚体稳定性特征参数As、根系密度Rd代替可蚀性因子Kc,饱和抗剪强度σs代替临界水流剪切力τc,通过回归分析,得出新的预测集中水流内红壤分离速率方程。
3.通过4个相关的集中水流内团聚体冲刷试验,分析得出运移距离、水力学特性、粒径大小及自身稳定性对团聚体剥蚀破坏的定量影响。首次阐述其在集中水流内剥蚀规律,团聚体剥蚀后粒径、粒形变化及红壤团聚体胶结物质—有机质、铁铝氧化物在其内外的分布特征。
(1)团聚体在坡面集中水流中的剥蚀破坏受自身稳定性、粒径大小的影响,稳定性越强、粒径越小,在不同运输距离和流量中破坏程度越小。不同粒径团聚体在坡面运移过程中的剥蚀破坏大致分为两个阶段。团聚体在坡面集中水流中的破坏机制与砾石在河流中的剥蚀破坏机制不同。团聚体剥蚀程度与径流水深、阻力系数水力学参数关系密切。融合坡度和径流水深的多元回归方程亦可准确预测不同坡度和流量条件下团聚体剥蚀破坏程度。初步得出单位水流功率是描述集中水流内红壤团聚体剥蚀破坏程度较好的水动力学参数。
(2)研究得出具有一定物理意义的机械破碎指数RMI与不同运移距离中团聚体剥蚀破坏程度Wr/Wi值均达到显著性相关(p<0.05),利用团聚体机械破碎指数RMI和运移距离x相结合,得出了集中水流中不同运移距离红壤团聚体剥蚀程度预测方程。
(3)初始对机械破碎敏感较弱的团聚体,一定运移距离内剥蚀破坏程度较低,大颗粒团聚体含量相对较多,剥蚀破坏后的MWD相应较大。剥蚀破坏后供试各红壤间微团聚体粒径粒形变化不大,而形状因子(Cir)的Ds0值均随运移距离的增加呈现对数函数增加的趋势。即对机械破碎程度敏感较弱的团聚体,定运移距离剥蚀破坏后微团聚体颗粒形状愈接近球形。
(4)红壤团聚体中主要胶结物质有机质(SOM)、游离态铁铝(Fed和Ald)在团聚体内外并非均匀分布,而是集中于团聚体颗粒内部,且经过一定运移距离剥蚀后的团聚体内部SOM、Fed和Ald含量对其原土中相应含量值贡献最大。
Hilly red soil region of southeast China locate in the tropical and subtropical area, and they are abundant in hydrothermal resources. However, many reasons, such as undulating topography, poor soil properties, improper land use and soil management, have caused severe soil erosion in this region. Besides, due to the effects of high intensity rainfalls and topographic, the rills and gullies caused by washing are obvious on the surface of the soil in this area. It is important and essential to understand the red soil detachment mechanism and aggregate (Red soil structure factor) abrasion characteristic in concentrated flow. In this paper, selected soils were derived from Quaternary red clay and Shale, which were main parent materials in this region. The relationship between hydraulic characteristics, red soil structure factor and red soil detachment processes were obtained. In addition, we analyzed the quantitative effects of hydraulic characteristics, transport distance, particle size and stability on aggregate abrasion degree, and the distribution of aggregate size, shape and cementing material after it abrasion in concentrated flow was also studied. The main results were listed as following:
1. The red soil aggregate stability and breakdown mechanisms were estimated by traditional wet-sieving and LB method. Moreover, due to the subtropical conditions of the red soil region, the relationship between and aggregate stability and some basic physical and chemical properties were studied. Especially, we focused on analyzing the effects of clay content, organic matter, and different forms of Fe oxides and Al oxides on selected red soil aggregate stability.
(1) The trend of the aggregate stability was not always the same because of the difference of pretreatment and selected indexes. In the wet-sieving method, for similar land use of the two parent materials, the water stability of the aggregates from Quaternary red clay was stronger than those from Shale except QJ4sample. Because of the relatively small farming activities, the water stability of the aggregates from tea garden, woodland and weed land was also stronger than cropland. In the LB method, values of these parameters did not always show the same trend in different treatments. In all the soil samples of the three treatments, aggregate stability was the greatest for the slow-wetting treatment (MWDSW), followed by the wet-stirring treatment(MWDws) and the fast-wetting treatment (MWDFW).This result showed that slaking and mechanical breakdown were probably the main mechanisms of aggregate breakdown in these study soils.
(2) Because of the difference of the parameters from aggregate stability, the correlation between the red soil physical and chemical properties and the aggregate stability was significantly different. In this study, the aggregate stability was significantly correlated with the contents of soil organic matter, free iron and aluminum oxides, while not significantly related to cation exchange capacity and acid ammonium oxalate extracted aluminum oxides. The clay content played an important role while the aggregate was suffered the fast wetting conditions. Organic matter and free iron and aluminum oxides played a leading role in maintaining the aggregate stability.
2. Through selected disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, concentrated flow simulation and measurements of detachment was carried out in this study. The quantitative effects of hydrodynamics on red soil detachment rate in concentrated flow were analyzed. Further, this study was conducted to establish the quantitative relationship between soil detachment rate in concentrated flow with the aggregate stability index (As), root density (Rd) and saturated soil strength (σs).
(1) The flow regime was mainly turbulent and torrent in this concentrated flow. The effect of slope was smaller than discharge on flow regime. It could be used the power function to simulate the relationship between velocity or flow deep with slope and discharge. The red soil detachment rate would be predicted by the power function of discharge and slope, or flow deep and slope, or velocity. Among shear stress, stream power and unit stream power, all of them were a linear relation with red soil detachment rate, and stream power was the best related to soil detachment rate.
(2) The results showed a linear relationship between the detachment rates and shear stress for different soils. It was clear that erodibilities and critical shear stresses varied among different soil samples. The correlation between the aggregate stability index (As) and the soil detachment rates showed that As was well related with soil detachment rate. The As values had better linear relationship with concentrated flow erodibility factors (R2=0.70, p<0.01), and a significant negative exponential relationship between Kc and root density (Rd) was obtained at the10%level (R2=0.40, p=0.09). A positive linear relationship between saturated soil shear strength and critical flow shear stress could be also observed for study soils (R2=0.64, p=0.02). By introducing As, Rd and σs into the WEPP model frame as a substitute for soil erodibility factor and critical flow shear stress, statistical formulae for estimating red soil detachment rate were established with a good correlation coefficient.
3. Fore related test of the aggregate abrasion were conducted in concentrated flow. We analyzed the quantitative effects of transport distance, hydraulic characteristics, particle size and aggregate stability on aggregate abrasion degree. And the abrasion regularities, the distribution of aggregate size, shape and cementing material (organic matter, iron and aluminum oxides) after it abrasion in concentrated flow was also studied.
(1) The abrasion of aggregates in concentrated flow was affected by its stability and particle size. Aggregate with higher stability or smaller size suffered less extent of abrasion in different transport distances and discharges. The study revealed that the mechanism of abrasion and destruction of soil aggregates in concentrated flow was different from the mechanism of the abrasion of rock fragments in river flow, and two stages of aggregate breakdown could be identified. These results demonstrated that flow depth and friction factor should be appropriation indicators to reflect aggregate abrasion in concentrated flow. The aggregate abrasion degree under different slopes and discharges could be predicted from the slope and flow deep. Among three hydrodynamic parameters, unit stream power was the best related to aggregate abrasion.
(2) In the present study, the Wr/Wi(%) values were highly correlated to RMI from LB method in different transport distances (p<0.05), and therefore it would be logical to include the RMI and transport distance x in the aggregate abrasion prediction equation. A multiple regression equation was then developed, relating Wr/Wi(%) to RMI and x for all the tested samples
(3) The aggregate with weaker susceptible to mechanical breakdown, the content of large particles and the value of MWD were higher under them suffered to abrade in a transport distance. There are small changes in the particle size and shape after the aggregate abraded, and the D50of shape factor (Cir) was logarithmic function increasing with the transport distance increasing. The aggregate with weaker susceptible to mechanical breakdown, the micro-aggregate was more nearly spherical under them suffered to abrade in a transport distance.
(4) From the preceding study, the dominantly cementing agents of the aggregate were organic matter, free iron and aluminum oxides (SOM, Fed and Ald). The organic matter, free iron and aluminum oxides contents distribute mainly near the inside of the aggregate and in the aggregates inside were higher than the aggregates outside. The SOM, Fed and Ald contents of the aggregates retained on the0.25mm sieve after subjecting to abrade upon72m distances in overland flow (Ag72m>o.25) were larger contributed to the bulk SOM, Fed and Ald contents in the study soils from the high correlation coefficients.
引文
1. Bernard Barthes, Eric Roose.表层土壤团聚体稳定性对径流及土壤侵蚀的影响.中国水土保持,2002,7：23.
2. 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.北京：中国农业出版社.1999.
3. 蔡强国.小流域侵蚀产沙过程模型.第二届全国泥沙基本理论研究学术讨论会论文集.北京：中国水利水电出版社,1995,233-238.
4. 陈国祥.土壤侵蚀与流域产沙的物理过程及预报模拟.全国泥沙基本理论研究学术讨论会会议论文集.北京：中国水利水电出版社,1995,214-249.
5. 丁文峰,李占斌,丁登山.坡面细沟侵蚀过程的水动力学特征试验研究.水土保持学报,2002,16(3)：72-75.
6. 范云涛,雷廷武,蔡强国.湿润速度对土壤表面强度和土壤团聚体结构的影响。农业工程学报,2008,24(5)：46-50.
7. 郭培才,王佑民.黄土高原沙棘林地土壤抗蚀性及其指标的研究.西北林学院学报,1989,4(1)：80-86.
8. 郭伟,史志华,陈利顶,李朝霞,闫峰陵,蔡崇法.不同湿润速率对三种红壤坡面侵蚀过程的影响.土壤学报,2008,45(1)：26-31.
9. 郭伟,史志华,陈利顶,李朝霞,闫峰陵,蔡崇法.红壤表土团聚体粒径对坡面侵蚀过程的影响.生态学报,2007,27(6)：516-522.
10.何小武,张光辉,刘宝元.坡面薄层水流的土壤分离实验研究.农业工程学报,2003,19(6)52-55.
11.何云峰,徐建民,侯惠珍.有机无机复合作用对红壤团聚体组成及腐殖质氧化稳定性的影响.浙江农业学报,1998,10(4)：197-201.
12.何园球,孙波.红壤质量演变与调控.北京：科学出版社,2008.
13.胡世雄,靳长兴.坡面流与坡面侵蚀动力过程研究的最新进展.地理研究,1998,17(3)：326-335.
14.胡霞,蔡强国,李连有,蔡崇法,李顺江,朱远达.人工降雨条件下几种土壤结皮发育特征.土壤学报,2005,42：504-507.
15.华孟,王坚.土壤物理学.北京：北京农业大学出版社,1993,13-18.
16.江忠善,宋文经.坡面流速的试验研究.中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所刊集,1988,7：46-52.
17.敬向锋,吕宏兴,潘成忠,潘志宝,雒天峰,吉丽娜.坡面薄层水流流态判定方法的初步探讨.农业工程学报,2007,23(5)：56-61.
18.李鹏,李占斌,郑良勇.黄土坡面径流侵蚀产沙动力过程模拟与研究.水科学进展,2006,17(4)：443-449.
19.李学垣.土壤化学及实验指导.北京：中国农业出版社,1997.
20.李勇,昊钦孝,朱显漠,田积莹.黄土高原植物根系提高土壤抗冲性能的研究：Ⅰ油松人工林根系对土壤抗冲性的增效研究.水土保持学报,1990,4(1)：1-5,10.
21.李占斌,鲁克新,丁文峰.黄土坡面土壤侵蚀动力过程实验研究.水土保持学报,2002,16(2)：5-7.
22.李占斌,朱冰冰,李鹏.土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究进展.土壤学报,2008,45(5)：802-809.
23.李朝霞,蔡崇法,史志华,王天巍,张琪,孙占成.鄂南第四纪粘土红壤团聚体的稳定性及其稳定机制初探.水土保持学报,2004,18(4)：69-72.
24.李智广,曹炜,刘秉正,罗志东.我国水土流失状况与发展趋势研究.中国水土保持科学,2008,6(1)：57-62.
25.刘青泉,李家春,陈力,向华.坡面流及土壤侵蚀动力学(Ⅰ)—坡面流.力学进展,2004,34(3)：360-372.
26.柳玉梅,张光辉,李丽娟,韩艳峰.坡面流水动力学参数对土壤分离能力的定量影响.农业工程学报,2009,25(6)：96-99.
27.刘震.从我国水土流失现状看水土保持生态建设战略布局及主要任务.理论探讨,2002,7：31-33.
28.卢金伟,李占斌.土壤团聚体研究进展.水土保持研究,2002,9(1)：81-85.
29.罗榕婷,张光辉,曹颖.坡面含沙水流水动力学特性的研究进展.地理科学进展,2009,28(4)：567-574.
30.潘成忠,上官周平.不同坡度草地含沙水流水力学特性及其拦沙机理.水科学进展,2007,18(4)：490-495.
31.潘成忠,上官周平.降雨和坡度对坡面流水动力学参数的影响.应用基础与工程科学学报,2009,17(6)：843-851.
32.任熠,王先拓,王玉宽,傅斌,王勇强.紫色土坡面细沟流的水动力学特征试验研究.水土保持学报,2007,21(6)：04-14.
33.沙际德,蒋允静.试论初生态侵蚀性坡面薄层水流的基本动力特性.水土保持学报,1995,9(4)：29-35.
34.史德明,杨艳生,姚宗虞.土壤侵蚀调查方法中的侵蚀试验研究和侵蚀量测定问题.中国水土保持,1983,6：21-22.
35.史冬梅,陈晏.紫色丘陵区农林混作模式的土壤抗冲性影响因素.中国农业科学,2008,41(5)：1400-1409.
36.史志华,闫峰陵,李朝霞,王天巍,蔡崇法.红壤表土团聚体破碎方式对坡面产流过程 的影响.自然科学进展,2007,17(2)：217224.
37.水利部,中国科学院,中国工程院.中国水土流失防治与生态安全—南方红壤区卷.北京：科学出版社,2010.
38.唐克丽.中国水土保持.北京：科学出版社,2004.
39.田积莹,黄义端.子午岭连家砭地区土壤物理性质与土壤抗侵蚀性指标的初步研究.土壤学报,1964,12(3)：286-296.
40.王清奎,汪思龙.土壤团聚体形成与稳定机制及影响因素.土壤通报,2005,36(3)：416-421.
41.王瑄,李占斌,尚佰晓,郑良勇.坡面土壤剥蚀率与水蚀因子关系室内模拟试验.农业工程学报,2008,24(9)：22-26.
42.魏朝富,谢德体,陈世正.紫色水稻土有机无机复合与土壤团聚体关系.土壤学报,1996,33(1)：70-76.
43.吴普特.动力水蚀实验研究.西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1997.
44.吴普特,周佩华.坡面薄层水流流动型态与侵蚀搬运方式的研究.水土保持学报,1992,6(1)：1924.
45.吴普特,周佩华.雨滴击溅对薄层水流水力摩阻系数的影响.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1994,8(2)：39-42.
46.熊毅,陈家坊,土壤胶体,第三册,土壤胶体的性质.北京：科学出版社,1990.
47.闫峰陵,李朝霞,史志华,蔡崇法.红壤团聚体特征与坡面侵蚀定量关系.农业工程学报,2009,25(3)：37-41.
48.杨锦.人工加糙坡面薄层水流水动力学特性试验研究.[硕士学位论文].杨凌：西北农林科技大学图书馆,2008.
49.杨玉盛,何宗明,林光耀,罗学升.不同治理模式对严重退化红壤抗蚀性影响的研究.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1996,2(2)：32-37.
50.姚文艺.坡面流流速计算的研究.中国水土保持,1993,3：21-25.
51.姚文艺.坡面流阻力规律试验研究.泥沙研究,1996,3：74-82.
52.于东升,史学正,王宁.用人工模拟降雨研究亚热带坡耕地土壤的沟蚀和沟间侵蚀.土壤学报,2001,38(2)：160-166.
53.张凤荣.土壤地理学.北京：中国农业出版社,2002.
54.张光辉.坡面薄层流水动力学特性的实验研究.水科学进展,2002,13(2)：061-561.
55.张光辉.坡面水蚀过程水动力学研究进展.水科学进展,2001,12(3)：395-402.
56.张光辉,刘宝元,张科利.坡面径流分离土壤水动力学实验研究.土壤学报,2002,39(6)：882-886.
57.张洪江.土壤侵蚀原理.北京：中国林业出版社,2006.
58.张宽地,吕宏兴,王光谦,刘俊娥,王占礼.人工加糙床面滚波流水动力学特性研究.农业工程学报,2011,26(4)：28-34.
59.张科利.黄土坡面细沟侵蚀中的水流阻力规律研究.人民黄河,1998,20(8)：13-15.
60.张科利,唐克丽.黄土坡面细沟侵蚀能力的水动力学试验研究.土壤学报,2000,37(1)：9-15.
61.章明奎,何振立,陈国潮,黄昌勇.利用方式对红壤水稳性团聚体形成的影响.土壤学报,1997,34(4)：359-366.
62.张平仓,杨勤科,夏艳华.长江中上游地区土壤侵蚀机制及过程试验研究.长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(4)：376-382.
63.赵其国.中国东部红壤区土壤退化的时空变化、机理及调控对策.北京：科学出版社,2002.
64.郑粉莉.黄土区坡耕地细沟间侵蚀和细沟侵蚀的研究.土壤学报,1998,35(1)：95-103.
65.郑粉莉,王占礼,杨勤科.我国土壤侵蚀科学研究回顾和展望.自然杂志,2008,30(1)：12-16.
66.郑良勇,李占斌,李鹏.黄土区陡坡径流水动力学特性试验研究.水利学报,2004,(5)：46-51.
67.中国科学技术协会.土壤学学科发展报告.北京：中国科学技术出版社,2011.
68.中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤理化分析.上海：上海科学技术出版社,1978.
69.中国土壤系统分类(第三版).合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社,2001.
70.周正朝,上官周平.子午岭次生林植被演替过程的土壤抗冲性.生态学报,2006,26(10)：3270-3275.
71. Abrahams AD, Li G. Effect of saltating sediment on flow resistance and bed roughness in overland flow. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1998,23(10):953-960.
72. Abrahams AD, Li G, Krishana C, Atkinson, JF. A sediment transport equation for intertill overland flow on rough surface. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2001,26: 1443-1459.
73. Abrahams AD, Parsons AJ, Luk SH. Field measurement of the velocity of overland flow using dye tracing. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1985,11:653-657.
74. Abrahams AD, Parsons AJ, Hirsch P J. Field and laboratory studies of resistance to interrill overland flow on semi-arid hillslopes, southern Arizona. In:Parsons AJ, Abrahams AD (eds). Overland Flow:Hydraulics and Erosion Mechanics. London:UCL Press,1992:1-23.
75. Abu-Hamdeh NH, Abo-Qudais SA, Othman AM. Effect of soil aggregate size on infiltration and erosion characteristics. European Journal of Soil Science,2006,57:609-616.
76. Alonso CV, Neibling WH, Foster GR. Estimating sediment transport capacity in watershed modeling. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1981,24(5): 1211-1220,1226.
77. Amezketa E. Soil aggregate stability:a review. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,1999,14: 2,83-151.
78. Amezketa E, Singer MJ, Le Bissonnais Y. Testing a new procedure for measuring water-stable aggregation. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1996,60(3):888-894.
79. Asadi H, Gnadiri H, Rose CW, Rouhipour H. Interrill soil erosion processes and their interaction on low slopes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2007,32(5):711-724.
80. Bagnold RA. An approach to the sediment transport problem from general physics. U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 422-1.1966,5.
81. Barthses B, Roose E. Aggregate stability as an indicator of soil susceptibility to runoff and erosion; validation at several levels. Catena,2002,47(2):133-149.
82. Bohm W. Methods of Studying Root Systems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin,1979.
83. Borah D. Sediment discharge model for small watersheds. Transactions of the ASAE,1989, 32(3):874-880.
84. Bryan RB. Soil erodibility and processes of water erosion on hillslopes. Geomorphology, 2000,32:385-415.
85. Bryan RB. The relative erodibility of soils developed in the Peak District of Derbyshire. GeografiskaAnnaler,1969,51a:145-159.
86. Bulygin SY, Nearing MA, Achasov AB. Parameters of interrill erodibility in the WEPP model. Eurasion Soil Science,2002,35(11):1237-1242.
87. Bullock MS, Kemper WD, Nelson SD. Soil cohesion as affected by freezing, water content, time and tillage. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1988,52:770-776.
88. Coote DR, Me Govern MCA, Wall GJ, Dickinson WT, Rudra RP. Seasonal variations of erodibility indices based on shear strength and aggregate stability in some Ontario Soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science,1988,68:405-416.
89. De Roo APJ, Wesseling CG, Ritsema CJ. LISEM:A single event physically based hydrological and soil erosion model for drainage basins. I:theory, input and output. Hydrological Processes.1996,10:1107-1117.
90. Dexter AR. Amelioration of soil by natural processes. Soil and Tillage Research,1991,20: 87-100.
91. Dimoyiannis D, Valmis S, Danalatos NG Interrill erosion on cultivated Greek soils: modelling sediment delivery. Earth surface processes and landforms,2006,31(8):940-949.
92. Duiker SW, Flanagan DC, Lal R. Erodibility and infiltration characteristics of five major soils of southwest Spain. Catena,2001,45 (2):103-121.
93. Duiker SW, Rhoton FE, Torrent J, Smeck NE, Lal R. Iron (hydr) oxide crystallinity effects on soil aggregation. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67:606-611.
94. Dunne T, Dietrich WE. Experimental study of Horton overland flow on tropical hillslopes,2. Hydraulic characteristics and hillslope hydrographs. Z Geomorphol Suppl.,1980,35:60-80.
95. Edwards AP, Bremner JM. Dispersion of soil particles by sonic vibration. Soil Science,1967, 18:47-63.
96. Elliot WJ, Laflen JM. A process-based rill erosion model. Transactions of the ASAE,1993, 36(1):65-72.
97. Ellison WD. Studies of raindrop erosion. Aric Eng,1944,25:131-136.
98. Emerson WW. A classification of soil aggregates based on their coherence in water. Soil Research,1967,5:47-57.
99. Emerson WW, Greenland DJ. Soil aggregates formation and stability. In:Boodt de M F, Hayes MHB, Herbillon A eds., Soil colloids and their associations in aggregates. New York: Plenum Press,1990,485-511.
100. Emmett WW. Overland flow. Kirkby MJ (ed.), Hillslope Hydrology, New York:John Wiley and Sons,1978,145-176.
101. Emmett WW. The hydraulics of overland flow on hillslopes. United States Geological Survey. Washington D C,1970,662-A.
102. Ewing L, Mitchell K. Overland flow and sediment transport on small plots. Transactions of the ASAE,1986,29(6):1572-1581.
103. Farenhorst A, Bryan RB. Particle size distribution of sediment transported by shallow flow. Catena,1995,25:47-62.
104. Flanagan DC, Nearing MA. USD A-Water Erosion Prediction Project. Hillslope Profile and Watershed Model Documentation. NSERL Report 10,1995.
105. Foster, GR, Modeling the erosion process. In:Hahn, C.T. (Ed.), Hydrologic Modeling of Small Watersheds,1982,295-380.
106. Foster GR, Huggins LF, Meyer LD. A laboratory study of rill hydraulics:I. velocity relationships. Transactions of the ASAE,1984,27(3):790-796.
107. Foster GR, Meyer LD. Transport of particles by shallow flow. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1972,15(1):99-102.
108. Fox DM, Le Bissonnais Y. Process-based analysis of aggregate stability effects on sealing, infiltration, and interrill erosion. Soil Science Society of America journal,1998,62:717-724.
109. Ghebreiyessus YT, Gantzer CJ, Alberts EE, Lentz RW. Soil erosion by concentration flow: shear stress and bulk density. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1994,37(6):1791-1797.
110. Gilley JE, Elliot WJ, Laflen JM, Simanton SR. Critical shear stress and critical flow rates for initiation of rilling. Journal of Hydrology,1993,142:251-271.
111. Gilley JE, Finker SC. Hydraulic roughness coeffients as affected by random roughness. Transactions of the ASAE,1991,33(3):897-903.
112. Gilley JE, Kottwite ER, Simanton JR. Hydraulic characteristics of Rills. Transactions of the ASAE,1990,33(6):1900-1906.
113. Gimenez R, Govers G. Flow detachment by concentrated flow on smooth and irregular beds. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002,66:1475-1483.
114. Gimenez R, Leonard J, Duval Y, Richard G, Govers G. Effect of bed topography on soil aggregates transport by rill flow. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2007,32:602-611.
115. Govers G. Relationships between discharge, velocity, and flow area for rills eroding loose, non-layered materials. Earth Surface Processes Landforms.1992,17:515-528.
116. Govers G, Everaert W, Poesen J, Rauws G, Ploey DJ, Lautridol JP. A long flume study of the dynamic factors affecting the resistance of a loamy soil to concentrated flow erosion. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1990,15:313-328.
117. Govers G, Takken I, Helming K. Soil roughness and overland flow. Agronomie,2000,20: 131-146.
118. Guy BT, Dickinson WT, Rudra RP. The roles of rainfall and runoff in the sediment transport capacity of interrill flow. Transactions of the ASAE,1987,30(5):1378-1387.
119. Gyssels G, Poesen J. The importance of plant root characteristics in controlling concentrated flow erosion rates. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2003,28:371-384.
120. Gyssels G, Poesen J, Van Dessel W, Knapen A, Debaets S. Effects of cereal roots on detachment rates of single and double drilled topsoils during concentrated flow. European Journal of Soil Science,2006,57:381-391.
121. Habib L, Morel JL, Guckert A, Plantureux S, Chenu C. Influence of root exudates on soil aggregation. Symbiosis,1990,9:87-91.
122. Hairsine PB, Rose CW, Modeling water erosion due to overland flow using physical principles,2. Rill Flow. Water Resources Research,1992,28:245-250.
123. Hairsine PB, Rose CW. Rainfall detachment and deposition:Sediment transport in the absence of flow-driven processes, Soil Science Society of America Journal,1991,55: 320-324.
124. Hirsch PJ. Hydraulic Resistance to Overland Flow on Semiarid Hillslopes:A Physical Simulation. PhD dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo,1996.
125. Hirschi MC, Barfield BJ. KYERMO-A physically based research erosion model. Part I. Model Development. Transactions of the ASAE,1988a,31(3):804-813.
126. Hirschi MC, Barfield BJ, KYERMO-A physically based research erosion model. Part II. Analysis and Testing. Transactions of the ASAE,1988b,31(3):814-820.
127. Holeplass H, Singh BR, Lal R, Carbon sequestration in soil aggregates under different crop rotations and nitrogen fertilization in an inceptisol in southeastern Norway. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2004,70:167-177.
128. Horton RE. Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins:hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology. Geological Society of America Bulletin.1945,56: 275-370.
129. Horton RE, Leach HR, Van Vliet R. Laminar sheet flow. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union.1934,15(2):393-404.
130. Huang C, Bradford JM, Laflen JM. Evaluation of the detachment transport coupling concept in the WEPP rill erosion equation. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1996,60: 734-739.
131. Huang L, Wang CY, Tan WF, Hu HQ, Cai CF, Wang MK, Distribution of organic matter in aggregates of eroded Ultisols, Central China. Soil and Tillage Research,2010,108:59-67.
132. Igwe, CA, Akamigbo FOR, Mbagwu JSC. Physical properties of soils of southeastern Nigeria and the role of some aggregating agents in their stability. Soil Science,1995,160:431-441.
133. Igwe CA, Zarei M, Stahr K. Colloidal stability in some tropical soils of southeastern Nigeria as affected by iron and aluminium oxides. Catena,2009,77:232-237.
134. Jastrow JD. Soil aggregate formation and the accrual of particulate and mineral-associated organic matter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1996,28 (4-5):665-676.
135. Kemper WD, Rosenau RC. Soil cohesion as affected by time and water content. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1984,48:1001-1006.
136. Kemper WD, Rosenau RC, Dexter AR. Cohesion development in disrupted soils as affected by clay and organic matter content and temperatures. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1987,51:860-867.
137. Kemper W, Trout J, Brown J. Furrow erosion and water and soil management. Transactions of the ASAE,1985,28(5):1564-1572.
138. King KW, Flanagan DC, Norton LD, Laflen JM. Rill erodibility parameters influenced by long-term management practices. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1995,38 (1):159-164.
139. King KW, Norton LD. Methods of rill flow velocity dynamics. American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1992,92-2542.
140. Knapen A, Poesen J, Govers G, Gyssels G, De Baets S. The effect of conservation tillage on runoff erosivity and soil erodibility during concentrated flow. Hydrological Processes,2008, 22:1497-1508.
141. Knapen A, Poesen J, Govers G, Gyssels G, Nachtergaele J. Resistance of soils to concentrated flow erosion:a review. Earth-Science Reviews,2007,80:75-109.
142. Lado M, Ben-Hur M, Shainberg I. Soil wetting and texture effects on aggregate stability, seal formation, and erosion. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004a,68:1992-1999.
143. Lado M, Paz A, Ben-Hur M. Organic matter and aggregate size interactions in infiltration seal formation, and soil loss. Soil Science Society of American Journal,2004b,68:935-942.
144. Laflen JM, Elliot WJ, Simanton JR, Holzhey CS, Koh1 KD. WEPP soil erodibility experiments for rangeland and cropland soils. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1991, 46(1):39-44.
145. Larionov GA, Bushueva OG, Dobrovol'skaya NG, Kiryukhina ZP, Litvin LF, Maksimova IA. Destruction of soil aggregates in slope flows. Eurasian Soil Science,2007,40:1128-1134.
146. Le Bissonnais Y. Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility:I. Theory and methodology. European Journal of Soil Science,1996,47(4):425-437.
147. Le Bissonnais Y, Singer MJ. Crusting, runoff, and erosion response to soil water content and successive rainfalls. Soil Science Society of American Journal,1992,56:1898-1903.
148. Legout C, Leguedois S, Le Bissonnais Y. Aggregate breakdown dynamics under rainfall compared with aggregate stability measurements. European Journal of Soil Science,2005a, 56(2):225-237.
149. Legout C, Leguedois S, Le Bissonnais Y, Issa OM. Splash distance and size distributions for various soils. Geoderma,2005b,124:279-292.
150. Legu6dois S, Le Bissonnais Y. Size fractions resulting from an aggregate stability test, interrill detachment and transport. Earth surface processes and landforms,2004,29: 1117-1129.
151. Levy GJ, Levin J, Shainberg I. Prewetting rate and aging effects on seal formation and interrill soil erosion. Soil Science,1997,162:131-139.
152. Leonard J, Richard G Estimation of runoff critical shear stress for soil erosion from soil shear strength. Catena,2004,57 (3):233-249.
153. Li G, Abrahams AD. Correction factors in the determination of mean velocity of overland flow. Earth Surface Process and Landforms,1996,21:509-515.
154. Li ZX, Cai CF, Shi ZH, Wang TW. Aggregate stability and its relationship with some chemical properties of red soils in subtropical China. Pedosphere,2005,15(1):129-136.
155. Luk SH. Effect of antecedent soil moisture content on rain wash erosion. Catena,1985,12: 129-139.
156. Lyle WM, Smerdon ET. Relation of compaction and other soil properties to erosion resistance of soils. Trans of the ASAE,1965,8:419-422.
157. Makkaveev NI. River channel and erosion at its basin. Moscow. Academy Press,1955.
158. Mamedov AI, Levy GJ, Shainberg I, Letery J. Wetting rate and soil texture effect on infiltration rate and runoff. Soil Research,2001,36:1293-1305.
159. Mamedov AI, Levy GJ, Shainberg I, Levy GJ. Wetting rate and sodicity effects on interrill erosion from semi-arid Israeli soils. Soil and Tillage Research,2002,68:121-132.
160. Mamo M, Bubenzer GD. Detachment rate, soil erodibility and soil strength as influenced by living plant roots. Part I. Laboratory study. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 2001a,44 (5):1167-1174.
161. Mamo M, Bubenzer GD. Detachment rate soil erodibility and soil strength as influenced by living plant roots. Part II. Field study. American Society of Agricultural Engineers,2001b,44 (5):1175-1181.
162. Marti nez-Mena M, Deeks LK, Williams AG. An evaluation of a fragmentation fractal dimension technique to determine soil erodibility. Geoderma,1999,90:87-98.
163. Mbagwu JSC, Schwertmann U, Some factors affecting clay dispersion and aggregate stability in selected soils of Nigeria. Int. Agrophys,2006,20:23-30.
164. Merten GH, Nearing MA, Borges ALO. Effect of sediment load on soil detachment and deposition in rills. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2001,65(3):861-868.
165. Meyer LD, Monke EJ. Mechanics of soil erosion by rainfall and overland flow. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1965,8:572-577.
166. Misra RK, Rose CW. Application and sensitivity analysis of process-based erosion model GUEST. European Journal of Soil Science,1996,47:593-604.
167. Moore ED, Burch GJ. Sediment transport capacity of sheet and rill flow:Application of unit stream power theory. Water Resources Research,1986,22:1350-1360.
168. Morgan RPC. Soil erosion and conservation, Addison-Wesley Longman, Edinburgh,1995.
169. Morgan RPC, Quinton JN, Smith RE, Govers G, Poesen JWA, Auerswald K, Chiscr G, Torn D, Styczen, ME. The European soil erosion model (EUROSEM):a dynamic approach for predicting sediment transport from fields and small catchments. Earth surface processes and landforms,1998,23:527-544.
170. Morgan RPC, Quinton JN, Rickson RJ, EUROSEM Documentation Manual. Silsoe College, Silsoe, Bedford, UK,1992.
171. Morrison JE, Richardson CW, Laflen JM, Elliott WJ. Rill erosion of a Vertisol with extended time since tillage. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1994,37 (4):1187-1196.
172. Nachtergaele J, Poesen J. Spatial and temporal variations in resistance of loess-derived soils to ephemeral gully erosion. European Journal of Soil Science,2002,53:449-463.
173. Nearing MA, Bradford JM, Parker SC. Soil detachment by shallow flow at low slopes. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1991,55:339-344.
174. Nearing MA, Foster GR, Lane LJ, Finkner SC. A process-based soil erosion model for USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Project technology. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,1989,32(5):1587-1593.
175. Nearing M, Norton L, Bulgakav A. Hydraulics and erosion in eroding rills. Water resources Research,1997,33(4):865-876.
176. Nearing MA, Simanton R, Norton D, Bulygin SJ. Soil eroding by surface water flow on a stony, semiarid hill slope. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1999,24:677-686.
177. Nearing MA, West LT, Brown LC. A consolidation model for estimating changes in rill erodibility. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1988,31: 696-700.
178. Nord G, Esteves M, Lapetite JM, Hauet A. Effect of particle density and inflow concentration of suspended sediment on bedload transport in rill flow. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2009,34:253-263.
179. Onweremadu EU, Onyia VN, Anikwe MAN. Carbon and nitrogen distribution in water-stable aggregates under two tillage techniques in Fluvisols of Owerri area, southeastern Nigeria. Soil and Tillage Research,2007,97:195-206.
180. Owoputi LO, Stolte WJ. Soil detachment in the physically based soil erosion process:a review. Trans of the ASAE,1995,38 (4):1099-1110.
181. Panabokke CR, Quirk JP. Effect of initial water content on stability of soil aggregates in water. Soil Science,1957,83:185-195.
182. Pinheiro-Dick D, Schwertmann U. Microaggregates from Oxisols and Inceptisols:dispersion through selective dissolutions and physicochemical treatments. Geoderma,1996,74:49-63.
183. Prosser IP, Rustomji P. Sediment transport capacity relations for overland flow. Progress in Physical Geography,2000,24(2):179-193.
184. Reichert JM, Norton LD. Aggregate stability and rain-impacted sheet erosion of air-dried and prewetted clayey surface soils under intense rain. Soil Science,1994,158:159-169.
185. Reid JB, Goss MJ. Changes in the aggregate stability of sandy loam effected by growing roots of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1980,31:325-328.
186. Reid JB, Goss MJ. Effect of living roots of different plant species on the aggregate stability of two arable soils. European Journal of Soil Science,1981,32:521-541.
187. Roels JM. Flow resistance in concentrated overland flow on rough slope surface. Earth Surface Process and Landforms,1984,9:541-551.
188. Romero CC, Stroosnijder L, Baigorria GA. Interrill and rill erodibility in the northern Andean Highlands. Catena,2007,70 (2):105-113.
189. Romkens MJM, Wang JY. Effect of tillage on surface roughness. Trans of the ASAE,1986, 29:429-433.
190. Rose CW. Developments in soil erosion and deposition models. Advances in Soil Science, 1985,2:2-63.
191. Rose C, Williams R, Sander C. A mathematical model of soil erosion and deposition processed:I. Theory for a plane land element. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1983,47(5):991-995.
192. Rossano C, Torri D. Detachment of soil particles by shallow flow:sampling methodology and observations. Catena,1998, (32):37-53.
193. Savat J. Resistance to flow in rough supercritical sheet flow. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1980,5(2):103-122.
194. Selby MJ. Hillslope Materials and Processes. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1993.
195. Shainberg I, Mamedov AI, Levy GJ. Role of wetting rate and rain energy in seal formation and erosion. Soil Science,2003,168:54-62.
196. Shen HW, Li RM. Rainfall effect on sheet flow over smooth surface. Transactions of the ASAE,1973,99, (HYS):771-792.
197. Sheridan GJ, So HB, Loch, RJ, Pocknee C, Walker CM. Use of laboratory-scale rill and interrill erodibility measurements for the prediction of hillslope-scale erosion on rehabilitated coal mine soils and overburdens. Soil Research,2000a,38:285-297.
198. Sheridan GJ, So HB, Loch RJ, Walker CM. Estimation of erosion model erodibility parameters from media properties. Soil Research,2000b,38 (2):256-284.
199. Shi ZH, Yan FL, Li L, Li ZX, Cai CF. Interrill erosion from disturbed and undisturbed samples in relation to topsoil aggregate stability in red soils from subtropical China. Catena, 2010,81 (3):240-248.
200. Six J, Bossuyt H, De Gryze S, Denef K. A history of research on the link between (micro) aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil and Tillage Research,2004,79: 7-31.
201. Smith MW, Cox NJ, Bracken LJ. Applying flow resistance equations to overland flows. Progress in Physical Geography,2007,31(4):363-387.
202. Soil Survey Staff (USDA). Soil taxonomy:a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Agricultural Handbook 436, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC,1999,871.
203. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Inc. SPSS Advanced Statistics 11.0. SPSS Inc., Chicago,2001.
204. Sumner ME. The electrical double layer and clay dispersion. In Sumner M. E., Stewart, B.A. (Eds.), Advaced in Soil Science:Soil Crusting, Physical and Chemical Processes. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton,1992,1-31.
205. Truman CC, Bradford JM. Ferris, JE. Antecedent water content and rainfall energy influence on soil aggregate breakdown. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1990,54:1385-1392.
206. Valmis S, Dimoyiannis D, Danalatos NG. Assessing interrill erosion rate from soil aggregate instability index, rainfall intensity and slope angle on cultivated soils in central Greece. Soil and Tillage Research,2005,80:139-147.
207. Vermang J, Demeyer V, Cornelis WM, Gabriels D. Aggregate Stability and Erosion Response to Antecedent Water Content of a Loess Soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2009, 73(3):718-726.
208. Wagner S, Cattle SR, Scholten T. Soil-aggregate formation as influenced by clay content and organic-matter amendment. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2007,170:173-180.
209. Warrington DN, Mamedov, AI, Bhardwag AK, Levy GJ. Primary particle size distribution of eroded material affected by degree of aggregate slaking and seal development. European Journal of Soil Science,2009,60:84-93.
210. Weltz MA, Awadis AB, Lane LJ. Hydraulic roughness coefficients for native, rangelands. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,1992,118(5):776-790.
211. Wicks JM, Bathurst JC. SHESED:A physically-based, distributed erosion and sediment yield component for the SHE hydrological modelling system. Journal of Hydrology,1996,175: 213-238.
212. Woodbum R, Kozachyn J.A study of relative erodibility of a group of Mississippi Gully Soils. Trans Am Geophys Union,1956,37:749-753.
213. Woolhiser DA, Hanson C L, Kuhlman AR. Overland flow on rangeland watersheds. Journal of Hydrology (N.Z.),1970,9(2):336-356.
214. Woolhiser DA, Liggett JA. Unsteady one-dimensional flow over a plane:The rising hydrograph. Water Resource Research.1967,3(3):753-771.
215. Woolhiser DA, Smith RE, Goodrich DC. KINEROS, A Kinematic Runoff and Erosion Model:Documentation and User Manual. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service,1990.
216. Wuddivira MN, Stone RJ, Ekwue EI. Clay, organic matter, and wetting effects on splash detachment and aggregate breakdown under intense rainfall. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2009,73(1):226-232.
217. Yalin MS. An expression for bed-load transportation. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE,1963,89(HY3):221-250.
218. Yan FL, Shi ZH, Li ZX, Cai CF. Estimating interrill soil erosion from aggregate stability of Ultisols in subtropical China. Soil and Tillage Research,2008,100:34-41.
219. Yang CT. Unit stream power and sediment transport. Journal of the hydraulics division, ASCE,1972(HY10):1805-1826.
220. Yoder RE. A direct method of aggregate analysis of soils and a study of the physical nature of erosion losses. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1936,28:337-351.
221. Yong NY, Wenzel HG. Mechanics of sheet flow under simulated rainfall. Journal of the hydraulics Division.1971,97(9):1367-1386.
222. Young RA. Characteristics of eroded sediment. Trans of the ASAE,1980,23:1139-1146.
223. Zhang B, Horn R. Mechanisms of aggregate stabilization in Ultisols from subtropical China. Geoderma,2001,99 (1-2):123-145.
224. Zhang B, Yang YS, Zepp H. Effect of vegetation restoration on soil and water erosion and nutrient losses of a severely eroded clayey Plinthudult in southeastern China. Catena,2004, 57:77-90.
225. Zhang GH, Liu BY, Nearing MA, Huang CH, Zhang KL. Soil detachment by shallow flow. Trans of the ASAE,2002,45(2):351-357.
226. Zhang GH, Liu GB, Tang KM, Zhang CX. Flow detachment of soils under different land uses in the loess plateau of China. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008,51(3):883-890.
227. Zhang GH, Liu YM, Han YF, Zhang CX. Sediment transport and soil detachment on steep slopes:II. Sediment feedback relationship. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2009a, 73:1298-1304.
228. Zhang GH, Tang KM, Zhang CX. Temporal variation in soil detachment under different land uses in the Loess Plateau of China. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2009b,34: 1302-1309.
229. Zhang MK, Xu JM. Restoration of surface soil fertility of an eroded red soil in southern China. Soil and Tillage Research,2005,80(1-2):13-21.
2. 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.北京：中国农业出版社.1999.
3. 蔡强国.小流域侵蚀产沙过程模型.第二届全国泥沙基本理论研究学术讨论会论文集.北京：中国水利水电出版社,1995,233-238.
4. 陈国祥.土壤侵蚀与流域产沙的物理过程及预报模拟.全国泥沙基本理论研究学术讨论会会议论文集.北京：中国水利水电出版社,1995,214-249.
5. 丁文峰,李占斌,丁登山.坡面细沟侵蚀过程的水动力学特征试验研究.水土保持学报,2002,16(3)：72-75.
6. 范云涛,雷廷武,蔡强国.湿润速度对土壤表面强度和土壤团聚体结构的影响。农业工程学报,2008,24(5)：46-50.
7. 郭培才,王佑民.黄土高原沙棘林地土壤抗蚀性及其指标的研究.西北林学院学报,1989,4(1)：80-86.
8. 郭伟,史志华,陈利顶,李朝霞,闫峰陵,蔡崇法.不同湿润速率对三种红壤坡面侵蚀过程的影响.土壤学报,2008,45(1)：26-31.
9. 郭伟,史志华,陈利顶,李朝霞,闫峰陵,蔡崇法.红壤表土团聚体粒径对坡面侵蚀过程的影响.生态学报,2007,27(6)：516-522.
10.何小武,张光辉,刘宝元.坡面薄层水流的土壤分离实验研究.农业工程学报,2003,19(6)52-55.
11.何云峰,徐建民,侯惠珍.有机无机复合作用对红壤团聚体组成及腐殖质氧化稳定性的影响.浙江农业学报,1998,10(4)：197-201.
12.何园球,孙波.红壤质量演变与调控.北京：科学出版社,2008.
13.胡世雄,靳长兴.坡面流与坡面侵蚀动力过程研究的最新进展.地理研究,1998,17(3)：326-335.
14.胡霞,蔡强国,李连有,蔡崇法,李顺江,朱远达.人工降雨条件下几种土壤结皮发育特征.土壤学报,2005,42：504-507.
15.华孟,王坚.土壤物理学.北京：北京农业大学出版社,1993,13-18.
16.江忠善,宋文经.坡面流速的试验研究.中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所刊集,1988,7：46-52.
17.敬向锋,吕宏兴,潘成忠,潘志宝,雒天峰,吉丽娜.坡面薄层水流流态判定方法的初步探讨.农业工程学报,2007,23(5)：56-61.
18.李鹏,李占斌,郑良勇.黄土坡面径流侵蚀产沙动力过程模拟与研究.水科学进展,2006,17(4)：443-449.
19.李学垣.土壤化学及实验指导.北京：中国农业出版社,1997.
20.李勇,昊钦孝,朱显漠,田积莹.黄土高原植物根系提高土壤抗冲性能的研究：Ⅰ油松人工林根系对土壤抗冲性的增效研究.水土保持学报,1990,4(1)：1-5,10.
21.李占斌,鲁克新,丁文峰.黄土坡面土壤侵蚀动力过程实验研究.水土保持学报,2002,16(2)：5-7.
22.李占斌,朱冰冰,李鹏.土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究进展.土壤学报,2008,45(5)：802-809.
23.李朝霞,蔡崇法,史志华,王天巍,张琪,孙占成.鄂南第四纪粘土红壤团聚体的稳定性及其稳定机制初探.水土保持学报,2004,18(4)：69-72.
24.李智广,曹炜,刘秉正,罗志东.我国水土流失状况与发展趋势研究.中国水土保持科学,2008,6(1)：57-62.
25.刘青泉,李家春,陈力,向华.坡面流及土壤侵蚀动力学(Ⅰ)—坡面流.力学进展,2004,34(3)：360-372.
26.柳玉梅,张光辉,李丽娟,韩艳峰.坡面流水动力学参数对土壤分离能力的定量影响.农业工程学报,2009,25(6)：96-99.
27.刘震.从我国水土流失现状看水土保持生态建设战略布局及主要任务.理论探讨,2002,7：31-33.
28.卢金伟,李占斌.土壤团聚体研究进展.水土保持研究,2002,9(1)：81-85.
29.罗榕婷,张光辉,曹颖.坡面含沙水流水动力学特性的研究进展.地理科学进展,2009,28(4)：567-574.
30.潘成忠,上官周平.不同坡度草地含沙水流水力学特性及其拦沙机理.水科学进展,2007,18(4)：490-495.
31.潘成忠,上官周平.降雨和坡度对坡面流水动力学参数的影响.应用基础与工程科学学报,2009,17(6)：843-851.
32.任熠,王先拓,王玉宽,傅斌,王勇强.紫色土坡面细沟流的水动力学特征试验研究.水土保持学报,2007,21(6)：04-14.
33.沙际德,蒋允静.试论初生态侵蚀性坡面薄层水流的基本动力特性.水土保持学报,1995,9(4)：29-35.
34.史德明,杨艳生,姚宗虞.土壤侵蚀调查方法中的侵蚀试验研究和侵蚀量测定问题.中国水土保持,1983,6：21-22.
35.史冬梅,陈晏.紫色丘陵区农林混作模式的土壤抗冲性影响因素.中国农业科学,2008,41(5)：1400-1409.
36.史志华,闫峰陵,李朝霞,王天巍,蔡崇法.红壤表土团聚体破碎方式对坡面产流过程 的影响.自然科学进展,2007,17(2)：217224.
37.水利部,中国科学院,中国工程院.中国水土流失防治与生态安全—南方红壤区卷.北京：科学出版社,2010.
38.唐克丽.中国水土保持.北京：科学出版社,2004.
39.田积莹,黄义端.子午岭连家砭地区土壤物理性质与土壤抗侵蚀性指标的初步研究.土壤学报,1964,12(3)：286-296.
40.王清奎,汪思龙.土壤团聚体形成与稳定机制及影响因素.土壤通报,2005,36(3)：416-421.
41.王瑄,李占斌,尚佰晓,郑良勇.坡面土壤剥蚀率与水蚀因子关系室内模拟试验.农业工程学报,2008,24(9)：22-26.
42.魏朝富,谢德体,陈世正.紫色水稻土有机无机复合与土壤团聚体关系.土壤学报,1996,33(1)：70-76.
43.吴普特.动力水蚀实验研究.西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1997.
44.吴普特,周佩华.坡面薄层水流流动型态与侵蚀搬运方式的研究.水土保持学报,1992,6(1)：1924.
45.吴普特,周佩华.雨滴击溅对薄层水流水力摩阻系数的影响.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1994,8(2)：39-42.
46.熊毅,陈家坊,土壤胶体,第三册,土壤胶体的性质.北京：科学出版社,1990.
47.闫峰陵,李朝霞,史志华,蔡崇法.红壤团聚体特征与坡面侵蚀定量关系.农业工程学报,2009,25(3)：37-41.
48.杨锦.人工加糙坡面薄层水流水动力学特性试验研究.[硕士学位论文].杨凌：西北农林科技大学图书馆,2008.
49.杨玉盛,何宗明,林光耀,罗学升.不同治理模式对严重退化红壤抗蚀性影响的研究.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1996,2(2)：32-37.
50.姚文艺.坡面流流速计算的研究.中国水土保持,1993,3：21-25.
51.姚文艺.坡面流阻力规律试验研究.泥沙研究,1996,3：74-82.
52.于东升,史学正,王宁.用人工模拟降雨研究亚热带坡耕地土壤的沟蚀和沟间侵蚀.土壤学报,2001,38(2)：160-166.
53.张凤荣.土壤地理学.北京：中国农业出版社,2002.
54.张光辉.坡面薄层流水动力学特性的实验研究.水科学进展,2002,13(2)：061-561.
55.张光辉.坡面水蚀过程水动力学研究进展.水科学进展,2001,12(3)：395-402.
56.张光辉,刘宝元,张科利.坡面径流分离土壤水动力学实验研究.土壤学报,2002,39(6)：882-886.
57.张洪江.土壤侵蚀原理.北京：中国林业出版社,2006.
58.张宽地,吕宏兴,王光谦,刘俊娥,王占礼.人工加糙床面滚波流水动力学特性研究.农业工程学报,2011,26(4)：28-34.
59.张科利.黄土坡面细沟侵蚀中的水流阻力规律研究.人民黄河,1998,20(8)：13-15.
60.张科利,唐克丽.黄土坡面细沟侵蚀能力的水动力学试验研究.土壤学报,2000,37(1)：9-15.
61.章明奎,何振立,陈国潮,黄昌勇.利用方式对红壤水稳性团聚体形成的影响.土壤学报,1997,34(4)：359-366.
62.张平仓,杨勤科,夏艳华.长江中上游地区土壤侵蚀机制及过程试验研究.长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(4)：376-382.
63.赵其国.中国东部红壤区土壤退化的时空变化、机理及调控对策.北京：科学出版社,2002.
64.郑粉莉.黄土区坡耕地细沟间侵蚀和细沟侵蚀的研究.土壤学报,1998,35(1)：95-103.
65.郑粉莉,王占礼,杨勤科.我国土壤侵蚀科学研究回顾和展望.自然杂志,2008,30(1)：12-16.
66.郑良勇,李占斌,李鹏.黄土区陡坡径流水动力学特性试验研究.水利学报,2004,(5)：46-51.
67.中国科学技术协会.土壤学学科发展报告.北京：中国科学技术出版社,2011.
68.中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤理化分析.上海：上海科学技术出版社,1978.
69.中国土壤系统分类(第三版).合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社,2001.
70.周正朝,上官周平.子午岭次生林植被演替过程的土壤抗冲性.生态学报,2006,26(10)：3270-3275.
71. Abrahams AD, Li G. Effect of saltating sediment on flow resistance and bed roughness in overland flow. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1998,23(10):953-960.
72. Abrahams AD, Li G, Krishana C, Atkinson, JF. A sediment transport equation for intertill overland flow on rough surface. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2001,26: 1443-1459.
73. Abrahams AD, Parsons AJ, Luk SH. Field measurement of the velocity of overland flow using dye tracing. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1985,11:653-657.
74. Abrahams AD, Parsons AJ, Hirsch P J. Field and laboratory studies of resistance to interrill overland flow on semi-arid hillslopes, southern Arizona. In:Parsons AJ, Abrahams AD (eds). Overland Flow:Hydraulics and Erosion Mechanics. London:UCL Press,1992:1-23.
75. Abu-Hamdeh NH, Abo-Qudais SA, Othman AM. Effect of soil aggregate size on infiltration and erosion characteristics. European Journal of Soil Science,2006,57:609-616.
76. Alonso CV, Neibling WH, Foster GR. Estimating sediment transport capacity in watershed modeling. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1981,24(5): 1211-1220,1226.
77. Amezketa E. Soil aggregate stability:a review. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,1999,14: 2,83-151.
78. Amezketa E, Singer MJ, Le Bissonnais Y. Testing a new procedure for measuring water-stable aggregation. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1996,60(3):888-894.
79. Asadi H, Gnadiri H, Rose CW, Rouhipour H. Interrill soil erosion processes and their interaction on low slopes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2007,32(5):711-724.
80. Bagnold RA. An approach to the sediment transport problem from general physics. U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 422-1.1966,5.
81. Barthses B, Roose E. Aggregate stability as an indicator of soil susceptibility to runoff and erosion; validation at several levels. Catena,2002,47(2):133-149.
82. Bohm W. Methods of Studying Root Systems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin,1979.
83. Borah D. Sediment discharge model for small watersheds. Transactions of the ASAE,1989, 32(3):874-880.
84. Bryan RB. Soil erodibility and processes of water erosion on hillslopes. Geomorphology, 2000,32:385-415.
85. Bryan RB. The relative erodibility of soils developed in the Peak District of Derbyshire. GeografiskaAnnaler,1969,51a:145-159.
86. Bulygin SY, Nearing MA, Achasov AB. Parameters of interrill erodibility in the WEPP model. Eurasion Soil Science,2002,35(11):1237-1242.
87. Bullock MS, Kemper WD, Nelson SD. Soil cohesion as affected by freezing, water content, time and tillage. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1988,52:770-776.
88. Coote DR, Me Govern MCA, Wall GJ, Dickinson WT, Rudra RP. Seasonal variations of erodibility indices based on shear strength and aggregate stability in some Ontario Soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science,1988,68:405-416.
89. De Roo APJ, Wesseling CG, Ritsema CJ. LISEM:A single event physically based hydrological and soil erosion model for drainage basins. I:theory, input and output. Hydrological Processes.1996,10:1107-1117.
90. Dexter AR. Amelioration of soil by natural processes. Soil and Tillage Research,1991,20: 87-100.
91. Dimoyiannis D, Valmis S, Danalatos NG Interrill erosion on cultivated Greek soils: modelling sediment delivery. Earth surface processes and landforms,2006,31(8):940-949.
92. Duiker SW, Flanagan DC, Lal R. Erodibility and infiltration characteristics of five major soils of southwest Spain. Catena,2001,45 (2):103-121.
93. Duiker SW, Rhoton FE, Torrent J, Smeck NE, Lal R. Iron (hydr) oxide crystallinity effects on soil aggregation. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67:606-611.
94. Dunne T, Dietrich WE. Experimental study of Horton overland flow on tropical hillslopes,2. Hydraulic characteristics and hillslope hydrographs. Z Geomorphol Suppl.,1980,35:60-80.
95. Edwards AP, Bremner JM. Dispersion of soil particles by sonic vibration. Soil Science,1967, 18:47-63.
96. Elliot WJ, Laflen JM. A process-based rill erosion model. Transactions of the ASAE,1993, 36(1):65-72.
97. Ellison WD. Studies of raindrop erosion. Aric Eng,1944,25:131-136.
98. Emerson WW. A classification of soil aggregates based on their coherence in water. Soil Research,1967,5:47-57.
99. Emerson WW, Greenland DJ. Soil aggregates formation and stability. In:Boodt de M F, Hayes MHB, Herbillon A eds., Soil colloids and their associations in aggregates. New York: Plenum Press,1990,485-511.
100. Emmett WW. Overland flow. Kirkby MJ (ed.), Hillslope Hydrology, New York:John Wiley and Sons,1978,145-176.
101. Emmett WW. The hydraulics of overland flow on hillslopes. United States Geological Survey. Washington D C,1970,662-A.
102. Ewing L, Mitchell K. Overland flow and sediment transport on small plots. Transactions of the ASAE,1986,29(6):1572-1581.
103. Farenhorst A, Bryan RB. Particle size distribution of sediment transported by shallow flow. Catena,1995,25:47-62.
104. Flanagan DC, Nearing MA. USD A-Water Erosion Prediction Project. Hillslope Profile and Watershed Model Documentation. NSERL Report 10,1995.
105. Foster, GR, Modeling the erosion process. In:Hahn, C.T. (Ed.), Hydrologic Modeling of Small Watersheds,1982,295-380.
106. Foster GR, Huggins LF, Meyer LD. A laboratory study of rill hydraulics:I. velocity relationships. Transactions of the ASAE,1984,27(3):790-796.
107. Foster GR, Meyer LD. Transport of particles by shallow flow. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1972,15(1):99-102.
108. Fox DM, Le Bissonnais Y. Process-based analysis of aggregate stability effects on sealing, infiltration, and interrill erosion. Soil Science Society of America journal,1998,62:717-724.
109. Ghebreiyessus YT, Gantzer CJ, Alberts EE, Lentz RW. Soil erosion by concentration flow: shear stress and bulk density. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1994,37(6):1791-1797.
110. Gilley JE, Elliot WJ, Laflen JM, Simanton SR. Critical shear stress and critical flow rates for initiation of rilling. Journal of Hydrology,1993,142:251-271.
111. Gilley JE, Finker SC. Hydraulic roughness coeffients as affected by random roughness. Transactions of the ASAE,1991,33(3):897-903.
112. Gilley JE, Kottwite ER, Simanton JR. Hydraulic characteristics of Rills. Transactions of the ASAE,1990,33(6):1900-1906.
113. Gimenez R, Govers G. Flow detachment by concentrated flow on smooth and irregular beds. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002,66:1475-1483.
114. Gimenez R, Leonard J, Duval Y, Richard G, Govers G. Effect of bed topography on soil aggregates transport by rill flow. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2007,32:602-611.
115. Govers G. Relationships between discharge, velocity, and flow area for rills eroding loose, non-layered materials. Earth Surface Processes Landforms.1992,17:515-528.
116. Govers G, Everaert W, Poesen J, Rauws G, Ploey DJ, Lautridol JP. A long flume study of the dynamic factors affecting the resistance of a loamy soil to concentrated flow erosion. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1990,15:313-328.
117. Govers G, Takken I, Helming K. Soil roughness and overland flow. Agronomie,2000,20: 131-146.
118. Guy BT, Dickinson WT, Rudra RP. The roles of rainfall and runoff in the sediment transport capacity of interrill flow. Transactions of the ASAE,1987,30(5):1378-1387.
119. Gyssels G, Poesen J. The importance of plant root characteristics in controlling concentrated flow erosion rates. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2003,28:371-384.
120. Gyssels G, Poesen J, Van Dessel W, Knapen A, Debaets S. Effects of cereal roots on detachment rates of single and double drilled topsoils during concentrated flow. European Journal of Soil Science,2006,57:381-391.
121. Habib L, Morel JL, Guckert A, Plantureux S, Chenu C. Influence of root exudates on soil aggregation. Symbiosis,1990,9:87-91.
122. Hairsine PB, Rose CW, Modeling water erosion due to overland flow using physical principles,2. Rill Flow. Water Resources Research,1992,28:245-250.
123. Hairsine PB, Rose CW. Rainfall detachment and deposition:Sediment transport in the absence of flow-driven processes, Soil Science Society of America Journal,1991,55: 320-324.
124. Hirsch PJ. Hydraulic Resistance to Overland Flow on Semiarid Hillslopes:A Physical Simulation. PhD dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo,1996.
125. Hirschi MC, Barfield BJ. KYERMO-A physically based research erosion model. Part I. Model Development. Transactions of the ASAE,1988a,31(3):804-813.
126. Hirschi MC, Barfield BJ, KYERMO-A physically based research erosion model. Part II. Analysis and Testing. Transactions of the ASAE,1988b,31(3):814-820.
127. Holeplass H, Singh BR, Lal R, Carbon sequestration in soil aggregates under different crop rotations and nitrogen fertilization in an inceptisol in southeastern Norway. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2004,70:167-177.
128. Horton RE. Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins:hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology. Geological Society of America Bulletin.1945,56: 275-370.
129. Horton RE, Leach HR, Van Vliet R. Laminar sheet flow. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union.1934,15(2):393-404.
130. Huang C, Bradford JM, Laflen JM. Evaluation of the detachment transport coupling concept in the WEPP rill erosion equation. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1996,60: 734-739.
131. Huang L, Wang CY, Tan WF, Hu HQ, Cai CF, Wang MK, Distribution of organic matter in aggregates of eroded Ultisols, Central China. Soil and Tillage Research,2010,108:59-67.
132. Igwe, CA, Akamigbo FOR, Mbagwu JSC. Physical properties of soils of southeastern Nigeria and the role of some aggregating agents in their stability. Soil Science,1995,160:431-441.
133. Igwe CA, Zarei M, Stahr K. Colloidal stability in some tropical soils of southeastern Nigeria as affected by iron and aluminium oxides. Catena,2009,77:232-237.
134. Jastrow JD. Soil aggregate formation and the accrual of particulate and mineral-associated organic matter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1996,28 (4-5):665-676.
135. Kemper WD, Rosenau RC. Soil cohesion as affected by time and water content. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1984,48:1001-1006.
136. Kemper WD, Rosenau RC, Dexter AR. Cohesion development in disrupted soils as affected by clay and organic matter content and temperatures. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1987,51:860-867.
137. Kemper W, Trout J, Brown J. Furrow erosion and water and soil management. Transactions of the ASAE,1985,28(5):1564-1572.
138. King KW, Flanagan DC, Norton LD, Laflen JM. Rill erodibility parameters influenced by long-term management practices. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1995,38 (1):159-164.
139. King KW, Norton LD. Methods of rill flow velocity dynamics. American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1992,92-2542.
140. Knapen A, Poesen J, Govers G, Gyssels G, De Baets S. The effect of conservation tillage on runoff erosivity and soil erodibility during concentrated flow. Hydrological Processes,2008, 22:1497-1508.
141. Knapen A, Poesen J, Govers G, Gyssels G, Nachtergaele J. Resistance of soils to concentrated flow erosion:a review. Earth-Science Reviews,2007,80:75-109.
142. Lado M, Ben-Hur M, Shainberg I. Soil wetting and texture effects on aggregate stability, seal formation, and erosion. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004a,68:1992-1999.
143. Lado M, Paz A, Ben-Hur M. Organic matter and aggregate size interactions in infiltration seal formation, and soil loss. Soil Science Society of American Journal,2004b,68:935-942.
144. Laflen JM, Elliot WJ, Simanton JR, Holzhey CS, Koh1 KD. WEPP soil erodibility experiments for rangeland and cropland soils. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1991, 46(1):39-44.
145. Larionov GA, Bushueva OG, Dobrovol'skaya NG, Kiryukhina ZP, Litvin LF, Maksimova IA. Destruction of soil aggregates in slope flows. Eurasian Soil Science,2007,40:1128-1134.
146. Le Bissonnais Y. Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility:I. Theory and methodology. European Journal of Soil Science,1996,47(4):425-437.
147. Le Bissonnais Y, Singer MJ. Crusting, runoff, and erosion response to soil water content and successive rainfalls. Soil Science Society of American Journal,1992,56:1898-1903.
148. Legout C, Leguedois S, Le Bissonnais Y. Aggregate breakdown dynamics under rainfall compared with aggregate stability measurements. European Journal of Soil Science,2005a, 56(2):225-237.
149. Legout C, Leguedois S, Le Bissonnais Y, Issa OM. Splash distance and size distributions for various soils. Geoderma,2005b,124:279-292.
150. Legu6dois S, Le Bissonnais Y. Size fractions resulting from an aggregate stability test, interrill detachment and transport. Earth surface processes and landforms,2004,29: 1117-1129.
151. Levy GJ, Levin J, Shainberg I. Prewetting rate and aging effects on seal formation and interrill soil erosion. Soil Science,1997,162:131-139.
152. Leonard J, Richard G Estimation of runoff critical shear stress for soil erosion from soil shear strength. Catena,2004,57 (3):233-249.
153. Li G, Abrahams AD. Correction factors in the determination of mean velocity of overland flow. Earth Surface Process and Landforms,1996,21:509-515.
154. Li ZX, Cai CF, Shi ZH, Wang TW. Aggregate stability and its relationship with some chemical properties of red soils in subtropical China. Pedosphere,2005,15(1):129-136.
155. Luk SH. Effect of antecedent soil moisture content on rain wash erosion. Catena,1985,12: 129-139.
156. Lyle WM, Smerdon ET. Relation of compaction and other soil properties to erosion resistance of soils. Trans of the ASAE,1965,8:419-422.
157. Makkaveev NI. River channel and erosion at its basin. Moscow. Academy Press,1955.
158. Mamedov AI, Levy GJ, Shainberg I, Letery J. Wetting rate and soil texture effect on infiltration rate and runoff. Soil Research,2001,36:1293-1305.
159. Mamedov AI, Levy GJ, Shainberg I, Levy GJ. Wetting rate and sodicity effects on interrill erosion from semi-arid Israeli soils. Soil and Tillage Research,2002,68:121-132.
160. Mamo M, Bubenzer GD. Detachment rate, soil erodibility and soil strength as influenced by living plant roots. Part I. Laboratory study. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 2001a,44 (5):1167-1174.
161. Mamo M, Bubenzer GD. Detachment rate soil erodibility and soil strength as influenced by living plant roots. Part II. Field study. American Society of Agricultural Engineers,2001b,44 (5):1175-1181.
162. Marti nez-Mena M, Deeks LK, Williams AG. An evaluation of a fragmentation fractal dimension technique to determine soil erodibility. Geoderma,1999,90:87-98.
163. Mbagwu JSC, Schwertmann U, Some factors affecting clay dispersion and aggregate stability in selected soils of Nigeria. Int. Agrophys,2006,20:23-30.
164. Merten GH, Nearing MA, Borges ALO. Effect of sediment load on soil detachment and deposition in rills. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2001,65(3):861-868.
165. Meyer LD, Monke EJ. Mechanics of soil erosion by rainfall and overland flow. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1965,8:572-577.
166. Misra RK, Rose CW. Application and sensitivity analysis of process-based erosion model GUEST. European Journal of Soil Science,1996,47:593-604.
167. Moore ED, Burch GJ. Sediment transport capacity of sheet and rill flow:Application of unit stream power theory. Water Resources Research,1986,22:1350-1360.
168. Morgan RPC. Soil erosion and conservation, Addison-Wesley Longman, Edinburgh,1995.
169. Morgan RPC, Quinton JN, Smith RE, Govers G, Poesen JWA, Auerswald K, Chiscr G, Torn D, Styczen, ME. The European soil erosion model (EUROSEM):a dynamic approach for predicting sediment transport from fields and small catchments. Earth surface processes and landforms,1998,23:527-544.
170. Morgan RPC, Quinton JN, Rickson RJ, EUROSEM Documentation Manual. Silsoe College, Silsoe, Bedford, UK,1992.
171. Morrison JE, Richardson CW, Laflen JM, Elliott WJ. Rill erosion of a Vertisol with extended time since tillage. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1994,37 (4):1187-1196.
172. Nachtergaele J, Poesen J. Spatial and temporal variations in resistance of loess-derived soils to ephemeral gully erosion. European Journal of Soil Science,2002,53:449-463.
173. Nearing MA, Bradford JM, Parker SC. Soil detachment by shallow flow at low slopes. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1991,55:339-344.
174. Nearing MA, Foster GR, Lane LJ, Finkner SC. A process-based soil erosion model for USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Project technology. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,1989,32(5):1587-1593.
175. Nearing M, Norton L, Bulgakav A. Hydraulics and erosion in eroding rills. Water resources Research,1997,33(4):865-876.
176. Nearing MA, Simanton R, Norton D, Bulygin SJ. Soil eroding by surface water flow on a stony, semiarid hill slope. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1999,24:677-686.
177. Nearing MA, West LT, Brown LC. A consolidation model for estimating changes in rill erodibility. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1988,31: 696-700.
178. Nord G, Esteves M, Lapetite JM, Hauet A. Effect of particle density and inflow concentration of suspended sediment on bedload transport in rill flow. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2009,34:253-263.
179. Onweremadu EU, Onyia VN, Anikwe MAN. Carbon and nitrogen distribution in water-stable aggregates under two tillage techniques in Fluvisols of Owerri area, southeastern Nigeria. Soil and Tillage Research,2007,97:195-206.
180. Owoputi LO, Stolte WJ. Soil detachment in the physically based soil erosion process:a review. Trans of the ASAE,1995,38 (4):1099-1110.
181. Panabokke CR, Quirk JP. Effect of initial water content on stability of soil aggregates in water. Soil Science,1957,83:185-195.
182. Pinheiro-Dick D, Schwertmann U. Microaggregates from Oxisols and Inceptisols:dispersion through selective dissolutions and physicochemical treatments. Geoderma,1996,74:49-63.
183. Prosser IP, Rustomji P. Sediment transport capacity relations for overland flow. Progress in Physical Geography,2000,24(2):179-193.
184. Reichert JM, Norton LD. Aggregate stability and rain-impacted sheet erosion of air-dried and prewetted clayey surface soils under intense rain. Soil Science,1994,158:159-169.
185. Reid JB, Goss MJ. Changes in the aggregate stability of sandy loam effected by growing roots of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1980,31:325-328.
186. Reid JB, Goss MJ. Effect of living roots of different plant species on the aggregate stability of two arable soils. European Journal of Soil Science,1981,32:521-541.
187. Roels JM. Flow resistance in concentrated overland flow on rough slope surface. Earth Surface Process and Landforms,1984,9:541-551.
188. Romero CC, Stroosnijder L, Baigorria GA. Interrill and rill erodibility in the northern Andean Highlands. Catena,2007,70 (2):105-113.
189. Romkens MJM, Wang JY. Effect of tillage on surface roughness. Trans of the ASAE,1986, 29:429-433.
190. Rose CW. Developments in soil erosion and deposition models. Advances in Soil Science, 1985,2:2-63.
191. Rose C, Williams R, Sander C. A mathematical model of soil erosion and deposition processed:I. Theory for a plane land element. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1983,47(5):991-995.
192. Rossano C, Torri D. Detachment of soil particles by shallow flow:sampling methodology and observations. Catena,1998, (32):37-53.
193. Savat J. Resistance to flow in rough supercritical sheet flow. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1980,5(2):103-122.
194. Selby MJ. Hillslope Materials and Processes. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1993.
195. Shainberg I, Mamedov AI, Levy GJ. Role of wetting rate and rain energy in seal formation and erosion. Soil Science,2003,168:54-62.
196. Shen HW, Li RM. Rainfall effect on sheet flow over smooth surface. Transactions of the ASAE,1973,99, (HYS):771-792.
197. Sheridan GJ, So HB, Loch, RJ, Pocknee C, Walker CM. Use of laboratory-scale rill and interrill erodibility measurements for the prediction of hillslope-scale erosion on rehabilitated coal mine soils and overburdens. Soil Research,2000a,38:285-297.
198. Sheridan GJ, So HB, Loch RJ, Walker CM. Estimation of erosion model erodibility parameters from media properties. Soil Research,2000b,38 (2):256-284.
199. Shi ZH, Yan FL, Li L, Li ZX, Cai CF. Interrill erosion from disturbed and undisturbed samples in relation to topsoil aggregate stability in red soils from subtropical China. Catena, 2010,81 (3):240-248.
200. Six J, Bossuyt H, De Gryze S, Denef K. A history of research on the link between (micro) aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil and Tillage Research,2004,79: 7-31.
201. Smith MW, Cox NJ, Bracken LJ. Applying flow resistance equations to overland flows. Progress in Physical Geography,2007,31(4):363-387.
202. Soil Survey Staff (USDA). Soil taxonomy:a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Agricultural Handbook 436, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC,1999,871.
203. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Inc. SPSS Advanced Statistics 11.0. SPSS Inc., Chicago,2001.
204. Sumner ME. The electrical double layer and clay dispersion. In Sumner M. E., Stewart, B.A. (Eds.), Advaced in Soil Science:Soil Crusting, Physical and Chemical Processes. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton,1992,1-31.
205. Truman CC, Bradford JM. Ferris, JE. Antecedent water content and rainfall energy influence on soil aggregate breakdown. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1990,54:1385-1392.
206. Valmis S, Dimoyiannis D, Danalatos NG. Assessing interrill erosion rate from soil aggregate instability index, rainfall intensity and slope angle on cultivated soils in central Greece. Soil and Tillage Research,2005,80:139-147.
207. Vermang J, Demeyer V, Cornelis WM, Gabriels D. Aggregate Stability and Erosion Response to Antecedent Water Content of a Loess Soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2009, 73(3):718-726.
208. Wagner S, Cattle SR, Scholten T. Soil-aggregate formation as influenced by clay content and organic-matter amendment. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2007,170:173-180.
209. Warrington DN, Mamedov, AI, Bhardwag AK, Levy GJ. Primary particle size distribution of eroded material affected by degree of aggregate slaking and seal development. European Journal of Soil Science,2009,60:84-93.
210. Weltz MA, Awadis AB, Lane LJ. Hydraulic roughness coefficients for native, rangelands. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,1992,118(5):776-790.
211. Wicks JM, Bathurst JC. SHESED:A physically-based, distributed erosion and sediment yield component for the SHE hydrological modelling system. Journal of Hydrology,1996,175: 213-238.
212. Woodbum R, Kozachyn J.A study of relative erodibility of a group of Mississippi Gully Soils. Trans Am Geophys Union,1956,37:749-753.
213. Woolhiser DA, Hanson C L, Kuhlman AR. Overland flow on rangeland watersheds. Journal of Hydrology (N.Z.),1970,9(2):336-356.
214. Woolhiser DA, Liggett JA. Unsteady one-dimensional flow over a plane:The rising hydrograph. Water Resource Research.1967,3(3):753-771.
215. Woolhiser DA, Smith RE, Goodrich DC. KINEROS, A Kinematic Runoff and Erosion Model:Documentation and User Manual. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service,1990.
216. Wuddivira MN, Stone RJ, Ekwue EI. Clay, organic matter, and wetting effects on splash detachment and aggregate breakdown under intense rainfall. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2009,73(1):226-232.
217. Yalin MS. An expression for bed-load transportation. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE,1963,89(HY3):221-250.
218. Yan FL, Shi ZH, Li ZX, Cai CF. Estimating interrill soil erosion from aggregate stability of Ultisols in subtropical China. Soil and Tillage Research,2008,100:34-41.
219. Yang CT. Unit stream power and sediment transport. Journal of the hydraulics division, ASCE,1972(HY10):1805-1826.
220. Yoder RE. A direct method of aggregate analysis of soils and a study of the physical nature of erosion losses. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1936,28:337-351.
221. Yong NY, Wenzel HG. Mechanics of sheet flow under simulated rainfall. Journal of the hydraulics Division.1971,97(9):1367-1386.
222. Young RA. Characteristics of eroded sediment. Trans of the ASAE,1980,23:1139-1146.
223. Zhang B, Horn R. Mechanisms of aggregate stabilization in Ultisols from subtropical China. Geoderma,2001,99 (1-2):123-145.
224. Zhang B, Yang YS, Zepp H. Effect of vegetation restoration on soil and water erosion and nutrient losses of a severely eroded clayey Plinthudult in southeastern China. Catena,2004, 57:77-90.
225. Zhang GH, Liu BY, Nearing MA, Huang CH, Zhang KL. Soil detachment by shallow flow. Trans of the ASAE,2002,45(2):351-357.
226. Zhang GH, Liu GB, Tang KM, Zhang CX. Flow detachment of soils under different land uses in the loess plateau of China. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008,51(3):883-890.
227. Zhang GH, Liu YM, Han YF, Zhang CX. Sediment transport and soil detachment on steep slopes:II. Sediment feedback relationship. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2009a, 73:1298-1304.
228. Zhang GH, Tang KM, Zhang CX. Temporal variation in soil detachment under different land uses in the Loess Plateau of China. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2009b,34: 1302-1309.
229. Zhang MK, Xu JM. Restoration of surface soil fertility of an eroded red soil in southern China. Soil and Tillage Research,2005,80(1-2):13-21.