典型运动体入水过程多相流动特性研究
摘要
入水空泡流动是一个在极短时间内同时涉及到固体、气体和液体三相的复杂多相流动过程，主要包括载荷突变、空泡发展和水下姿态变化等复杂问题，相关问题广泛存在于水下武器、水上飞机、船舶、海洋平台和生物等工程等领域。随着工业技术的发展，入水问题逐渐成为制约各个领域发展的瓶颈之一。本文采用数值模拟和试验相结合的方法对圆柱体等典型运动体垂直和倾斜入水空泡的生成机理、发展规律及入水空泡对圆柱体入水过程运动特性和流体动力的影响规律进行了研究，主要研究内容如下：
基于RANS方程建立了同时考虑自由液面和自然空化现象的入水空泡动力学模型。结合动网格技术对典型工况入水过程进行了初步数值模拟，并将数值模拟结果分别与经验公式和试验结果进行了对比，验证了本文所建立的数学模型和数值计算方法有效性。
基于VOF多相流模型，对圆柱体匀速垂直入水过程进行了二维轴对称数值模拟。研究了匀速垂直入水空泡的生成和发展过程，以及匀速垂直入水空泡速度场和压力场的分布规律，分析了圆柱后体、入水速度、头部锥角及空气域压强对匀速垂直入水空泡形态和流场结构的影响；同时，研究了匀速垂直入水过程中运动体阻力系数的变化，分析了圆柱体头部锥角和入水速度对运动体阻力系数的影响。
基于VOF多相流模型，对圆柱体自由垂直入水过程进行了三维数值模拟。研究了自由垂直入水空泡的生成和发展过程，给出了自由垂直入水空泡形态的变化规律，分析了圆柱体直径、入水速度、头部锥角及圆柱体密度对自由垂直入水空泡形态和空泡闭合时间的影响；研究了两圆柱体并联自由垂直入水过程，分析了两圆柱体轴线间距对入水空泡形态的影响；研究了自由垂直入水过程中圆柱体阻力系数的变化，分析了头部锥角、圆柱体密度和初始入水速度对圆柱体阻力系数的影响。
建立了小型运动体入水试验系统，对单个球体和圆柱体以及多圆柱体关联入水过程进行了试验研究。通过球体垂直入水试验，研究了圆滑过渡表面运动体垂直入水空泡生成和发展过程，分析了表面沾湿状态和初始入水速度对入水空泡生成的影响；通过圆柱体垂直和倾斜入水试验，研究了具有锐缘肩部圆柱体入水空泡的生成和发展过程，分析了圆柱体头部形状和密度对入水空泡形态的影响，分析了圆柱体尾部与空泡壁面碰撞对空泡稳定性的影响，分析了空泡深闭合过程中闭合点的运动规律和深闭合对空泡稳定性的影响；通过两圆柱体关联入水试验，研究了两圆柱体串联和并联入水过程中空泡形态的变化过程及相互影响；同时，研究了球体以及圆柱体入水过程阻力系数的变化以及入水过程速度变化。
Water-entry cavity due to the free surface impact of solid objects related to thesolid, gas, and liquid at the same time is very complicated. This canonical problemcomprises a complicated series of events, which related to impact force, water-entrycavity, and hydroballistics, is applied on naval hydrodynamics, float-plane impact,ship slamming, oil platforms, and industrial, and biology. This thesis based onnumerical simulation and experimental study to discover underlying physics andfurther our understanding of water-entry phenomena through improvements toanalytical solutions.The main works are as follows:
A comprehensive computational methodology is development for turbulentwater-entry cavity flows. The RANS(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stocks) equations,along with volume of fluid model and a volume fraction transport model, areemployed for free surface and multiphase transportation. Dynamic mesh method isapplied for the numerical solving of the water-entry history. The validation ofnumerical model is examined through comparing with experimental andbibliography resealts.
Numerical simulations based on VOF(Volume of fluid) model of axisymmetricvertical water-entry cavity for cylinder in constant speed are performed, to study theformation and development of the vertical water-entry cavity, study the velocity andpressure distribution in vertical water-entry cavity. Examines the effects of severalkey parameters on the vertical water entry physics of cylinder bodies at constantspeed including: with and without afterbody and the lengths of afterbody, entryspeed, cones of cylinder body nose and atmospheric pressure. The forces acting onthe cylinder bodies during the vertical water entry at constant speed are discussed,furthermore the effect of cones and entry speed on forces of vertical water entry arediscussed.
Numerical simulations based on VOF model for three dimensional water entryfreely in vertical are performed for the formation and development of verticalwater-entry cavity. Numerical studies on the effect of diameter of cylinder bodies,initial water-entry speed, cones of cylinder body nose, and the density of entrybodies on the vertical water entry physics are also executed. The numericalsimulations of two cylinder bodies in parallel water entry are executed for thedevelopment of cavity, and for the effect of the distance between the two cylinderbodies on the cavity formation. Furthermore, the forces acting on the cylinderbodies during the vertical water entry freely are discussed, as well as the effect of cones, density of cylinder bodies, and entry speed on forces on freely vertical waterentry.
Experimental facility for vertical and oblique water-entry has executed. Thespheres vertical water-entry experiment has performed. Investigated the effect ofthe surface wetting conditions and initial entry speed on the formation ofwater-entry cavity. The discussion continues with the experiment study of waterentry of cylinder bodies, for the formation and development of vertical and obliquewater-entry cavity. And the effect of nose shapes and density on the cavity shape areinvestigated through experimentation. The stability of cavity due to tail snap aftervertical and oblique entry, and the effect of deep seal of water-entry cavity on thestability of cavity are analyzed through experimentaion. Coefficient of drag for thevertical impact of sphere and cylinder are discussed.
基于RANS方程建立了同时考虑自由液面和自然空化现象的入水空泡动力学模型。结合动网格技术对典型工况入水过程进行了初步数值模拟，并将数值模拟结果分别与经验公式和试验结果进行了对比，验证了本文所建立的数学模型和数值计算方法有效性。
基于VOF多相流模型，对圆柱体匀速垂直入水过程进行了二维轴对称数值模拟。研究了匀速垂直入水空泡的生成和发展过程，以及匀速垂直入水空泡速度场和压力场的分布规律，分析了圆柱后体、入水速度、头部锥角及空气域压强对匀速垂直入水空泡形态和流场结构的影响；同时，研究了匀速垂直入水过程中运动体阻力系数的变化，分析了圆柱体头部锥角和入水速度对运动体阻力系数的影响。
基于VOF多相流模型，对圆柱体自由垂直入水过程进行了三维数值模拟。研究了自由垂直入水空泡的生成和发展过程，给出了自由垂直入水空泡形态的变化规律，分析了圆柱体直径、入水速度、头部锥角及圆柱体密度对自由垂直入水空泡形态和空泡闭合时间的影响；研究了两圆柱体并联自由垂直入水过程，分析了两圆柱体轴线间距对入水空泡形态的影响；研究了自由垂直入水过程中圆柱体阻力系数的变化，分析了头部锥角、圆柱体密度和初始入水速度对圆柱体阻力系数的影响。
建立了小型运动体入水试验系统，对单个球体和圆柱体以及多圆柱体关联入水过程进行了试验研究。通过球体垂直入水试验，研究了圆滑过渡表面运动体垂直入水空泡生成和发展过程，分析了表面沾湿状态和初始入水速度对入水空泡生成的影响；通过圆柱体垂直和倾斜入水试验，研究了具有锐缘肩部圆柱体入水空泡的生成和发展过程，分析了圆柱体头部形状和密度对入水空泡形态的影响，分析了圆柱体尾部与空泡壁面碰撞对空泡稳定性的影响，分析了空泡深闭合过程中闭合点的运动规律和深闭合对空泡稳定性的影响；通过两圆柱体关联入水试验，研究了两圆柱体串联和并联入水过程中空泡形态的变化过程及相互影响；同时，研究了球体以及圆柱体入水过程阻力系数的变化以及入水过程速度变化。
Water-entry cavity due to the free surface impact of solid objects related to thesolid, gas, and liquid at the same time is very complicated. This canonical problemcomprises a complicated series of events, which related to impact force, water-entrycavity, and hydroballistics, is applied on naval hydrodynamics, float-plane impact,ship slamming, oil platforms, and industrial, and biology. This thesis based onnumerical simulation and experimental study to discover underlying physics andfurther our understanding of water-entry phenomena through improvements toanalytical solutions.The main works are as follows:
A comprehensive computational methodology is development for turbulentwater-entry cavity flows. The RANS(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stocks) equations,along with volume of fluid model and a volume fraction transport model, areemployed for free surface and multiphase transportation. Dynamic mesh method isapplied for the numerical solving of the water-entry history. The validation ofnumerical model is examined through comparing with experimental andbibliography resealts.
Numerical simulations based on VOF(Volume of fluid) model of axisymmetricvertical water-entry cavity for cylinder in constant speed are performed, to study theformation and development of the vertical water-entry cavity, study the velocity andpressure distribution in vertical water-entry cavity. Examines the effects of severalkey parameters on the vertical water entry physics of cylinder bodies at constantspeed including: with and without afterbody and the lengths of afterbody, entryspeed, cones of cylinder body nose and atmospheric pressure. The forces acting onthe cylinder bodies during the vertical water entry at constant speed are discussed,furthermore the effect of cones and entry speed on forces of vertical water entry arediscussed.
Numerical simulations based on VOF model for three dimensional water entryfreely in vertical are performed for the formation and development of verticalwater-entry cavity. Numerical studies on the effect of diameter of cylinder bodies,initial water-entry speed, cones of cylinder body nose, and the density of entrybodies on the vertical water entry physics are also executed. The numericalsimulations of two cylinder bodies in parallel water entry are executed for thedevelopment of cavity, and for the effect of the distance between the two cylinderbodies on the cavity formation. Furthermore, the forces acting on the cylinderbodies during the vertical water entry freely are discussed, as well as the effect of cones, density of cylinder bodies, and entry speed on forces on freely vertical waterentry.
Experimental facility for vertical and oblique water-entry has executed. Thespheres vertical water-entry experiment has performed. Investigated the effect ofthe surface wetting conditions and initial entry speed on the formation ofwater-entry cavity. The discussion continues with the experiment study of waterentry of cylinder bodies, for the formation and development of vertical and obliquewater-entry cavity. And the effect of nose shapes and density on the cavity shape areinvestigated through experimentation. The stability of cavity due to tail snap aftervertical and oblique entry, and the effect of deep seal of water-entry cavity on thestability of cavity are analyzed through experimentaion. Coefficient of drag for thevertical impact of sphere and cylinder are discussed.
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