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安慰剂对照设计在中药新药临床试验中的应用研究
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摘要
目的:
     阐明中药新药临床试验中选择安慰剂对照的必要性,初步建立基于安慰剂对照试验设计方法学及统计分析方法学规范。
     方法:
     1、文献研究:
     通过对近十年中医药多中心临床试验文献研究,分析阳性对照和剂量对照存在的问题,探讨安慰剂对照的必要性,并对安慰剂对照的试验设计方法学进行论证。
     2、基于安慰剂对照的中药新药评价方法学示范研究:
     以HT胶囊治疗非酒精性单纯性脂肪肝(痰瘀阻络证)的临床试验为范例,通过Ⅱ期一阶段应用安慰剂对照,Ⅱ期二阶段和Ⅲ期临床试验应用东宝肝泰片作为阳性对照,进一步论证新药临床研究中安慰剂对照选择的必要性,深入研究不同设计模式对新药疗效评价的影响,并对相关的评价方法学进行分析和总结。
     结果:
     1、安慰剂对照在中药新药临床试验中的必要性研究:
     ①西药阳性对照存在既往临床试验未按中医证型分层分析的有效证据。
     ②中药阳性对照多数未经过严格的临床试验或未经过以安慰剂为对照的临床试验。
     ③既往临床试验条件与当前试验条件的差异使阳性对照药在当前试验条件下的疗效变得不确切。
     2、中药新药临床试验的评价方法学研究多中心临床试验的疗效评价过程中,考虑中心效应时,计量资料可以利用多重线性回归方法扣除中心效应,然后基于临床界值进行疗效判断。目前尚无分类资料基于临床界值考虑中心效应的评价方法。
     3、基于安慰剂对照的中药新药评价方法学示范研究:
     经对多种统计分析方法和疗效评价方法应用于分类资料和计量资料进行分析和对比,最终确认Ⅲ期临床试验基于临床界值的u检验为本研究结论:对肝脏B超和中医证候两个评价指标的疗效,两组等效。
     结论:
     1、为保证新药的绝对有效性,中药新药临床试验中应设立安慰剂对照。
     2、中药新药临床试验统计分析过程中,须依据不同统计分析方法的适应征选择不同的统计分析方法;在新药的疗效评价过程中,统计分析结果已不再重要,基于临床界值的评价结果才是新药临床研究的核心目的。从而确立了临床界值在新药疗效评价中的重要地位。
     3、初步建立了基于安慰剂对照中药新药临床评价的统计分析规范。
Objective:To illustrate the necessity of applying placebo control in the clinical trails of newly-developed drug of Chinese material medica, and to establish the standard of trial design and statistical analysis based on the placebo-controlled design preliminarily.
     Methods:
     1. Literature study
     Through study on the neoteric literature of multi-center clinical trails about newly-developed drug of Chinese material medica, analyze the problems existed in the scheme which designed as positive or dose controlled. Investigate the necessity of applying the placebo control, and demonstrate the methodology of designing as the placebo-controlled.
     2. Demonstration study on placebo-controlled designed in clinical trials of newly-developed drug of Chinese Material Medica
     The clinical trail of applying Haitao Ganzhining Capsule to treat simple nonalcoholic fatty liver (pattern of phlegm and stasis obstructing collaterals in TCM) was taken for demonstration. Through application of placebo control in phase II stage one and Dongbao Gantai Tablet as positive control in phase II stage one and phase III, the necessity of using placebo control in the clinical trail of new drugs was further illustrated, the influences of different design modes on the efficacy evaluation of newly-developed drug of Chinese Material Medica were thoroughly studied, and related evaluation methodologies were analyzed and summarized.
     Results
     1. Research on the necessity of applying placebo control in the clinical trails of newly-developed drug of Chinese Material Medica:
     A. There are valid evidences that previous clinical trails of positive control of Western medicine were not carried out according to the stratified analysis of patterns of Chinese medicine.
     B. Most of the positive controls of Chinese Material Medica have not undergone strict clinical trails, or not undergone clinical trails with placebo control.
     C. The different conditions between the previous clinical trails and the present clinical trails make the efficacy of the drugs used in positive control become indefinite under present trail conditions.
     2. Research on the evaluation methodology of clinical trails of newly-developed drug of Chinese Material Medica
     In the course of efficacy.evaluation of multi-center clinical trails, method of multiple linear regression deducting centrality can be used for measurement data before efficacy judgment based on clinical border value is made. At present, there is no evaluation method of grouped data based on clinical boundary value with regarding to centrality.
     3. Demonstration research on evaluation methodology of newly-developed drug of Chinese Material Medica based on the placebo control
     Analysis and comparison were done on grouped data and measurement data by applying multiple statistical analysis methods and efficacy evaluation methods. Ultimately, u test of clinical trails in phase III based on the clinical boundary value was finally concluded:The curative effects of the two groups with liver ultrasound and patterns of TCM as index respectively are equivalent.
     Conclusions
     1. Placebo control should be established in the clinical trails of newly-developed drug of Chinese Material Medica in order to guarantee absolute efficacy of newly-developed drug of Chinese Material Medica.
     2. In the course of statistical analysis of newly-developed drug of Chinese Material Medica in clinical trails, different methods of statistical analysis should be used according to different applicable circumstances. As for efficacy evaluation of newly-developed drug of Chinese Material Medica, evaluation result based on clinical boundary value is the focus of clinical research, while the result of statistical analysis is no longer important. Therefore, the significant state of clinical boundary value in efficacy evaluation of newly-developed drug of Chinese Material Medica is established.
     3. The statistical analysis norm of clinical evaluation of newly-developed drug of Chinese Material Medica based on placebo control is preliminarily established.
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