覆盖种植及垄作对旱地马铃薯水分利用效率的影响
摘要
本研究针对陇中旱作地区马铃薯种植生产中干旱和低产的突出问题,通过大田试验,采用完全随机区组设计,研究了不同覆盖种植模式对旱作马铃薯生长、产量、水分利用效率(WUE)及土壤环境因子的影响,初步得到最优的种植方案,取得了以下研究结果:
1.马铃薯覆膜处理的出苗时间最短,需28-30天,较传统耕作提前12天左右;覆膜处理的马铃薯出苗率均高于传统耕作1.06%-4.88%,秋天秸秆覆盖马铃薯出苗率较传统耕作高2.33%,且幼苗长势良好;覆膜处理可以缩短马铃薯生育期13天左右,秸秆覆盖没有缩短马铃薯出苗时间和加快马铃薯生育期。
2.马铃薯覆膜处理能够显著的提高土壤水分含量,秋天低垄全膜覆盖沟播、春天低垄全膜覆盖沟播在马铃薯整个生育期土层的贮水量较高,特别是对0-40cm土壤贮水量的影响尤为突出,播前、出苗期、块茎形成期、块茎膨大期、成熟收获期覆膜处理0-40cm土壤贮水量分别较传统耕种高30.09%-49.58%、33.51%-36.98%、21.59%-23.25%、20.80%-29.75%、50.03%-64.78%、37.78%-38.54%,其它覆膜处理在苗期和成熟收获期均较传统耕作高,且覆膜处理40-100cm土壤贮水量在苗期均高于传统耕作;秸秆覆盖0-100cm土壤贮水量在苗期均表现出较传统耕作高的现象。
3.马铃薯覆膜处理可以提高马铃薯耕层土壤地温。早上8:00覆膜处理根层土壤温度较传统耕作提高0.38-2.04℃,中午14:00、晚上20:00根层土壤温度除秋天低垄全膜覆盖沟播较传统耕作低1.01℃、1.11℃外,其它覆膜处理均较传统耕作高0.45-2.39℃、0.42-2.71℃;日均耕层土壤地温覆膜处理除秋天低垄全膜覆盖沟播较传统耕作稍低0.39℃外其它覆膜处理均较传统耕作高0.42-2.39℃,秸秆覆盖土壤地温均较传统耕作低。
4.覆盖种植均可提高马铃薯商品率,所有处理以春天高垄膜覆盖沟覆草效果最好,地上主茎数为2.3,较传统耕作平均地上主茎数高53.33%,单株薯重为942g,较传统耕作460g高388g,大薯个数、中薯个数分别为3.2个、2.1个,与传统耕作1.6个、0.6个达到了显著性差异,大、中薯比例占总单株个数的48.48%、31.81%,较传统耕作大中薯比例66.67%高13.95%。
5.覆盖种植均可提高马铃薯水分利用效率。春天高垄膜覆盖沟覆草叶片水分利用效率在马铃薯淀粉积累期最高为5.4μmolCO_2/mmolH_2O较传统耕作4.1μmolCO_2/mmol H_2O高31.71%;产量水平水分利用效率最高为66.62 kg/(hm~2.mm)较传统耕作42.46 kg/(hm~2.mm)高56.88%,其它处理均较传统耕作高9.36%-45.58%。
6.覆盖模式最佳处理组合是春天高垄膜覆盖沟覆草。
The research mainly relied on field experiments using completely randomized block design for outstanding problems of drought and low production in arid area of central Gansu.The effects of different mulching cropping patterns on potato growth,yield,water use efficiency(WUE),and soil and environmental factors were studied;the optimal cultivation program was achieved initially.The specific results of this research are as follows:
1.The potatoes covered by plastic film had latest emergence time,about 28-30 days,which was 12 days earlier than traditional farming;The emergence ratio of potatoes covered by plastic film was 1.06-4.88%higher than that of traditional farming,and the emergence ratio of potatoes covered by straw in autumn was 2.33%higher than that of traditional farming,although seedlings had a good potential growth;The growing period of potatoes covered by plastic film would shorten about 13 days,but straw had no impact on emergence time and quickening growing period.
2.The plastic film could significantly increase soil water contents,the treatment of low ridge entirely covered by plastic film and ditch sowed potatoes in autumn or spring would make soil have a higher water storage capacity throughout the whole growth period, especially for soils of 0-40cm.The water storage capacity in 0-40cm soils increased by 30.09%-49.58%,33.51%-36.98%,21.59%-23.25%,20.80%-29.75%,50.03%-64.78%and 37.78%-38.54%respectively when soils covered by plastic film before sowing,at the seedling stage,in tuber formation,in tuber enlargement period and at the harvest time.But other treatments treated by plastic film were higher than conventional farming at seedling and harvest time,moreover,soils of 40-100cm covered by plastic film had higher water storage capacity at seedling time than traditional farming,and soils of 0-100cm covered by straw also had higher water storage capacity.
3.The soil temperature of arable layer would rise when the potatoes were covered by plastic film.Covering potatoes with plastic film at 8:00am,the soil temperature of root layer was 0.38-2.04℃higher.If treated at 2:00pm,or at 8:00pm,others were 0.45-2.39℃or 0.42-2.71℃higher,except that treatments of low ridge covered by plastic and ditch sowed in autumn was 1.01℃or 1.11℃lower.All of the soil temperature per day was 0.42-2.39℃higher,except treatments were 0.39℃lower when the treatments of low ridge was covered by plastic and ditch was sowed by potatos in autumn,but straw would decreased soil temperature.
4.Coverage plant could increase commodity rate of potatoes,the treatments of high ridge covered by plastic film and ditch covered by straw in spring had the best effect in all of the treatments,the number of the aerial main stem was 2.3,53.33%higher than the number of the aerial main stem in traditional farming land,the weight of potatoes per plant was 942g, 388g higher than potatoes planted though traditional methods.The number of big and medium potatoes were 3.2 and 2.1,respectively,which reached significant levels, comparing with potatoes planted though traditional methods.At the same time,about 48.48%and 31.81%were big and medium potatoes in all of the potatoes per plant, respectively,but only 66.67%was big and medium potatoes gained from traditional farming field.
5.The water use efficiency of potatoes could be raised by covered planting.The treatment of high ridge covered by plastic film and ditch covered by grass in spring made the starch to be up to 5.4μmolCO_2/mmolH_2O at storage stage,which is 31.71%higher than traditional farming(4.1μmolCO_2/mmolH_2O).Water use efficiency in the level of production can up to 66.62kg/(hm_2.mm) which is 56.88 percent higher than traditional farming(42.46 kg/(hm_2.mm)),other treatments is all 9.36%-45.58%higher than traditional farming.
6.The best combination of covered planting was the treatment of high ridge covered by plastic film and ditch covered by grass in spring.
1.马铃薯覆膜处理的出苗时间最短,需28-30天,较传统耕作提前12天左右;覆膜处理的马铃薯出苗率均高于传统耕作1.06%-4.88%,秋天秸秆覆盖马铃薯出苗率较传统耕作高2.33%,且幼苗长势良好;覆膜处理可以缩短马铃薯生育期13天左右,秸秆覆盖没有缩短马铃薯出苗时间和加快马铃薯生育期。
2.马铃薯覆膜处理能够显著的提高土壤水分含量,秋天低垄全膜覆盖沟播、春天低垄全膜覆盖沟播在马铃薯整个生育期土层的贮水量较高,特别是对0-40cm土壤贮水量的影响尤为突出,播前、出苗期、块茎形成期、块茎膨大期、成熟收获期覆膜处理0-40cm土壤贮水量分别较传统耕种高30.09%-49.58%、33.51%-36.98%、21.59%-23.25%、20.80%-29.75%、50.03%-64.78%、37.78%-38.54%,其它覆膜处理在苗期和成熟收获期均较传统耕作高,且覆膜处理40-100cm土壤贮水量在苗期均高于传统耕作;秸秆覆盖0-100cm土壤贮水量在苗期均表现出较传统耕作高的现象。
3.马铃薯覆膜处理可以提高马铃薯耕层土壤地温。早上8:00覆膜处理根层土壤温度较传统耕作提高0.38-2.04℃,中午14:00、晚上20:00根层土壤温度除秋天低垄全膜覆盖沟播较传统耕作低1.01℃、1.11℃外,其它覆膜处理均较传统耕作高0.45-2.39℃、0.42-2.71℃;日均耕层土壤地温覆膜处理除秋天低垄全膜覆盖沟播较传统耕作稍低0.39℃外其它覆膜处理均较传统耕作高0.42-2.39℃,秸秆覆盖土壤地温均较传统耕作低。
4.覆盖种植均可提高马铃薯商品率,所有处理以春天高垄膜覆盖沟覆草效果最好,地上主茎数为2.3,较传统耕作平均地上主茎数高53.33%,单株薯重为942g,较传统耕作460g高388g,大薯个数、中薯个数分别为3.2个、2.1个,与传统耕作1.6个、0.6个达到了显著性差异,大、中薯比例占总单株个数的48.48%、31.81%,较传统耕作大中薯比例66.67%高13.95%。
5.覆盖种植均可提高马铃薯水分利用效率。春天高垄膜覆盖沟覆草叶片水分利用效率在马铃薯淀粉积累期最高为5.4μmolCO_2/mmolH_2O较传统耕作4.1μmolCO_2/mmol H_2O高31.71%;产量水平水分利用效率最高为66.62 kg/(hm~2.mm)较传统耕作42.46 kg/(hm~2.mm)高56.88%,其它处理均较传统耕作高9.36%-45.58%。
6.覆盖模式最佳处理组合是春天高垄膜覆盖沟覆草。
The research mainly relied on field experiments using completely randomized block design for outstanding problems of drought and low production in arid area of central Gansu.The effects of different mulching cropping patterns on potato growth,yield,water use efficiency(WUE),and soil and environmental factors were studied;the optimal cultivation program was achieved initially.The specific results of this research are as follows:
1.The potatoes covered by plastic film had latest emergence time,about 28-30 days,which was 12 days earlier than traditional farming;The emergence ratio of potatoes covered by plastic film was 1.06-4.88%higher than that of traditional farming,and the emergence ratio of potatoes covered by straw in autumn was 2.33%higher than that of traditional farming,although seedlings had a good potential growth;The growing period of potatoes covered by plastic film would shorten about 13 days,but straw had no impact on emergence time and quickening growing period.
2.The plastic film could significantly increase soil water contents,the treatment of low ridge entirely covered by plastic film and ditch sowed potatoes in autumn or spring would make soil have a higher water storage capacity throughout the whole growth period, especially for soils of 0-40cm.The water storage capacity in 0-40cm soils increased by 30.09%-49.58%,33.51%-36.98%,21.59%-23.25%,20.80%-29.75%,50.03%-64.78%and 37.78%-38.54%respectively when soils covered by plastic film before sowing,at the seedling stage,in tuber formation,in tuber enlargement period and at the harvest time.But other treatments treated by plastic film were higher than conventional farming at seedling and harvest time,moreover,soils of 40-100cm covered by plastic film had higher water storage capacity at seedling time than traditional farming,and soils of 0-100cm covered by straw also had higher water storage capacity.
3.The soil temperature of arable layer would rise when the potatoes were covered by plastic film.Covering potatoes with plastic film at 8:00am,the soil temperature of root layer was 0.38-2.04℃higher.If treated at 2:00pm,or at 8:00pm,others were 0.45-2.39℃or 0.42-2.71℃higher,except that treatments of low ridge covered by plastic and ditch sowed in autumn was 1.01℃or 1.11℃lower.All of the soil temperature per day was 0.42-2.39℃higher,except treatments were 0.39℃lower when the treatments of low ridge was covered by plastic and ditch was sowed by potatos in autumn,but straw would decreased soil temperature.
4.Coverage plant could increase commodity rate of potatoes,the treatments of high ridge covered by plastic film and ditch covered by straw in spring had the best effect in all of the treatments,the number of the aerial main stem was 2.3,53.33%higher than the number of the aerial main stem in traditional farming land,the weight of potatoes per plant was 942g, 388g higher than potatoes planted though traditional methods.The number of big and medium potatoes were 3.2 and 2.1,respectively,which reached significant levels, comparing with potatoes planted though traditional methods.At the same time,about 48.48%and 31.81%were big and medium potatoes in all of the potatoes per plant, respectively,but only 66.67%was big and medium potatoes gained from traditional farming field.
5.The water use efficiency of potatoes could be raised by covered planting.The treatment of high ridge covered by plastic film and ditch covered by grass in spring made the starch to be up to 5.4μmolCO_2/mmolH_2O at storage stage,which is 31.71%higher than traditional farming(4.1μmolCO_2/mmolH_2O).Water use efficiency in the level of production can up to 66.62kg/(hm_2.mm) which is 56.88 percent higher than traditional farming(42.46 kg/(hm_2.mm)),other treatments is all 9.36%-45.58%higher than traditional farming.
6.The best combination of covered planting was the treatment of high ridge covered by plastic film and ditch covered by grass in spring.
引文
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