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保水剂与肥料及土壤的互作机理研究
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摘要
本研究针对目前肥料影响保水剂吸水性能的机理揭示的还不够全面和清楚,在肥料为何会减弱保水剂抑制土壤蒸发和增加团聚体的能力问题上还没有准确的回答,肥料和保水剂共同作用下的土壤水分-能量关系研究还很缺乏,土壤含水量增加后植物可利用的水分增加比重有多大也没有一个定量的回答等现状,选取了在我国北方山区分布最广的褐土和目前市场上常见的几种保水剂及肥料,通过室内机理试验与早熟禾盆栽试验相结合的方法,试着从保水剂的自身三维网状结构和离子的同性相斥、异性相吸以及离子浓度差等原理出发分析保水剂与肥料相互作用的机理,以期为实践生产中保水剂与肥料的遴选以及添加肥料的复合型保水剂的研制等提供理论支持。
     本文首先研究了不同保水剂在不同肥料溶液中的吸水倍率,其次研究了肥料与保水剂混施对土壤蒸发及团聚体的影响,然后分析了肥料与保水剂共同作用下的土壤水分—能量关系以及保水剂保水保肥效应,最后以早熟禾为研究对象进行应用效果检验。
     主要研究结果如下:
     (1)磷酸二氢钙溶液对5种规格的保水剂吸水倍率的影响比其他肥料溶液大,尤其是对保水剂C的影响。在含有Ca2+的土壤里要避免施用保水剂C,也就是沃特新型多功能保水剂。
     (2)土壤水分的累积蒸发量与蒸发历时符合幂函数Q=atb,a的大小决定土壤初始蒸发阶段累积蒸发量变化趋势,b的大小决定保水剂抑制土壤蒸发能力的强弱。在土壤中只施入肥料时,在一定程度上也能抑制土壤水分蒸发。保水剂能优化土壤团粒分级,增加>0.25mm团聚体数量,且随着保水剂质量浓度的增加而增加。而肥料的介入会减弱这种能力,且肥料浓度越大,土壤团聚体含量就越低。
     (3)在肥料的介入条件下,土壤饱和含水量与保水剂质量浓度基本符合一次函数Y=ax+b,R2都在0.95以上,a的大小决定了饱和含水量的变化幅度,b为不施保水剂时的土壤饱和含水量。不施保水剂只施用肥料时,也会在一定程度上增加土壤饱和含水量,且随着肥料浓度的增大,土壤饱和含水量也在一定程度上增加。
     (4)在肥料的介入条件下,北京褐土的土壤含水量与土壤水吸力符合幂函数θ=aS(?)b,相关系数R2都在0.97以上,具有很高的拟合精度。在肥料介入条件下,1MPa的土壤水吸力是土壤含水量的一个分界点。
     (5)在保水剂和肥料共同作用下,北京褐土的有效水含量和不可利用水同时增大和减小。在施加肥料的北京褐土中添加保水剂会增加有效水的含量,但是却会降低有效水含量所占的比重。
     (6)土壤中施入保水剂后,对N、P、K的保持能力都有不同程度的提高,保水剂对氮磷钾的保持能力由大到小为K>N>P。保水剂能明显减少淋溶液的体积,但是淋溶次数对土壤淋溶液体积的影响不是很明显。
     (7)在吸水、抑制土壤蒸发、增加团聚体含量、增加有效水、保肥等方面,同种保水剂中小粒径的性能要优于大粒径的。
     (8)肥料与保水剂混施能够提高早熟禾的出苗率,增加早熟禾的株高、生物量、叶片中的氮磷钾含量,能明显降低早熟禾草坪的蒸散量。通过研究得出20mm为最小灌溉量,且每个月最多能节省水资源成本1306.4元/公顷。
This study aimed at the effect of aquasorb fertilizer absorbent mechanism reveals yet sufficiently comprehensive and clear, in fertilizer why will weaken the water-retaining agent restraining soil evaporation and increase the aggregate capacity problems still not accurate answer, fertilizers and water retention agent under the interaction of soil water-energy relation research is still lacking, soil water content after the increase of plant available water increased proportion is not a quantitative answer status. Selected in the northern mountainous areas in China the most widely distributed in the cinnamon soil and currently on the market several common water and fertilizer, through the indoor test and the mechanism of bluegrass pot experiments, try from insurance agent's own three-dimensional network structure and ionic repulsion, opposites attract as well as ion concentration difference principle analysis of water and fertilizer interaction mechanism, in order to practice in the production of water and fertilizer selection and add fertilizer composite water-retaining agent and provide theoretical support.
     This paper studies the different water-retaining agents in different fertilizer solution absorbency, followed by study of the fertilizer and water retaining agent mixed fertilization on soil evaporation and soil aggregate effect, then analyzed the fertilizer and water retaining agent under the interaction of soil water energy relation and a water-retaining fertilizer and water conservation effect, finally to bluegrass for research object application effect test.
     The main results of study as follow:
     (1) Calcium dihydrogen phosphate solution for five kinds of specifications of the water absorbency of water retaining agent the influence of fertilizer solution than other big, especially the influence to C. The soil contains Ca2-to avoid applying water-retaining agent C, Voight's model of water-holding agent.
     (2) Soil moisture cumulative evaporation and evaporation time conforms to power function of Q=atb, a determines the size of initial soil evaporation stages cumulative evaporation trends, B determines the size of water retaining agent restraining soil evaporation ability. Only in soil fertilizer, to a certain extent, can also inhibit soil water evaporation. Water retaining agent can optimize the soil aggregate grading, increased>0.25mm aggregates, and with the water quality concentration increase. Fertilizers, intervention will weaken this ability, and fertilizer concentration becomes high, soil water-stable aggregate content is lower.
     (3) Fertilizer in the intervention condition, soil saturated water content and water retaining agent concentration with a function of Y=ax+b, R2is in0.95above, a determines the size of the saturation water content variation of amplitude, B for not applying water-holding agent when saturated soil water content. Application of aquasorb fertilizer not only, also will increase to some extent the saturated soil water content, and with the fertilizer concentration increased, soil saturated water content also increased to some extent.
     (4) Fertilizer in the intervention condition, Beijing cinnamon soil moisture and soil water suction with power function of θ=aS(?)b, the correlation coefficient R2is in0.97above, it has high precision. Fertilizer in the intervention condition, lMPa soil moisture soil water suction is a demarcation point.
     (5) In the water and fertilizer under the common action of cinnamon soil of Beijing, the water content and not using the water content is proportional to.
     (6) Soil application of water-retaining agent, N, P, K maintain ability improved to some extent, water retaining agent on nitrogen phosphorus potassium retention capacity from large to small K>N>P. Water retaining agent can significantly reduce the leaching solution volume, but leaching times on soil leaching solution volume effect is not obvious.
     (7) In the water, decrease soil evaporation, increase the aggregate content, increase the effective water, fertilizer, water retaining agent, with small particle diameter is better than a large particle size.
     (8) Fertilizer and water retaining agent mixed fertilization can increase the Bluegrass Poa emergence rate, increase plant height, biomass, leaf nitrogen phosphorus and potassium in content, can significantly reduce the bluegrass turf evapotranspiration. Through research the20mm is the least amount of irrigation, and every month can save water resource cost1306.4yuan/ha.
引文
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