长江中游地区双季早稻超高产形成特征及精确定量栽培关键技术研究
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摘要
双季稻作是我国南方稻区重要的种植制度,对我国粮食安全与社会经济具有独特的作用。在双季稻作中,早稻生产最易波动,稳步推进早稻高产与超高产,不仅是生产上亟需解决的重大课题,而且对于稳定双季稻面积、提高全年稻谷综合生产能力和促进稻农增收均具有十分重要的意义。近年来,随着我国惠农措施的加强与落实,超级早稻品种的不断推出,双季早稻产量逐年提高,并涌现出一批高产与超高产典型。但与中、晚稻相比,早稻产量低而不稳,高产尤其是超高产特征与规律缺乏深入研究,技术定量化程度不高,栽培技术不够规范,超高产重演性差。为此,本研究于2006～2009年在长江中游江西双季稻地区的赣州、袁州、奉新、鄱阳等地,以主推品种金优463、先农31、新丰优22、陆两优28、优I458为材料,通过不同播期、基本苗、施肥等技术组合,塑造中产(6000～7500Kg.hm-2)、高产(7500～9000Kg.hm-2)、超高产(≥9000Kg.hm-2)多种类型群体,并结合大面积定点跟踪调查,研究双季早稻超高产形成、物质生产与氮素吸收利用特征;通过不同秧龄、基本苗、施氮量及氮肥运筹专题试验,研究并建立双季早稻超高产的基本苗计算与氮肥施用精确定量关键技术。主要研究结果如下:
1、供试品种超高产群体的每公顷平均穗数为339.1万(307.6～365.1万),极显著高于高产与中产群体的298.9万(269.5～326.9万)、269.9万(250.4～315.0万),分别高13.5%、25.7%;每穗总粒数平均为120.3粒,与高产及中产群体相当;群体颖花量平均为4.19×108粒,极显著高于高产与中产群体的3.67×108粒、3.18×108粒,分别高14.5%、31.8%;结实率平均为84.1%,与高产群体的83.7%相当,显著高于中产群体的81.8%;千粒重平均为27.0克,与高产及中产群体间没有显著差异。超高产产量构成因素中,穗数对产量的贡献率最大,其次为粒数和结实率,但差异不显著;结实率对产量的净作用最大,其次为穗数与粒数,差异也未达显著水平。在高产基础上适当增加穗数的同时攻取大穗,并进一步着力提高结实率,从而形成足量的颖花量与高充实度,是双季早稻超高产形成的基本特征。双季早稻9000 Kg.hm-2超高产的适宜产量构成因素为:有效穗(339.14±26.34)×104.hm-2,每穗总粒数为(120.31±8.48)粒,结实率为(84.11±2.35%)%,千粒重为(27.03±0.42)克。
2、超高产早稻群体叶面积在拔节期低于高产群体,在(N-n+1)叶龄期、抽穗期与成熟期高于高产与中产群体;叶面积生长速率在(N-n+1)～拔节阶段低于高产群体,在拔节～抽穗阶段高于高产及中产群体;抽穗后的叶面积衰减速率低于高产与中产群体;光合势在抽穗～成熟阶段显著高于高产与中产群体;群体生长率显著或极显著高于高产与中产群体。
超高产群体主要生育期的适宜叶面积指数(LAI):有效分蘖临界叶龄期(N-n+1)为1.5～2.0,拔节期为4.5左右;抽穗期为6.5左右,成熟期为2.5～3.0。抽穗期的有效叶面积比例和高效叶面积比例分别达85%以上和65%以上。
超高产群体主要生育阶段的适宜光合势(×104m2.d.666.7 m -2):移栽～(N-n+1)阶段为1.4～1.6,(N-n+1)～拔节阶段为2.5～3.0,拔节～抽穗阶段为7.0～7.5,抽穗～成熟阶段为9～10。
超高产群体主要生育阶段的生长率(g.m-2.d):移栽～(N-n+1)阶段为8.0～10.0,(N-n+1)～拔节阶段为16～18,拔节至抽穗阶段为25～30,抽穗至成熟阶段>20。
3、超高产群体在(N-n+1)期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期及拔节～抽穗阶段与抽穗～成熟阶段的干物质积累量显著或极显著高于高产与中产群体,在N-n+1～拔节阶段显著低于高产与中产群体;经济产量与抽穗期干物质积累量呈极显著抛物线关系,与成熟期及抽穗至成熟阶段的干物质积累量呈极显著正相关关系。经济系数与产量相关性不显著。超高产群体主要生育期的干物质积累量(Kg.hm-2):(N-n+1)叶龄期为2100左右,拔节期为4300左右,抽穗期为9500～10500,成熟期在15750以上,抽穗～成熟阶段的干物质积累量占总积累量的比例达40%以上。
4、超高产群体抽穗后的茎鞘物质输出量显著多于高产与中产群体,叶片物质输出量及抽穗后叶茎鞘物质的表观输出率及其对产量贡献率显著低于高产与中产群体。超高产群体抽穗后的叶茎鞘物质表观输出率为20%～22%,表观输出物质对产量的贡献率为19%～20%。
5、超高产群体在(N-n+1)叶龄期与拔节期的植株含氮率与高产及中产群体相当,在抽穗期与成熟期则高于高产及中产群体;氮素积累量、阶段氮素积累量与吸氮强度在(N-n+1)叶龄期、拔节期稍高于高产群体,显著高于中产群体,在抽穗期与成熟期显著高于高产与中产群体;成熟期穗部氮素积累比例、100 Kg籽粒吸氮量与氮肥当季利用率高于高产与中产群体;氮素收获指数、氮素农艺效率与氮素生理效率与高产群体相当,但高于中产群体;氮素干物质生产效率与氮素表观生产力显著低于高产群体。
超高产群体的氮素吸收利用特征是:(1)植株含氮率(%): (N-n+1)叶龄期为2.7左右(2.5～3.0),拔节期为2.0左右(1.8～2.2),抽穗期为1.3左右(1.0～1.5),成熟期为1.0左右(0.8～1.3);(2)植株吸氮量(Kg.hm-2):(N-n+1)叶龄期为50左右,拔节期为90左右,抽穗期为136.5左右,成熟期在160以上,(N-n+1)叶龄期植株氮素积累量占总积累量的30%左右,拔节至抽穗阶段的氮素积累量占总积累量的25%～30%,抽穗至成熟阶段的氮素积累量占总积累量的20%左右,穗部氮素累积量占总积累量的75%左右;(3)氮素收获指数在70%左右,氮素农艺效率在18 Kg·Kg-1以上,氮素生理利用率在46 Kg·Kg-1以上,氮素当季利用效率在40%以上。
6、将双季早稻超高产的基本苗定量计算公式简化为:X = Y/ (1 + t1 ) [ 1 + ( N﹣n﹣SN﹣bn﹣α) r1 ],并明确了用公式计算的关键参数。其中,3叶以上秧苗分蘖(t1)的成穗率(s1)平均为98.1%(94.2%～100%);2叶以下秧苗分蘖的成活率(s2)平均为11%(8.3%～13.4%);本田期有效分蘖发生位上的分蘖发生率(r)平均为72.9%(70.2%～76.2%);秧苗移栽分蘖缺位数(bn)为0.6～1.0叶,平均为0.8叶;适宜的够苗叶龄在8.5～9.2叶之间,平均为8.8叶,矫正系数(a)为-0.5～-1.2。用简化的基本苗公式进行超高产水稻基本苗定量计算的实用参数是:Y为目标产量所需的适宜穗数;t1为移栽时秧苗带3叶以上(包括3叶)的分蘖数;SN为移栽叶龄;N=12;n=4;r1=0.7,bn=0.8;α=-1。
以上述简化的公式及关键定量参数应用于江西袁州、余干、鄱阳等地双季早稻百亩连片超高产综合试验示范方,秧苗一般5～6叶移栽,单株带3叶以上分蘖1～2个,经计算需栽插种子苗45～60×104株,比大面积生产高20%～30%,够苗叶龄期出现在9叶期,比大面积生产早0.5～1.0个叶龄,产量达9000Kg.hm-2以上,比大面积产量高20%～50%。
7、明确了应用斯坦福(Stanford)方程进行双季早稻施氮量确定的方法与计算参数。试验地土壤基础产量(无氮区)、土壤当季供氮量(无氮区水稻氮素累积量)与正常施肥区产量呈极显著正相关,土壤有机质、碱解氮与土壤当季供氮量相关性不显著,土壤基础产量的百公斤籽粒需氮量与基础产量呈极显著正相关。土壤基础产量平均为4881.5 kg.hm-2(4575.9～5193.0 kg·hm-2),基础产量的百公斤籽粒需氮量平均为1.53公斤(1.45～1.64公斤),土壤当季供氮量平均为74.79 kg·hm-2(66.35～85.17 kg.hm-2);施氮区不同产量水平的百公斤籽粒需氮量与产量呈极显著二次方程关系,施氮区超高产水稻的百公斤籽粒需氮量在1.75～1.95 kg之间,集中在1.75～1.85 kg之间,最优回归值为1.82 kg,需氮总量为157.5～166.5 kg·hm-2,最优回归值为163.8 kg·hm-2;水稻产量随氮肥的当季利用率上升而提高,超高产水稻氮肥当季利用率为37.4～47.8%,平均为43.2%。
应用斯坦福(Stanford)方程进行双季早稻超高产的氮肥精确定量计算的实用参数是:基础产量在4500～4875 kg.hm-2时,基础产量的百公斤籽粒需氮量为1.5公斤;基础产量在4875～5250 kg.hm-2时,基础产量的百公斤籽粒需氮量为1.6公斤;施氮区超高产的百公斤籽粒需氮量为1.8公斤;氮肥当季利用率为43%。
将上述精确定量施肥参数先后在江西袁州、鄱阳、余干等地进行了百亩连片超高产示范,一般需施纯氮202.5～225 kg.hm-2,比大面积生产施氮量高37.5～60 kg.hm-2,高27.8%～36.4%,实收产量达9000 kg.hm-2以上,比大面积产量高3300 kg.hm-2,高57.9%,氮肥利用率达41%～46%,比大面积生产高15个百分点以上。
8、基蘖肥与穗肥不同施用比例及穗肥不同施用叶龄期对水稻产量及氮肥当季利用率具有显著影响。基蘖肥与穗肥施用比例为7:3与6:4处理的产量及氮肥当季利用率均显著或极显著高于8:2与9:1处理。其中,7:3处理的产量分别比8:2与9:1处理高6.88%、10.43%,氮肥利用率高21.46%、33.13%;6:4处理的产量分别比8:2与9:1处理高4.41%、7.87%,氮肥利用率高17.52%、28.8%,7:3与6:4处理间的产量差异不显著;倒3叶期追施穗肥处理的产量最高,达9229.2 kg.hm-2,其与倒2叶追施穗肥处理的产量差异不显著,但显著高于倒4叶处理,高8.67%,极显著高于倒1叶与不施穗肥处理,分别高22.43%、47.41%;倒3叶追施穗肥处理的氮肥当季利用率与农学利用率最高,分别达45.11%、20.79 kg.kg -1,其显著高于倒2叶处理的41.33%、18.8 kg·kg -1,分别高9.14%、10.6%,极显著高于其它处理。基蘖肥与穗肥施用比例为7:3～6:4,穗肥施用时期为倒3叶～倒2叶,是双季早稻超高产及提高氮肥利用率的关键技术指标。
将上述关键技术指标应用于超高产综合示范结果表明,该技术比大面积应用的前重施肥法(10:0或9:1)增产729～1503 kg.hm-2,增产8.1～16.7%,氮肥利用率提高6.5～13.4个百分点,提高15.4%～31.8%。
The double-rice planting is an important crop systems in the South rice zones, which was unique significance to food safety and society economy in our country. Early-rice production is easy to fluctuate in the double-rice planting, thus, steadily obtaining its high- or superhigh-yield was not only an very important production questions for discussion but also was of important significance to stabilitate double-rice areas, improve rice compositive productivities and increase peasant’s incomes. In recent years, due to many benefit policies to farming and new super early-rice varieties, the yields of the double early rice improved year after year, furthermore, there appeared many models of high- and superhigh-yield. But compared to the middle or late rice, there were disadvantages such as low and unsteady yields, unknown laws for superhigh yields and characteristics, uncertain quantitative technologies and planting, bad repeating high- yield experiments and so on. Therefore, from 2006 to 2009, in Ganzhou, Yuanzhou, Fengxing and Poyang zones in Jiangxi province, the rice varieties, Jingyou463, Xiannong31, Xinfenyou22, Lulianyou28, YouI458 were used to study the characteristics of yield formation, material production and N absorption by building middle-, high- and superhigh colony with many combining technologies of different sow period, basic seedling and N application; The topic experiments about different seeding ages, basic seeding, N amounts and management were done to study and build key technologies of calculating basic seedling and precise and quantitative N in early rice in the double-cropping system. The results were as follows:
1.The averagely spike number per ha. was 3,391,000 in super high-yield colony, which was higher notably than that in high- and middle-yield colony, improved at 13.5%, 25.7% respectively;The total grain number per spike was averagely 120.3, which was equal to that high- and middle colony;The colony floret number was averagely 4.19×108 , which was higher notably than that in high- and middle-yield colony, improved at 14.5%, 31.8%, respectively; The seed-setting rate was averagely 84.1%, which was about equal to that in high-yield, but higher notably than that in middle-yield colony; The 1000-grain weight was averagely 27.0g, which was not notably difference to that in high- and middle-yield. Among the yield factors, the spike number was the most important to the yield, the next was grain number and seed-setting rate, but there was not notably differences; Seed-setting rate was the most important to net contribution of yield, the next was spike and grain number, but there was not notably difference.The basic characteristics of superhigh-yield formation in early rice in the double-cropping system were more and bigger spikes, enough floret number and substantial ratio. The proper component factors of early rice super high-yield were as follows: effective spikes were 339.14±26.34×104.hm-2, total grain number per spike was 120.31±8.48, seed-setting rate was 84.11±2.35%, 1000-grain weight was 27.03±0.42g.
2.The colony leaf area of super high-yield early rice at jointing stage was lower than that of high- and middle colony, but it was higher at N-n+1 leaf age, heading and maturity stage; Its growth rate of leaf area was lower from N-n+1 leaf age to jointing stage, but higher from jointing stage to heading stage; Its decreased rate of leaf area after heading was lower than that of high- and middle colony;Its photosynthesis potential was higher notably than that of high- and middle colony from heading stage to maturity stage; Its colony growth ratio was also higher notably.
The proper LAI of superhigh-yield early rice at main stages were as follows: 1.5～2.0 at critical stage of effective tiller emergence(N-n+1), 4.5 at jointing stage; 6.5 at heading stage, 2.5～3.0 at maturity, respectively. The effective and high leaf proportions were 85%, 65%,
respectively. The proper photosynthesis potential of super high-yield early rice in main growth stage were as follows: 1.4～1.6 from transplanting to N-n+1 stage, 2.5～3.0 from N-n+1 to jointing stage, 7.0～7.5 from jointing to heading stage, 9～10 from heading to maturity stage. The growth rate of super high-yield early rice in main growth stage were as follows: 8.0～10.0 from transplanting to N-n+1 stage, 16～18 from N-n+1 to jointing stage, 25～30 from jointing to heading stage, more than 20 from heading to maturity stage.
3.The dry material accumulations of super high-yield early rice were higher notably than those of high- and middle colony in main growth stage except from N-n+1 to jointing stage; Its economic yield had a notably parabola correlativity with dry material accumulations at heading stage, and a notably positive correlativity with dry material accumulations at maturity stage or from heading to maturity phases, but economy index was not significant to yield.
The dry material accumulations of super high-yield early rice in main growth stage were as follows:2100 at N-n+1 leaf age, 4300 at jointing stage, 9500～10500 at heading stage, over 15750 at maturity stage, the ratio of dry material accumulation from heading to maturity phase to total dry material accumulations was over 40%.
4.The materials export amounts from stem of super high-yield early rice were notably higher than those in high- and middle colony, but its leaf material export amounts, apparent export ratio in the stem after heading and their yield contributions were lower. Its apparent export ratio in the stem after heading was 20%～22%, the apparent export materials contribution ratio for yield was 19%～20%.
5. At (N-n+1) leaf stage and elongation stage, the plant nitrogen content in super high yield population was similar with that in high yield and middle yield population, but was higher at heading and maturity stage. The amount of N accumulation, stage N accumulation and the N absorption intensity at (N-n+1) leaf stage and elongation stage were slightly higher than that in high yield population, and significantly higher than that in middle yield population, but significantly higher than that at heading and maturity stage. At maturity stage, the percentage of panicle N accumulation, N absorption per 100 Kg grains and nitrogen use efficiency in super high yield population were higher than that in high and middle yield population, while the N harvest index, N agricultural efficiency and N physiological efficiency were similar with that in high yield population, but higher than that in middle yield population. On the other hand, the N dry matter producing efficiency and N apparent productivity were significantly lower than that in high yield population.
The characters of N uptake in super high yield population were as follows: (1) The plant N content was about 2.7(2.5～3.0)at (N-n+1) leaf stage, about 2.0(1.8～2.2)at elongation stage, about 1.3(1.0～1.5)at heading stage and about 1.0(0.8～1.3)at maturity stage. (2) The plant N absorption amoun(tKg.hm-2)was about 50 at (N-n+1) leaf stage, about 90 at elongation stage, about 136.5 at heading stage, and above 160 at maturity stage. The percentage of plant N accumulation at (N-n+1) leaf stage to total N accumulation was about 30%, at elongation to heading stage it was about 25%~30%, while at heading to maturity stage it was about 20%, and the percentage of panicle N accumulation to total N accumulation was about 75%. (3) The N harvest index was about 70%, the N agricultural efficiency was more than 18 Kg·Kg-1, the N physiological efficiency was more than 46 Kg·Kg-1, and the N use efficiency was more than 40%.
6. The basic seedling formula of double crop early rice for super high yield could be simplified as X = Y/ (1 + t1 ) [ 1 + ( N﹣n﹣SN﹣bn﹣α) r1 ], and the key parameters for the formula were definite. Among the formula, the earbearing tiller percentage(s1)of tillers with more than 3 leaves was averagely 98.1%(94.2%～100%), and the survival rate of tillers with less than 2 leaves was averagely 11%(8.3%～13.4%). The tiller formation percentage (r) in productive tillering sites was averagely 72.9%(70.2%～76.2%), and the amount of tiller absent when transplanting (bn) was 0.6~1.0 leaves, averagely 0.8 leaves. And the properly leaf stage to enough tillers was 8.5~9.2, averagely 8.8, the correctional coefficient (a) was -0.5~-1.2. When calculating the amount of basic seedling with this simplified formula for super high yield cultivating, the practical parameters were as follows: Y was the proper panicles number for the target yield, t1 was the number of tillers with more than 3 leaves when transplanting, and SN was the leaf stage when transplanting, and N=12, n=4, r1=0.7, bn=0.8,α=-1.
The above simplified formula and the key parameters were used in Yuanzhou, Yugan, Boyang, Jiangxi Province, where located the testing and demonstrating area of double crop early rice for super high yield cultivating. The seedlings were transplanted with 5~6 leaves, every seedling had 1~2 tillers with more than 3 leaves. After calculating with the formula, the amount of needed seedlings was 45~60×104, which was 20%～30% higher than large scale cultivation, and the leaf stage to enough tillers was the 9th stage, 0.5~1.0 leaf stage earlier than large scale cultivation. Furthermore, the final yield was above 9000 Kg.hm-2, 20%~50% higher than large scale cultivation.
7. It was definite for the calculation of N application and the parameters in double crop early rice with the Stanford formula. The basic yield in non-N soil and the N supply of soil (amount of N accumulation in non-N soil) had remarkably positive correlation with the yield from normally N application area, but the content of soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzed N were not obviously correlated with N supply of soil. On the other hand, the N demand per 100 Kg grains in non-N soil was remarkably positively correlated with the basic yield. The basic yield in non-N soil was averagely 4881.5 kg.hm-2 (4575.9～5193.0 kg·hm-2), and the N demand per 100 Kg grains in non-N soil was averagely 1.53 kg (1.45～1.64 kg), while the N supply of soil was averagely 74.79 kg·hm-2(66.35～85.17 kg.hm-2). In N application area, the N demand per 100 Kg grains was remarkably correlated with yield, which showed as quadratic equation, and the N demand per 100 Kg grains for super high yield was 1.75～1.95 kg, especially between 1.75 kg and 1.85 kg, the optimal regressed value was 1.83 kg. The total N demand was 157.5～166.5 kg·hm-2, which the optimal regressed value was 163.8 kg·hm-2. In addition, the yield was promoted with the increase of N use efficiency, that was, the N use efficiency for super high yield was 37.4～47.8%, averagely 43.2%. So the 40% of N use efficiency was the critical target for super high yield in double crop early rice.
As for the double crop early rice, the parameters of the Stanford formula for calculating the accurate N application were as follows: The N demand per 100 Kg grains was 1.5 kg when the basic yield was 4500～4875 kg.hm-2, and 1.6 kg when the basic yield reached 4875～5250 kg.hm-2. In N application area, the N demand per 100 Kg grains for super high yield was 1.8 kg, and the N use efficiency was 43%.
The above parameters were used in the testing and demonstrating area in Yuanzhou, Yugan, Boyang, the pure N application was 202.5～225 kg.hm-2, which was 37.5～60 kg.hm-2 (27.8%～36.4%) higher than large scale cultivation. The real yield reached 9000 kg.hm-2, which was 3300 kg.hm-2 (57.9%) higher, and the N use efficiency was 41%~46%, 15% higher.
8. The yield and N use efficiency were apparently influenced by the proportion of base-tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer, as well as the application stage of panicle fertilizer. The yield and N use efficiency with 7:3 and 6:4 of the proportion of base-tiller and panicle fertilizer were remarkably higher than that with 8:2 and 9:1, which the yield with 7:3 was 6.88% and 10.43% higher than that with 8:2 and 9:1 respectively, and the N use efficiency was 21.46% and 33.13% higher. Similarly, the yield with 6:4 was 4.41% and 7.87% higher than that with 8:2 and 9:1 respectively, and the N use efficiency was 17.52% and 28.8% higher. There was no difference of the yield between 7:3 and 6:4. Furthermore, there was the highest yield (9229.2 kg.hm-2) when applied with panicle fertilizer at top third leaf stage, which was not apparently different with the yield when applied at top second leaf stage, but significantly higher (8.67%) than applied at top fourth leaf stage, and remarkably higher (22.43% and 47.41% each) than applied at top leaf stage and none panicle fertilizer. When applied with panicle fertilizer at top third leaf stage, the N use efficiency and N agricultural efficiency were the highest, 45.11% and 20.79 kg.kg -1 respectively, which were 9.14% and 10.6% higher than applied at top second leaf stage, and remarkably higher than other treatments. The 7:3 and 6:4 of the proportion of base-tiller and panicle fertilizer, and panicle fertilizer applied at top third or second leaf stage, were the key factors to get super high yield in double crop early rice.
The results show that our technology could increase 729～1503 kg.hm-2, 8.1～16.7%, than the technology currently used in large scale cultivation (10:0 or 9:1), and the N use efficiency improved 15.4%～31.8%.
1、供试品种超高产群体的每公顷平均穗数为339.1万(307.6～365.1万),极显著高于高产与中产群体的298.9万(269.5～326.9万)、269.9万(250.4～315.0万),分别高13.5%、25.7%;每穗总粒数平均为120.3粒,与高产及中产群体相当;群体颖花量平均为4.19×108粒,极显著高于高产与中产群体的3.67×108粒、3.18×108粒,分别高14.5%、31.8%;结实率平均为84.1%,与高产群体的83.7%相当,显著高于中产群体的81.8%;千粒重平均为27.0克,与高产及中产群体间没有显著差异。超高产产量构成因素中,穗数对产量的贡献率最大,其次为粒数和结实率,但差异不显著;结实率对产量的净作用最大,其次为穗数与粒数,差异也未达显著水平。在高产基础上适当增加穗数的同时攻取大穗,并进一步着力提高结实率,从而形成足量的颖花量与高充实度,是双季早稻超高产形成的基本特征。双季早稻9000 Kg.hm-2超高产的适宜产量构成因素为:有效穗(339.14±26.34)×104.hm-2,每穗总粒数为(120.31±8.48)粒,结实率为(84.11±2.35%)%,千粒重为(27.03±0.42)克。
2、超高产早稻群体叶面积在拔节期低于高产群体,在(N-n+1)叶龄期、抽穗期与成熟期高于高产与中产群体;叶面积生长速率在(N-n+1)～拔节阶段低于高产群体,在拔节～抽穗阶段高于高产及中产群体;抽穗后的叶面积衰减速率低于高产与中产群体;光合势在抽穗～成熟阶段显著高于高产与中产群体;群体生长率显著或极显著高于高产与中产群体。
超高产群体主要生育期的适宜叶面积指数(LAI):有效分蘖临界叶龄期(N-n+1)为1.5～2.0,拔节期为4.5左右;抽穗期为6.5左右,成熟期为2.5～3.0。抽穗期的有效叶面积比例和高效叶面积比例分别达85%以上和65%以上。
超高产群体主要生育阶段的适宜光合势(×104m2.d.666.7 m -2):移栽～(N-n+1)阶段为1.4～1.6,(N-n+1)～拔节阶段为2.5～3.0,拔节～抽穗阶段为7.0～7.5,抽穗～成熟阶段为9～10。
超高产群体主要生育阶段的生长率(g.m-2.d):移栽～(N-n+1)阶段为8.0～10.0,(N-n+1)～拔节阶段为16～18,拔节至抽穗阶段为25～30,抽穗至成熟阶段>20。
3、超高产群体在(N-n+1)期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期及拔节～抽穗阶段与抽穗～成熟阶段的干物质积累量显著或极显著高于高产与中产群体,在N-n+1～拔节阶段显著低于高产与中产群体;经济产量与抽穗期干物质积累量呈极显著抛物线关系,与成熟期及抽穗至成熟阶段的干物质积累量呈极显著正相关关系。经济系数与产量相关性不显著。超高产群体主要生育期的干物质积累量(Kg.hm-2):(N-n+1)叶龄期为2100左右,拔节期为4300左右,抽穗期为9500～10500,成熟期在15750以上,抽穗～成熟阶段的干物质积累量占总积累量的比例达40%以上。
4、超高产群体抽穗后的茎鞘物质输出量显著多于高产与中产群体,叶片物质输出量及抽穗后叶茎鞘物质的表观输出率及其对产量贡献率显著低于高产与中产群体。超高产群体抽穗后的叶茎鞘物质表观输出率为20%～22%,表观输出物质对产量的贡献率为19%～20%。
5、超高产群体在(N-n+1)叶龄期与拔节期的植株含氮率与高产及中产群体相当,在抽穗期与成熟期则高于高产及中产群体;氮素积累量、阶段氮素积累量与吸氮强度在(N-n+1)叶龄期、拔节期稍高于高产群体,显著高于中产群体,在抽穗期与成熟期显著高于高产与中产群体;成熟期穗部氮素积累比例、100 Kg籽粒吸氮量与氮肥当季利用率高于高产与中产群体;氮素收获指数、氮素农艺效率与氮素生理效率与高产群体相当,但高于中产群体;氮素干物质生产效率与氮素表观生产力显著低于高产群体。
超高产群体的氮素吸收利用特征是:(1)植株含氮率(%): (N-n+1)叶龄期为2.7左右(2.5～3.0),拔节期为2.0左右(1.8～2.2),抽穗期为1.3左右(1.0～1.5),成熟期为1.0左右(0.8～1.3);(2)植株吸氮量(Kg.hm-2):(N-n+1)叶龄期为50左右,拔节期为90左右,抽穗期为136.5左右,成熟期在160以上,(N-n+1)叶龄期植株氮素积累量占总积累量的30%左右,拔节至抽穗阶段的氮素积累量占总积累量的25%～30%,抽穗至成熟阶段的氮素积累量占总积累量的20%左右,穗部氮素累积量占总积累量的75%左右;(3)氮素收获指数在70%左右,氮素农艺效率在18 Kg·Kg-1以上,氮素生理利用率在46 Kg·Kg-1以上,氮素当季利用效率在40%以上。
6、将双季早稻超高产的基本苗定量计算公式简化为:X = Y/ (1 + t1 ) [ 1 + ( N﹣n﹣SN﹣bn﹣α) r1 ],并明确了用公式计算的关键参数。其中,3叶以上秧苗分蘖(t1)的成穗率(s1)平均为98.1%(94.2%～100%);2叶以下秧苗分蘖的成活率(s2)平均为11%(8.3%～13.4%);本田期有效分蘖发生位上的分蘖发生率(r)平均为72.9%(70.2%～76.2%);秧苗移栽分蘖缺位数(bn)为0.6～1.0叶,平均为0.8叶;适宜的够苗叶龄在8.5～9.2叶之间,平均为8.8叶,矫正系数(a)为-0.5～-1.2。用简化的基本苗公式进行超高产水稻基本苗定量计算的实用参数是:Y为目标产量所需的适宜穗数;t1为移栽时秧苗带3叶以上(包括3叶)的分蘖数;SN为移栽叶龄;N=12;n=4;r1=0.7,bn=0.8;α=-1。
以上述简化的公式及关键定量参数应用于江西袁州、余干、鄱阳等地双季早稻百亩连片超高产综合试验示范方,秧苗一般5～6叶移栽,单株带3叶以上分蘖1～2个,经计算需栽插种子苗45～60×104株,比大面积生产高20%～30%,够苗叶龄期出现在9叶期,比大面积生产早0.5～1.0个叶龄,产量达9000Kg.hm-2以上,比大面积产量高20%～50%。
7、明确了应用斯坦福(Stanford)方程进行双季早稻施氮量确定的方法与计算参数。试验地土壤基础产量(无氮区)、土壤当季供氮量(无氮区水稻氮素累积量)与正常施肥区产量呈极显著正相关,土壤有机质、碱解氮与土壤当季供氮量相关性不显著,土壤基础产量的百公斤籽粒需氮量与基础产量呈极显著正相关。土壤基础产量平均为4881.5 kg.hm-2(4575.9～5193.0 kg·hm-2),基础产量的百公斤籽粒需氮量平均为1.53公斤(1.45～1.64公斤),土壤当季供氮量平均为74.79 kg·hm-2(66.35～85.17 kg.hm-2);施氮区不同产量水平的百公斤籽粒需氮量与产量呈极显著二次方程关系,施氮区超高产水稻的百公斤籽粒需氮量在1.75～1.95 kg之间,集中在1.75～1.85 kg之间,最优回归值为1.82 kg,需氮总量为157.5～166.5 kg·hm-2,最优回归值为163.8 kg·hm-2;水稻产量随氮肥的当季利用率上升而提高,超高产水稻氮肥当季利用率为37.4～47.8%,平均为43.2%。
应用斯坦福(Stanford)方程进行双季早稻超高产的氮肥精确定量计算的实用参数是:基础产量在4500～4875 kg.hm-2时,基础产量的百公斤籽粒需氮量为1.5公斤;基础产量在4875～5250 kg.hm-2时,基础产量的百公斤籽粒需氮量为1.6公斤;施氮区超高产的百公斤籽粒需氮量为1.8公斤;氮肥当季利用率为43%。
将上述精确定量施肥参数先后在江西袁州、鄱阳、余干等地进行了百亩连片超高产示范,一般需施纯氮202.5～225 kg.hm-2,比大面积生产施氮量高37.5～60 kg.hm-2,高27.8%～36.4%,实收产量达9000 kg.hm-2以上,比大面积产量高3300 kg.hm-2,高57.9%,氮肥利用率达41%～46%,比大面积生产高15个百分点以上。
8、基蘖肥与穗肥不同施用比例及穗肥不同施用叶龄期对水稻产量及氮肥当季利用率具有显著影响。基蘖肥与穗肥施用比例为7:3与6:4处理的产量及氮肥当季利用率均显著或极显著高于8:2与9:1处理。其中,7:3处理的产量分别比8:2与9:1处理高6.88%、10.43%,氮肥利用率高21.46%、33.13%;6:4处理的产量分别比8:2与9:1处理高4.41%、7.87%,氮肥利用率高17.52%、28.8%,7:3与6:4处理间的产量差异不显著;倒3叶期追施穗肥处理的产量最高,达9229.2 kg.hm-2,其与倒2叶追施穗肥处理的产量差异不显著,但显著高于倒4叶处理,高8.67%,极显著高于倒1叶与不施穗肥处理,分别高22.43%、47.41%;倒3叶追施穗肥处理的氮肥当季利用率与农学利用率最高,分别达45.11%、20.79 kg.kg -1,其显著高于倒2叶处理的41.33%、18.8 kg·kg -1,分别高9.14%、10.6%,极显著高于其它处理。基蘖肥与穗肥施用比例为7:3～6:4,穗肥施用时期为倒3叶～倒2叶,是双季早稻超高产及提高氮肥利用率的关键技术指标。
将上述关键技术指标应用于超高产综合示范结果表明,该技术比大面积应用的前重施肥法(10:0或9:1)增产729～1503 kg.hm-2,增产8.1～16.7%,氮肥利用率提高6.5～13.4个百分点,提高15.4%～31.8%。
The double-rice planting is an important crop systems in the South rice zones, which was unique significance to food safety and society economy in our country. Early-rice production is easy to fluctuate in the double-rice planting, thus, steadily obtaining its high- or superhigh-yield was not only an very important production questions for discussion but also was of important significance to stabilitate double-rice areas, improve rice compositive productivities and increase peasant’s incomes. In recent years, due to many benefit policies to farming and new super early-rice varieties, the yields of the double early rice improved year after year, furthermore, there appeared many models of high- and superhigh-yield. But compared to the middle or late rice, there were disadvantages such as low and unsteady yields, unknown laws for superhigh yields and characteristics, uncertain quantitative technologies and planting, bad repeating high- yield experiments and so on. Therefore, from 2006 to 2009, in Ganzhou, Yuanzhou, Fengxing and Poyang zones in Jiangxi province, the rice varieties, Jingyou463, Xiannong31, Xinfenyou22, Lulianyou28, YouI458 were used to study the characteristics of yield formation, material production and N absorption by building middle-, high- and superhigh colony with many combining technologies of different sow period, basic seedling and N application; The topic experiments about different seeding ages, basic seeding, N amounts and management were done to study and build key technologies of calculating basic seedling and precise and quantitative N in early rice in the double-cropping system. The results were as follows:
1.The averagely spike number per ha. was 3,391,000 in super high-yield colony, which was higher notably than that in high- and middle-yield colony, improved at 13.5%, 25.7% respectively;The total grain number per spike was averagely 120.3, which was equal to that high- and middle colony;The colony floret number was averagely 4.19×108 , which was higher notably than that in high- and middle-yield colony, improved at 14.5%, 31.8%, respectively; The seed-setting rate was averagely 84.1%, which was about equal to that in high-yield, but higher notably than that in middle-yield colony; The 1000-grain weight was averagely 27.0g, which was not notably difference to that in high- and middle-yield. Among the yield factors, the spike number was the most important to the yield, the next was grain number and seed-setting rate, but there was not notably differences; Seed-setting rate was the most important to net contribution of yield, the next was spike and grain number, but there was not notably difference.The basic characteristics of superhigh-yield formation in early rice in the double-cropping system were more and bigger spikes, enough floret number and substantial ratio. The proper component factors of early rice super high-yield were as follows: effective spikes were 339.14±26.34×104.hm-2, total grain number per spike was 120.31±8.48, seed-setting rate was 84.11±2.35%, 1000-grain weight was 27.03±0.42g.
2.The colony leaf area of super high-yield early rice at jointing stage was lower than that of high- and middle colony, but it was higher at N-n+1 leaf age, heading and maturity stage; Its growth rate of leaf area was lower from N-n+1 leaf age to jointing stage, but higher from jointing stage to heading stage; Its decreased rate of leaf area after heading was lower than that of high- and middle colony;Its photosynthesis potential was higher notably than that of high- and middle colony from heading stage to maturity stage; Its colony growth ratio was also higher notably.
The proper LAI of superhigh-yield early rice at main stages were as follows: 1.5～2.0 at critical stage of effective tiller emergence(N-n+1), 4.5 at jointing stage; 6.5 at heading stage, 2.5～3.0 at maturity, respectively. The effective and high leaf proportions were 85%, 65%,
respectively. The proper photosynthesis potential of super high-yield early rice in main growth stage were as follows: 1.4～1.6 from transplanting to N-n+1 stage, 2.5～3.0 from N-n+1 to jointing stage, 7.0～7.5 from jointing to heading stage, 9～10 from heading to maturity stage. The growth rate of super high-yield early rice in main growth stage were as follows: 8.0～10.0 from transplanting to N-n+1 stage, 16～18 from N-n+1 to jointing stage, 25～30 from jointing to heading stage, more than 20 from heading to maturity stage.
3.The dry material accumulations of super high-yield early rice were higher notably than those of high- and middle colony in main growth stage except from N-n+1 to jointing stage; Its economic yield had a notably parabola correlativity with dry material accumulations at heading stage, and a notably positive correlativity with dry material accumulations at maturity stage or from heading to maturity phases, but economy index was not significant to yield.
The dry material accumulations of super high-yield early rice in main growth stage were as follows:2100 at N-n+1 leaf age, 4300 at jointing stage, 9500～10500 at heading stage, over 15750 at maturity stage, the ratio of dry material accumulation from heading to maturity phase to total dry material accumulations was over 40%.
4.The materials export amounts from stem of super high-yield early rice were notably higher than those in high- and middle colony, but its leaf material export amounts, apparent export ratio in the stem after heading and their yield contributions were lower. Its apparent export ratio in the stem after heading was 20%～22%, the apparent export materials contribution ratio for yield was 19%～20%.
5. At (N-n+1) leaf stage and elongation stage, the plant nitrogen content in super high yield population was similar with that in high yield and middle yield population, but was higher at heading and maturity stage. The amount of N accumulation, stage N accumulation and the N absorption intensity at (N-n+1) leaf stage and elongation stage were slightly higher than that in high yield population, and significantly higher than that in middle yield population, but significantly higher than that at heading and maturity stage. At maturity stage, the percentage of panicle N accumulation, N absorption per 100 Kg grains and nitrogen use efficiency in super high yield population were higher than that in high and middle yield population, while the N harvest index, N agricultural efficiency and N physiological efficiency were similar with that in high yield population, but higher than that in middle yield population. On the other hand, the N dry matter producing efficiency and N apparent productivity were significantly lower than that in high yield population.
The characters of N uptake in super high yield population were as follows: (1) The plant N content was about 2.7(2.5～3.0)at (N-n+1) leaf stage, about 2.0(1.8～2.2)at elongation stage, about 1.3(1.0～1.5)at heading stage and about 1.0(0.8～1.3)at maturity stage. (2) The plant N absorption amoun(tKg.hm-2)was about 50 at (N-n+1) leaf stage, about 90 at elongation stage, about 136.5 at heading stage, and above 160 at maturity stage. The percentage of plant N accumulation at (N-n+1) leaf stage to total N accumulation was about 30%, at elongation to heading stage it was about 25%~30%, while at heading to maturity stage it was about 20%, and the percentage of panicle N accumulation to total N accumulation was about 75%. (3) The N harvest index was about 70%, the N agricultural efficiency was more than 18 Kg·Kg-1, the N physiological efficiency was more than 46 Kg·Kg-1, and the N use efficiency was more than 40%.
6. The basic seedling formula of double crop early rice for super high yield could be simplified as X = Y/ (1 + t1 ) [ 1 + ( N﹣n﹣SN﹣bn﹣α) r1 ], and the key parameters for the formula were definite. Among the formula, the earbearing tiller percentage(s1)of tillers with more than 3 leaves was averagely 98.1%(94.2%～100%), and the survival rate of tillers with less than 2 leaves was averagely 11%(8.3%～13.4%). The tiller formation percentage (r) in productive tillering sites was averagely 72.9%(70.2%～76.2%), and the amount of tiller absent when transplanting (bn) was 0.6~1.0 leaves, averagely 0.8 leaves. And the properly leaf stage to enough tillers was 8.5~9.2, averagely 8.8, the correctional coefficient (a) was -0.5~-1.2. When calculating the amount of basic seedling with this simplified formula for super high yield cultivating, the practical parameters were as follows: Y was the proper panicles number for the target yield, t1 was the number of tillers with more than 3 leaves when transplanting, and SN was the leaf stage when transplanting, and N=12, n=4, r1=0.7, bn=0.8,α=-1.
The above simplified formula and the key parameters were used in Yuanzhou, Yugan, Boyang, Jiangxi Province, where located the testing and demonstrating area of double crop early rice for super high yield cultivating. The seedlings were transplanted with 5~6 leaves, every seedling had 1~2 tillers with more than 3 leaves. After calculating with the formula, the amount of needed seedlings was 45~60×104, which was 20%～30% higher than large scale cultivation, and the leaf stage to enough tillers was the 9th stage, 0.5~1.0 leaf stage earlier than large scale cultivation. Furthermore, the final yield was above 9000 Kg.hm-2, 20%~50% higher than large scale cultivation.
7. It was definite for the calculation of N application and the parameters in double crop early rice with the Stanford formula. The basic yield in non-N soil and the N supply of soil (amount of N accumulation in non-N soil) had remarkably positive correlation with the yield from normally N application area, but the content of soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzed N were not obviously correlated with N supply of soil. On the other hand, the N demand per 100 Kg grains in non-N soil was remarkably positively correlated with the basic yield. The basic yield in non-N soil was averagely 4881.5 kg.hm-2 (4575.9～5193.0 kg·hm-2), and the N demand per 100 Kg grains in non-N soil was averagely 1.53 kg (1.45～1.64 kg), while the N supply of soil was averagely 74.79 kg·hm-2(66.35～85.17 kg.hm-2). In N application area, the N demand per 100 Kg grains was remarkably correlated with yield, which showed as quadratic equation, and the N demand per 100 Kg grains for super high yield was 1.75～1.95 kg, especially between 1.75 kg and 1.85 kg, the optimal regressed value was 1.83 kg. The total N demand was 157.5～166.5 kg·hm-2, which the optimal regressed value was 163.8 kg·hm-2. In addition, the yield was promoted with the increase of N use efficiency, that was, the N use efficiency for super high yield was 37.4～47.8%, averagely 43.2%. So the 40% of N use efficiency was the critical target for super high yield in double crop early rice.
As for the double crop early rice, the parameters of the Stanford formula for calculating the accurate N application were as follows: The N demand per 100 Kg grains was 1.5 kg when the basic yield was 4500～4875 kg.hm-2, and 1.6 kg when the basic yield reached 4875～5250 kg.hm-2. In N application area, the N demand per 100 Kg grains for super high yield was 1.8 kg, and the N use efficiency was 43%.
The above parameters were used in the testing and demonstrating area in Yuanzhou, Yugan, Boyang, the pure N application was 202.5～225 kg.hm-2, which was 37.5～60 kg.hm-2 (27.8%～36.4%) higher than large scale cultivation. The real yield reached 9000 kg.hm-2, which was 3300 kg.hm-2 (57.9%) higher, and the N use efficiency was 41%~46%, 15% higher.
8. The yield and N use efficiency were apparently influenced by the proportion of base-tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer, as well as the application stage of panicle fertilizer. The yield and N use efficiency with 7:3 and 6:4 of the proportion of base-tiller and panicle fertilizer were remarkably higher than that with 8:2 and 9:1, which the yield with 7:3 was 6.88% and 10.43% higher than that with 8:2 and 9:1 respectively, and the N use efficiency was 21.46% and 33.13% higher. Similarly, the yield with 6:4 was 4.41% and 7.87% higher than that with 8:2 and 9:1 respectively, and the N use efficiency was 17.52% and 28.8% higher. There was no difference of the yield between 7:3 and 6:4. Furthermore, there was the highest yield (9229.2 kg.hm-2) when applied with panicle fertilizer at top third leaf stage, which was not apparently different with the yield when applied at top second leaf stage, but significantly higher (8.67%) than applied at top fourth leaf stage, and remarkably higher (22.43% and 47.41% each) than applied at top leaf stage and none panicle fertilizer. When applied with panicle fertilizer at top third leaf stage, the N use efficiency and N agricultural efficiency were the highest, 45.11% and 20.79 kg.kg -1 respectively, which were 9.14% and 10.6% higher than applied at top second leaf stage, and remarkably higher than other treatments. The 7:3 and 6:4 of the proportion of base-tiller and panicle fertilizer, and panicle fertilizer applied at top third or second leaf stage, were the key factors to get super high yield in double crop early rice.
The results show that our technology could increase 729～1503 kg.hm-2, 8.1～16.7%, than the technology currently used in large scale cultivation (10:0 or 9:1), and the N use efficiency improved 15.4%～31.8%.
引文
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