长输电线路精确故障定位系统研究
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摘要
高压输电线路的精确故障定位可以极大的缩短巡线时间，加快恢复供电，对电力系统安全和经济运行具有非常重要的意义。
本文采用基于全球卫星定位系统(GPS)授时的双端数据同步的输电线路故障定位方法，做了如下工作：
针对较长和超长输电线路，首次提出了基于分布参数模型的有限差分故障定位算法。该算法先利用相模变换将相量转换成模量，再在模量域利用有限差分法直接获取线路波动方程的数值解，根据故障点电压的唯一性来求取故障点的位置。该算法具有如下特点：算法采用精确的分布参数模型，能很好的反映线路的波动特性和实际运行情况，模型误差小；采样数据的各种频率分量均满足线路波动方程，算法直接从波动方程出发进行求解，使得算法对采样数据具有很好的适应性，利用暂态数据亦能精确定位。
针对安装有串补电容装置的输电线路，首次提出了基于微分方程法的精确故障定位算法。该算法将可以计及过渡过程的微分方程作为数学模型，利用相模变换将相量转换成模量，依据判断得到的故障类型，选用相应的线模量求解故障距离。陔算法具有如下特点：算法将可以计及过渡过程的微分方程作为数学模型，与传统的工频相量故障定位算法相比，微分方程算法克服了短路电流中非周期分量的影响，并且计算数据窗可取得很短，因此算法既能在暂态故障时精确定位，又能在稳态故障时精确定位；该算法分别假定故障点在串补电容的两侧，通过计算得到两个故障定位结果，然后根据由线路两侧获取的数据分别计算出的故障点电压应相等这一原理提出一种简单、可靠的找出真根除去伪根的方法，可正确判定事故地点。
利用MATLAB工具箱中的PSB对本文所述的算法作了大量的数字仿真，并对影响算法定位精度的因素进行了分析。仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性，本文所提出的两种故障定位算法精度高，且从工程角度考虑定位精度基本不受故障点位置、故障类型、过渡电阻、系统频率和系统运行方式的影响，亦基本不受线路零序参数变化的影响，具有强鲁棒性。
简单介绍了故障定位装置的硬件和软件实现，并利用研制出的定位装置在实时数字仿真系统(RTDS)上对本文算法进行了大量的动模试验。试验结果表明两种算法均具有很高的定位精度，这充分证明了本文算法的准确性和可行性以及故障定位装置的可靠性和实用性。
Accurate fault location for high-voltage transmission line can greatly lessen the time needed for patrolling line and quicken the power restoration. It is significantly important to the secure and economic operation of power system.
Accurate fault location algorithms using data synchronically sampled from all ends of the line based on GPS are presented in this paper. The following work has been done.
For long and ultra-long transmission lines, an algorithm using distributed parameter line model and based on finite difference method is presented for the first time in this paper. In the algorithm, phase components are converted to modal components firstly; then the numerical solution for transmission line wave equations is obtained in the modal domain using finite difference method; by the exclusiveness of the voltage on the fault point, the fault position is determined based on the above numerical solution. Accurate distributed parameter line model is adopted, so the algorithm can well reflect the wave characteristic and real operating condition of transmission line. Its model error is little. Quanta of various frequencies all fulfill the line wave equations. The fault location result is obtained directly from the wave equations, so the algorithm is highly adaptive to sampled data. It can locate faults accurately even when there exists highly transient process.
For the transmission lines having installed series compensating capacitor, an algorithm based on differential equation method is presented for the first time in this paper. In the algorithm, phase components are converted to modal components firstly; then correspondent line-mode component is chosen to calculate the fault position according to the fault type. The mathematical model of the algorithm is differential equation that considers the transient process. Compared with conventional algorithms using phasors of fundamental frequency, the algorithm can overcome the influence of aperiodic component in the fault currents, and the data window used can be small. So the algorithm can accurately locate the fault position both in transient faults and in stabilized faults. First, two fault points located in both sides of the compensating capacitor can be determined. Then, according to the principle that the voltage of real fault point calculated by data collected at both sides of transmission line must be equal, th
e real fault location can be decided.
Plenty of digital simulations are performed on the algorithms using the PSB
(Power System Blockset) toolbox of MATLAB. And factors, which affect the
accuracy of the algorithms, are analyzed. Simulation results show that the
algorithms presented in this paper are highly accurate and robust. From the view of
engineering application, the accuracy is affected neither by fault position, fault type, fault resistance, system frequency, the operation model of power system, nor by variance of the zero-sequence parameters basically.
The hardware and software realization of the corresponding fault locator is also presented in this paper concisely. Plenty of dynamic simulations are performed on the fault locator by using Real-Time Digital Simulation (RTDS) system to verify the algorithms presented in this paper. Simulation results show that highly accurate and robust results can be obtained by using the algorithms and the locator. These sufficiently prove that the algorithms are feasible and accurate; the locator is practical and reliable.
本文采用基于全球卫星定位系统(GPS)授时的双端数据同步的输电线路故障定位方法，做了如下工作：
针对较长和超长输电线路，首次提出了基于分布参数模型的有限差分故障定位算法。该算法先利用相模变换将相量转换成模量，再在模量域利用有限差分法直接获取线路波动方程的数值解，根据故障点电压的唯一性来求取故障点的位置。该算法具有如下特点：算法采用精确的分布参数模型，能很好的反映线路的波动特性和实际运行情况，模型误差小；采样数据的各种频率分量均满足线路波动方程，算法直接从波动方程出发进行求解，使得算法对采样数据具有很好的适应性，利用暂态数据亦能精确定位。
针对安装有串补电容装置的输电线路，首次提出了基于微分方程法的精确故障定位算法。该算法将可以计及过渡过程的微分方程作为数学模型，利用相模变换将相量转换成模量，依据判断得到的故障类型，选用相应的线模量求解故障距离。陔算法具有如下特点：算法将可以计及过渡过程的微分方程作为数学模型，与传统的工频相量故障定位算法相比，微分方程算法克服了短路电流中非周期分量的影响，并且计算数据窗可取得很短，因此算法既能在暂态故障时精确定位，又能在稳态故障时精确定位；该算法分别假定故障点在串补电容的两侧，通过计算得到两个故障定位结果，然后根据由线路两侧获取的数据分别计算出的故障点电压应相等这一原理提出一种简单、可靠的找出真根除去伪根的方法，可正确判定事故地点。
利用MATLAB工具箱中的PSB对本文所述的算法作了大量的数字仿真，并对影响算法定位精度的因素进行了分析。仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性，本文所提出的两种故障定位算法精度高，且从工程角度考虑定位精度基本不受故障点位置、故障类型、过渡电阻、系统频率和系统运行方式的影响，亦基本不受线路零序参数变化的影响，具有强鲁棒性。
简单介绍了故障定位装置的硬件和软件实现，并利用研制出的定位装置在实时数字仿真系统(RTDS)上对本文算法进行了大量的动模试验。试验结果表明两种算法均具有很高的定位精度，这充分证明了本文算法的准确性和可行性以及故障定位装置的可靠性和实用性。
Accurate fault location for high-voltage transmission line can greatly lessen the time needed for patrolling line and quicken the power restoration. It is significantly important to the secure and economic operation of power system.
Accurate fault location algorithms using data synchronically sampled from all ends of the line based on GPS are presented in this paper. The following work has been done.
For long and ultra-long transmission lines, an algorithm using distributed parameter line model and based on finite difference method is presented for the first time in this paper. In the algorithm, phase components are converted to modal components firstly; then the numerical solution for transmission line wave equations is obtained in the modal domain using finite difference method; by the exclusiveness of the voltage on the fault point, the fault position is determined based on the above numerical solution. Accurate distributed parameter line model is adopted, so the algorithm can well reflect the wave characteristic and real operating condition of transmission line. Its model error is little. Quanta of various frequencies all fulfill the line wave equations. The fault location result is obtained directly from the wave equations, so the algorithm is highly adaptive to sampled data. It can locate faults accurately even when there exists highly transient process.
For the transmission lines having installed series compensating capacitor, an algorithm based on differential equation method is presented for the first time in this paper. In the algorithm, phase components are converted to modal components firstly; then correspondent line-mode component is chosen to calculate the fault position according to the fault type. The mathematical model of the algorithm is differential equation that considers the transient process. Compared with conventional algorithms using phasors of fundamental frequency, the algorithm can overcome the influence of aperiodic component in the fault currents, and the data window used can be small. So the algorithm can accurately locate the fault position both in transient faults and in stabilized faults. First, two fault points located in both sides of the compensating capacitor can be determined. Then, according to the principle that the voltage of real fault point calculated by data collected at both sides of transmission line must be equal, th
e real fault location can be decided.
Plenty of digital simulations are performed on the algorithms using the PSB
(Power System Blockset) toolbox of MATLAB. And factors, which affect the
accuracy of the algorithms, are analyzed. Simulation results show that the
algorithms presented in this paper are highly accurate and robust. From the view of
engineering application, the accuracy is affected neither by fault position, fault type, fault resistance, system frequency, the operation model of power system, nor by variance of the zero-sequence parameters basically.
The hardware and software realization of the corresponding fault locator is also presented in this paper concisely. Plenty of dynamic simulations are performed on the fault locator by using Real-Time Digital Simulation (RTDS) system to verify the algorithms presented in this paper. Simulation results show that highly accurate and robust results can be obtained by using the algorithms and the locator. These sufficiently prove that the algorithms are feasible and accurate; the locator is practical and reliable.
引文
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2．全玉生，杨敏中，王晓蓉等．高压架空输电线路的故障测距方法．电网技术，2000，24(4)：27-33
3．蔡得礼．高压输电线故障点定位的一种新的计算机方法．重庆大学学报，1982，6(2)：1-14
4．付丰年．输电线路复杂故障的精确定位系统研究[硕士学位论文]，2003
5．龚庆武．输电线路精确故障定位理论研究及其实现[博士学位论文]，2002
6. Bao Lian, M.M.A. Salama. An overview of the digital fault location algorithms for the power transmission line protection based on the steady-state phasor approaches. Electric machines and power systems, 1996, 24: 83-115
7. Sachdev M.S, Agarwal R. A technique for estimating transmission line fault location from digital impedance relay measurement. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1988, 3(1): 121-129
8. A.T. johns, S. Jamali.Accurate Fault Location Technique for Power System Lines. IEE Proceedings Pt.C, 1990, 137(6): 395-402
9．董新洲，葛耀中．一种使用两端电气量的高压输电线路故障测距算法．电力系统自动化，1995，19(8)：47-53
10. Harry Lee, Abdul M. Mousa. GPS Travelling Wave Fault Locator System:Investigation into The Anomalous Measurements Related to Lightning Strikes. IEEETrans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 3, July 1996, 1214-1223
11. David J. Lawrence, Luis Z. Cabeza, Lawrence r. Hochberg. Development of an Advanced Transmission Line Fault Location System Part Ⅰ: Input Transducer Analysis and Requirements. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1992, 7(4): 1963-I971
12．龚庆武，雷庆生，王志梅，陈允平．采用输电线路双端信号的故障精确定位系统．继电器，1999，27(6)：18-23
13．吕虎，钟岷秀等．基于GPS授时同步采样的输电线路故障定位．电力系统自动化，1998，22(8)：26-29
14. R K Aggarwal, D V Coury, A T Johns, et al. A Practical Approach to Accurate Fault Location on Extra High Voltage Teed Feeders. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1993, 8(3): 874-883
15. I. Zamora, J.F.Minzmbres, A.J. Mazon, etal. Fault Location on Two-Terminal Transmission Lines Based on Voltages. IEE Proceedings-Generation, Transmission&Distribution, 1996, 143(1): 1-6
16. J. F. Minzmbres, I. Zamora, A.J. Mazon, etal. A new technique based on voltages for fault location on three-terminal transmission lines. Electric Power System Research, 1996(37): 143-151
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