新疆北山地区笔架山岩带镁铁—超镁铁质岩体岩石成因研究
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摘要
新疆塔里木板块东北部的北山地区分布着许多镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体，主要有罗东岩体、坡北岩体、以及由红石山、漩涡岭和笔架山东等岩体组成的笔架山岩带。其中，坡北岩体出露面积近200km~2，是我国境内目前已知出露面积最大的镁铁-超镁铁质层状岩体之一；笔架山岩带长约90km，出露面积约1000km~2，该岩带中多数岩体也属于典型的层状岩体。本文选取笔架山岩带中的红石山岩体、漩涡岭岩体和笔架山东岩体作为主要研究对象，通过系统的岩体地质特征、岩石学、矿物学和地球化学等方面的研究，深入探讨层状岩体的结构构造成因、岩浆演化过程、原生岩浆性质、岩浆源区性质与地幔动力学机制。主要取得了以下认识：
1、笔架山岩带由红石山、漩涡岭和笔架山东等岩体组成，岩体堆晶结构和堆晶层理发育，属典型的层状岩体。岩石类型丰富，主要有纯橄岩、橄长岩、(含长)单辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉长岩、(淡色)辉长岩和斜长岩等；此外，在红石山岩体中有少量的橄榄辉石岩和辉石岩，在漩涡岭岩体中还有橄榄苏长岩、橄榄辉长苏长岩和辉长苏长岩。岩石结构类型多样，主要有正堆晶结构，此外还有补堆晶结构、中堆晶结构、包含结构、反应边结构和熔蚀结构等。
2、红石山岩体和漩涡岭岩体发育韵律性层理，具有多个堆晶旋回，是岩浆多次注入的产物。堆晶结构和堆晶层理的成因可以归结为以下几方面：(a)岩浆房内的扩散对流对韵律性层理的形成起作用；(b)晶体成核速率和生长速率的波动、压力的震荡变化、在固相线下的冷却过程对韵律性层理的形成起到了重要作用，此外，压力的变化也使得熔蚀结构广泛发育；(c)当系统以液体为主时，重力分异对堆晶结构的形成起重要作用；(d)在固结过程中，压实作用对补堆晶结构的形成、斜长石等晶体的面理的形成以及晶体的变形等起到重要作用。
3、红石山岩体、漩涡岭岩体和笔架山东岩体的超镁铁岩属于拉斑玄武岩系列，而镁铁质岩石多属钙碱性系列。元素地球化学特征和Nd、Sr同位素组成的演化趋势充分证明了同化混染作用随着岩浆演化过程的进行而逐渐增强，并不断促进了岩浆的分异，而且导致了岩石化学系列由拉斑玄武岩系列向钙碱性系列转化。
4、笔架山岩带镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的原生岩浆有两类：苦橄质原生岩浆和高镁拉斑玄武质岩浆。其中，红石山岩体和漩涡岭岩体的原生岩浆属高温（~1350℃）高镁（MgO~14.00%）的苦橄质岩浆，笔架山东岩体的原生岩浆为高镁拉斑玄武岩浆（MgO~11.22%）。岩浆演化过程中主要发生了橄榄石和斜长石的分离结晶作用，此外还有少量斜方辉石和单斜辉石等的分离结晶。
5、笔架山岩带受混染较弱的岩石的εNd(t)和εSr(t)值分别为+5.2~+7.5，-11.66~-2.9，属于洋岛玄武岩范围，其源区应为洋岛型地幔源区，源区物质应该是石榴石辉石岩。
6、通过对笔架山二叠纪侵入岩和火山岩的时空关系、岩石地球化学特征和岩浆演化程度的研究认为，二者是同源岩浆分异的产物，岩浆进入现存岩浆房后，大量的堆晶相形成侵入岩，而演化的岩浆沿岩浆房顶部或旁侧的断层带溢出而形成火山岩。
7、塔里木东北部二叠纪的幔源岩浆岩应是塔里木大火成岩省的组成部分，应该是地幔柱与岩石圈相互作用的产物：以漩涡岭、红石山、罗东等为代表的镁铁质-超镁铁质层状岩体是地幔柱轴部部分熔融的产物，坡北岩体镁铁质岩系和笔架山东岩体为地幔柱上涌诱发的岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物，而柳园玄武岩带是在地幔柱影响下卷入的软流圈地幔的部分熔融形成的。
The mafic-ultramafic intrusions are well developed in northeastern Tarim plate, inBeishan, Xinjiang, such as the Luodong intrusion, Pobei intrusion and Bijiashan belt. ThePobei intrusion, nearly200km~2, is one of the largest mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions inChina. The Bijiashan belt, about90km in length and nearly1000km~2, is composed of theHongshishan intrusion, Xuanwoling intrusion, Bijiashandong intrusion and so on. Mostintrusions are typical layered intrusions. This paper selects the Hongshishan, Xuanwoling andBijiashandong intrusion of the Bijiashan belt as a key object of study. With the petrology,mineralogy and geochemistry of the intrusions, the paper explored the origin oftexture-structure of the layered intrusions, magmatic evolution and the nature of the primarymagma, magma source and mantle dynamics mechanism. The main cognitions gained fromthe research are as follows:
The Hongshishan, Xuanwoling, and Bijiashandong intrusions are layered intrusions withcumulate texture and cumulate layering. Rock types are mainly dunite, troctolite,plagioclase-bearing wehrlite, olivine gabbro, gabbro-lecuogabbro, and anorthosite. In addition,the Hongshishan intrusion has a small amount of olivine pyroxenite and pyroxenite and theXuanwoling intrusion has olivine norite, olivine gabbronorite and gabbronorite. There arediverse types of textures, which is mainly ortho-cumulatic texture, and other texture are less,such as adcumulatic texture, mesocumulatic texture, poikilitic texture, corona texture andcorroded texture.
The Hongshishan intrusion and Xuanwoling intrusion develop rhythmic layers andcumulate cycles, which represent the product of multiple magmas pulses. The origins ofcumulate textures and cumulate layers can be attributed to the following aspects:(a) Diffusiveconvection in magma chamber has effects on the formation of the rhythmic layer;(b)Nucleation rate fluctuations and growth rate fluctuations, the oscillatory change of pressureand the supercooling process in subsolidus are also important to form rhythmic layer, inaddition, the pressure change also makes the corroded texture extensively developed;(c)Gravitational differentiation plays an important role in the formation of cumulate structurewhen the system is mainly composed of liquids；(d)In the consolidation process, compactionplays an important role to the formation of adcumulate structure, the formation of the foliationof plagioclase crystals and crystal deformation.
Ultramafic rocks of the Hongshishan, Xuanwoling and Bijiashandong intrusion belong totholeiite series, and mafic ones are mostly calc-alkalic series. The geochemical characteristics and the evolutionary trend of Nd and Sr isotopic composition, fully demonstrate that thecontamination increased as magma evolving. At the same time, contamination promotedmagmatic differentiation and brought about the transformation of geochemical series fromtholeiitic series to calc-alkaline series.
The primary magmas of mafic-ultramafic intrusions of the Bijiashan belt have picriticmagma and high-Mg tholeiitic magma. The primary magmas of the Hongshishan andXuanwoling intrusion are high-Mg (MgO~14.00%) picritic ones with high temperature(~1350°C); the primary magma of the Bijiashandong intrusion is high-Mg tholeiitic magma(MgO~11.22%) with the temperature to1280°C. And the magmas have mainly undergonefractional crystallization of olivine and plagioclase, and a small amout of orthopyroxene andclinopyroxene in the magmatic evolution. The εNd(t) and εSr(t) values of weak contaminationrocks are+5.2~+7.5,-11.66~-2.9respectively, belonging to the range of oceanic island basalts,so its source should be oceanic island-type mantle source, and the material of magmaticsource should be garnet-pyroxenolite.
Through studies on the temporal relationships, geochemical characteristics and thedegree of magmatic evolution between Bijiashan intrusive rocks and volcanic rocks webelieve that the Bijiashan mafic-ultramafic intrusive rocks and the volcanics are derived fromthe same magma, the numerous cumulations form intrusive rocks after magma entered presentchamber, whereas the evolved magma overflowed along the faulted zones or the upperboundary of magma chamber.
The Permian mantle-derived igneous rocks in northeastern Tarim Plate, should be a partof the Tarim large igneous province (LIP) and the products of interaction between mantleplume and lithosphere: the Xuanwoling, Hongshishan and Luodong intrusions are products ofpartial melting of plume axis, mafic layered series of Pobei intrusion and Bijiashan intrusionsare derived from partial melting of lithosphere mantle induced by mantle plume upwelling,and Liuyuan basalt belt is the products of asthenosphere mantle partial melting.
1、笔架山岩带由红石山、漩涡岭和笔架山东等岩体组成，岩体堆晶结构和堆晶层理发育，属典型的层状岩体。岩石类型丰富，主要有纯橄岩、橄长岩、(含长)单辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉长岩、(淡色)辉长岩和斜长岩等；此外，在红石山岩体中有少量的橄榄辉石岩和辉石岩，在漩涡岭岩体中还有橄榄苏长岩、橄榄辉长苏长岩和辉长苏长岩。岩石结构类型多样，主要有正堆晶结构，此外还有补堆晶结构、中堆晶结构、包含结构、反应边结构和熔蚀结构等。
2、红石山岩体和漩涡岭岩体发育韵律性层理，具有多个堆晶旋回，是岩浆多次注入的产物。堆晶结构和堆晶层理的成因可以归结为以下几方面：(a)岩浆房内的扩散对流对韵律性层理的形成起作用；(b)晶体成核速率和生长速率的波动、压力的震荡变化、在固相线下的冷却过程对韵律性层理的形成起到了重要作用，此外，压力的变化也使得熔蚀结构广泛发育；(c)当系统以液体为主时，重力分异对堆晶结构的形成起重要作用；(d)在固结过程中，压实作用对补堆晶结构的形成、斜长石等晶体的面理的形成以及晶体的变形等起到重要作用。
3、红石山岩体、漩涡岭岩体和笔架山东岩体的超镁铁岩属于拉斑玄武岩系列，而镁铁质岩石多属钙碱性系列。元素地球化学特征和Nd、Sr同位素组成的演化趋势充分证明了同化混染作用随着岩浆演化过程的进行而逐渐增强，并不断促进了岩浆的分异，而且导致了岩石化学系列由拉斑玄武岩系列向钙碱性系列转化。
4、笔架山岩带镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的原生岩浆有两类：苦橄质原生岩浆和高镁拉斑玄武质岩浆。其中，红石山岩体和漩涡岭岩体的原生岩浆属高温（~1350℃）高镁（MgO~14.00%）的苦橄质岩浆，笔架山东岩体的原生岩浆为高镁拉斑玄武岩浆（MgO~11.22%）。岩浆演化过程中主要发生了橄榄石和斜长石的分离结晶作用，此外还有少量斜方辉石和单斜辉石等的分离结晶。
5、笔架山岩带受混染较弱的岩石的εNd(t)和εSr(t)值分别为+5.2~+7.5，-11.66~-2.9，属于洋岛玄武岩范围，其源区应为洋岛型地幔源区，源区物质应该是石榴石辉石岩。
6、通过对笔架山二叠纪侵入岩和火山岩的时空关系、岩石地球化学特征和岩浆演化程度的研究认为，二者是同源岩浆分异的产物，岩浆进入现存岩浆房后，大量的堆晶相形成侵入岩，而演化的岩浆沿岩浆房顶部或旁侧的断层带溢出而形成火山岩。
7、塔里木东北部二叠纪的幔源岩浆岩应是塔里木大火成岩省的组成部分，应该是地幔柱与岩石圈相互作用的产物：以漩涡岭、红石山、罗东等为代表的镁铁质-超镁铁质层状岩体是地幔柱轴部部分熔融的产物，坡北岩体镁铁质岩系和笔架山东岩体为地幔柱上涌诱发的岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物，而柳园玄武岩带是在地幔柱影响下卷入的软流圈地幔的部分熔融形成的。
The mafic-ultramafic intrusions are well developed in northeastern Tarim plate, inBeishan, Xinjiang, such as the Luodong intrusion, Pobei intrusion and Bijiashan belt. ThePobei intrusion, nearly200km~2, is one of the largest mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions inChina. The Bijiashan belt, about90km in length and nearly1000km~2, is composed of theHongshishan intrusion, Xuanwoling intrusion, Bijiashandong intrusion and so on. Mostintrusions are typical layered intrusions. This paper selects the Hongshishan, Xuanwoling andBijiashandong intrusion of the Bijiashan belt as a key object of study. With the petrology,mineralogy and geochemistry of the intrusions, the paper explored the origin oftexture-structure of the layered intrusions, magmatic evolution and the nature of the primarymagma, magma source and mantle dynamics mechanism. The main cognitions gained fromthe research are as follows:
The Hongshishan, Xuanwoling, and Bijiashandong intrusions are layered intrusions withcumulate texture and cumulate layering. Rock types are mainly dunite, troctolite,plagioclase-bearing wehrlite, olivine gabbro, gabbro-lecuogabbro, and anorthosite. In addition,the Hongshishan intrusion has a small amount of olivine pyroxenite and pyroxenite and theXuanwoling intrusion has olivine norite, olivine gabbronorite and gabbronorite. There arediverse types of textures, which is mainly ortho-cumulatic texture, and other texture are less,such as adcumulatic texture, mesocumulatic texture, poikilitic texture, corona texture andcorroded texture.
The Hongshishan intrusion and Xuanwoling intrusion develop rhythmic layers andcumulate cycles, which represent the product of multiple magmas pulses. The origins ofcumulate textures and cumulate layers can be attributed to the following aspects:(a) Diffusiveconvection in magma chamber has effects on the formation of the rhythmic layer;(b)Nucleation rate fluctuations and growth rate fluctuations, the oscillatory change of pressureand the supercooling process in subsolidus are also important to form rhythmic layer, inaddition, the pressure change also makes the corroded texture extensively developed;(c)Gravitational differentiation plays an important role in the formation of cumulate structurewhen the system is mainly composed of liquids；(d)In the consolidation process, compactionplays an important role to the formation of adcumulate structure, the formation of the foliationof plagioclase crystals and crystal deformation.
Ultramafic rocks of the Hongshishan, Xuanwoling and Bijiashandong intrusion belong totholeiite series, and mafic ones are mostly calc-alkalic series. The geochemical characteristics and the evolutionary trend of Nd and Sr isotopic composition, fully demonstrate that thecontamination increased as magma evolving. At the same time, contamination promotedmagmatic differentiation and brought about the transformation of geochemical series fromtholeiitic series to calc-alkaline series.
The primary magmas of mafic-ultramafic intrusions of the Bijiashan belt have picriticmagma and high-Mg tholeiitic magma. The primary magmas of the Hongshishan andXuanwoling intrusion are high-Mg (MgO~14.00%) picritic ones with high temperature(~1350°C); the primary magma of the Bijiashandong intrusion is high-Mg tholeiitic magma(MgO~11.22%) with the temperature to1280°C. And the magmas have mainly undergonefractional crystallization of olivine and plagioclase, and a small amout of orthopyroxene andclinopyroxene in the magmatic evolution. The εNd(t) and εSr(t) values of weak contaminationrocks are+5.2~+7.5,-11.66~-2.9respectively, belonging to the range of oceanic island basalts,so its source should be oceanic island-type mantle source, and the material of magmaticsource should be garnet-pyroxenolite.
Through studies on the temporal relationships, geochemical characteristics and thedegree of magmatic evolution between Bijiashan intrusive rocks and volcanic rocks webelieve that the Bijiashan mafic-ultramafic intrusive rocks and the volcanics are derived fromthe same magma, the numerous cumulations form intrusive rocks after magma entered presentchamber, whereas the evolved magma overflowed along the faulted zones or the upperboundary of magma chamber.
The Permian mantle-derived igneous rocks in northeastern Tarim Plate, should be a partof the Tarim large igneous province (LIP) and the products of interaction between mantleplume and lithosphere: the Xuanwoling, Hongshishan and Luodong intrusions are products ofpartial melting of plume axis, mafic layered series of Pobei intrusion and Bijiashan intrusionsare derived from partial melting of lithosphere mantle induced by mantle plume upwelling,and Liuyuan basalt belt is the products of asthenosphere mantle partial melting.
引文
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