精氨酸对仔猪宫内发育及N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对断奶仔猪生长的影响
|
摘要
本研究分二部分。
第一部分旨在探讨精氨酸对仔猪宫内生长发育的影响。试验选取20头2-4胎次、预产期相近的健康长白×大约克夏妊娠母猪,随机分为处理Ⅰ(对照)和处理Ⅱ(1.0%L-Arginine·HCL)2个处理,每个处理10个重复,每个重复1头母猪。从妊娠第85天开始饲喂试验日粮,于母猪分娩前7天转入分娩舍。分娩时记录窝产仔数、窝活仔数、窝仔重、窝活仔重、仔猪初生重及活仔初生重,并计算宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)发生率。结果表明,在妊娠后期母猪日粮中添加1.0%精氨酸,其窝产仔数、仔猪初生重、活仔初生重不受影响,但窝产活仔数由11.20头显著提高到12.60头(P<0.05),窝仔重由17.16kg提高至18.61kg(P<0.05),窝活仔重由16.21kg提高至18.26kg(P<0.05),仔猪IUGR的发生率则由17.49%降至6.35%(P<0.05)。由此可知,在妊娠期母猪日粮中添加1.0%精氨酸后能有效的提高初生仔猪窝产活仔数和成活率,并有效缓解IUGR的发生。
第二部分旨在探讨不同水平的内源性精氨酸合成关键限制因子——N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响。试验选取60头体重为(6.4±0.7)kg的26日龄断奶仔猪,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理5个重复,每个重复3头仔猪,分别饲喂含NCG0、0.04%、0.08%或0.12%的玉米-豆粕型日粮。于试验第0、7、14和21天对仔猪空腹称重,记录饲料消耗量,根据体重变化和饲料消耗情况计算仔猪平均日增重、日采食量及料重比；试验结束前10天,在日粮中添加0.3%的Cr2O3,通过内标法测定断奶仔猪对营养物质的消化率；试验期间,每天记录断奶仔猪的腹泻时间、头数及腹泻状况,以计算腹泻率和腹泻指数；在试验第21天从每重复中随机选取1头仔猪于前腔静脉采血,分离血清,测定血清中生化指标。
为探讨N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)对断奶仔猪胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ基因表达及肠道酶活性的影响,在上述试验基础上,单独进行研究。试验选取20头体重为(9.70±0.19)kg的32日龄断奶仔猪,随机分为2个处理组,每个处理10个重复,每个重复1头仔猪,分别饲喂含NCG0或0.04%的玉米-豆粕型日粮。于试验第21天对仔猪空腹称重,记录饲料消耗量,根据体重变化和饲料消耗情况计算仔猪平均日增重、日采食量及料重比。在第21天,各组随机抽取4头仔猪,于前腔静脉采血,分离血清测定血清中胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ的含量,随即屠宰,取出仔猪大脑放入液氮罐中保存测定胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ mRNA基因表达量,同时取出空肠中断(约5-6cm),收集食糜,测定食糜淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性。随后排尽食糜,刮取小肠黏膜,放入液氮罐中保存,测定乳糖酶和二胺氧化酶活性。结果表明：
(1)日粮中添加0.04%或0.08%的NCG对仔猪的促生长效果显著(P<0.05)。日粮中补充低剂量(0.04%)的NCG可显著改善仔猪腹泻状况(P<0.05)。日粮中添加NCG,仔猪对日粮粗蛋白质和磷的消化率呈提高趋势(P>0.05)。
(2)日粮中添加NCG提高了断奶仔猪血清中一氧化氮、总一氧化氮合酶和诱导型一氧化氮合酶的含量(P<0.05),日粮中添加0.12%的NCG,一氧化氮、总一氧化氮合酶和诱导型一氧化氮合酶的含量最高。
(3)日粮中添加NCG能提高断奶仔猪血清中胰岛素、生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ的含量(P<0.05)。
(4)随着日粮中NCG添加量的增加,仔猪血清游离精氨酸的含量呈线性升高趋势(P=0.07),NCG达0.08%以上时,血清精氨酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。日粮中添加NCG对断奶仔猪血清中尿素氮含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。
(5)日粮中添加NCG对断奶仔猪血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶的含量影响较小。其中,NCG的添加0.08%时,仔猪血清中总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白含量最高(P>0.05)。日粮中添加NCG可提高断奶仔猪血清中碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶的含量(P<0.05)。
(6)日粮中添加0.04%NCG能显著提高胰岛素样生长因子-ⅠmRNA基因表达量(P<0.05),提高小肠黏膜乳糖酶(P<0.05)和食糜中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶活性(P>0.05),降低小肠黏膜二胺氧化酶活性(P<0.05),并能改善仔猪生长性能。
综上所述,妊娠母猪日粮中添加精氨酸后能有效缓解仔猪IUGR的发生；内源性精氨酸合成关键限制因子——NCG对断奶仔猪的生长具有促进作用。综合促生长效果和经济成本,断奶仔猪日粮中NCG的添加量以0.04%最为合适。
The study was divided into two parts.
In experiment Ⅰ. The trial was conducted to study the effects of L-Arginine on intrauterine growth of piglets. Twenty landrace x large yorkshire pregnant sows ranged from second to forth embryoes were randomly divided into2treatments with10replicates of1sow using a randomized complete-block design, and then were fed diets containing one of0or1.0%L-Arginine. At85d of gestation, pregnant sows were fed experiment diets. Sows were transferred to individual farrowing crates before7d of farrowing. Total piglets born per litter, total piglets born alive per litter, birth weight of all piglets born, birth weight of all piglets born alive, litter birth weight of all piglets born, as well as litter birth weight of all piglets born alive were recorded immediately after farrowing, and the IUGR incidence was counted. The results showed as follows:Total piglets born per litter, birth weight of all piglets born and birth weight of all piglets born alive between two groups had no significant difference (P>0.05). Total piglets born alive per litter (12.60vs11.20, P<0.05), litter birth weight of all piglets born (18.61vs17.16, P<0.05) and litter birth weight of all piglets born alive (18.26vs16.21, P<0.05) were greater for the1.0%L-Arginine group compared with the positive control, and the IUGR incidence decreased from17.49%to6.35%(P<0.05). In conclusion,1.0%L-Arginine supplemented to diets of pregnant sows could enhance the total piglets born alive per litter and decrease IUGR incidence.
In experiment Ⅱ. The trial was conducted to study the effects of N-carbamoylglutamate (NCG) on growth performance of weaned piglets. Sixty26-day-old weaned piglets with an average weight of (6.4±0.7) kg were randomly divided into4treatments with5replicates of3piglets using a randomized complete-block design, and then were fed diets containing one of0,0.04%,0.08%or0.12%NCG. Body weight was measured on0,7,14,21days and calculated average daily weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (F/G). Before10days of finishing, nutriment digestibility of weaned piglets was studied with supplementary0.3%Cr2O3. Recorded the diarrhea status of weaned piglets everyday during trial. One piglet was randomly selected from each replicate and sampled blood from vena cava of each animal on21day. The collected blood was separated from the serum to analyze the content of serum biochemical paraments.
The trial was conducted to study the effects of N-carbamoylglutamate (NCG) on IGF-l gene expression and the activity of enzyme in intestine of weaned piglets on base of the above experiment. Twenty32-day-old weaned piglets with an average weight of (9.70±0.19) kg were randomly divided into2treatments with10replicates of1piglet using a randomized complete-block design, and then were fed diets containing one of0or0.04%NCG. Body weight was measured on21days and calculated average daily weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (F/G). Four piglets were randomly selected from each treatment and sampled blood from vena cava of each animal for analyzing the content of IGF-I in serum. Piglets were slaughtered. Brain was removed to liquid nitrogen tank for analyzing IGF-1mRNA gene expression. The middle of jejunum mucosa and chyme were collected for analyzing activity of enzyme.
The results showed as follows:
1) NCG supplemented in diet with0.04%or0.08%significantly improved ADG and F/G of piglets (P<0.05). Diarrhea ratio and diarrhea index of the group by supplement of0.04%NCG were lower than control (P<0.05). NCG enhanced feed protein and phosphorus digestibility (P>0.05).
2) NO, tNOS and iNOS in serum were improved by dietary NCG (P<0.05), NO, tNOS and iNOS in group of0.12%were highest.
3) Insulin, GH and IGF-Ⅰ in serum were improved by dietary NCG (P<0.05).
4) Linear increase trend was observed in free arginine content in serum when NCG supplemented to diets of piglets (P=0.07). Free arginine content in groups of0.08%and0.12%was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). Urea nitrogen in groups of all was no difference by dietary NCG (P>0.05).
5) Total protein, albumin, globulin, GOT and GPT in serum were no difference by dietary NCG. Total protein, albumin and globulin in group of0.08%were highest (P>0.05). AKP and ACP in serum were improved by dietary NCG (P<0.05).
6) IGF-Ⅰ mRNA gene expression was improved by0.04%NCG (P<0.05). The activity of lactase was improved (P<0.05), the activity of trypsin and amylase was improved than control (P>0.05), the activity of diamine oxidase was decreased than control (P<0.05). The growth performance was improved by0.04%NCG.
Arginine supplemented to diets of pregnant sows could decrease IUGR incidence. NCG, a key restriction factor of endogenous arginine synthesis could enhance growth performance of piglets. Regarding growth of piglets and cost of NCG,0.04%was an appropriate and feasible content for NCG supplemented to diet of weaned piglets.
第一部分旨在探讨精氨酸对仔猪宫内生长发育的影响。试验选取20头2-4胎次、预产期相近的健康长白×大约克夏妊娠母猪,随机分为处理Ⅰ(对照)和处理Ⅱ(1.0%L-Arginine·HCL)2个处理,每个处理10个重复,每个重复1头母猪。从妊娠第85天开始饲喂试验日粮,于母猪分娩前7天转入分娩舍。分娩时记录窝产仔数、窝活仔数、窝仔重、窝活仔重、仔猪初生重及活仔初生重,并计算宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)发生率。结果表明,在妊娠后期母猪日粮中添加1.0%精氨酸,其窝产仔数、仔猪初生重、活仔初生重不受影响,但窝产活仔数由11.20头显著提高到12.60头(P<0.05),窝仔重由17.16kg提高至18.61kg(P<0.05),窝活仔重由16.21kg提高至18.26kg(P<0.05),仔猪IUGR的发生率则由17.49%降至6.35%(P<0.05)。由此可知,在妊娠期母猪日粮中添加1.0%精氨酸后能有效的提高初生仔猪窝产活仔数和成活率,并有效缓解IUGR的发生。
第二部分旨在探讨不同水平的内源性精氨酸合成关键限制因子——N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响。试验选取60头体重为(6.4±0.7)kg的26日龄断奶仔猪,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理5个重复,每个重复3头仔猪,分别饲喂含NCG0、0.04%、0.08%或0.12%的玉米-豆粕型日粮。于试验第0、7、14和21天对仔猪空腹称重,记录饲料消耗量,根据体重变化和饲料消耗情况计算仔猪平均日增重、日采食量及料重比；试验结束前10天,在日粮中添加0.3%的Cr2O3,通过内标法测定断奶仔猪对营养物质的消化率；试验期间,每天记录断奶仔猪的腹泻时间、头数及腹泻状况,以计算腹泻率和腹泻指数；在试验第21天从每重复中随机选取1头仔猪于前腔静脉采血,分离血清,测定血清中生化指标。
为探讨N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)对断奶仔猪胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ基因表达及肠道酶活性的影响,在上述试验基础上,单独进行研究。试验选取20头体重为(9.70±0.19)kg的32日龄断奶仔猪,随机分为2个处理组,每个处理10个重复,每个重复1头仔猪,分别饲喂含NCG0或0.04%的玉米-豆粕型日粮。于试验第21天对仔猪空腹称重,记录饲料消耗量,根据体重变化和饲料消耗情况计算仔猪平均日增重、日采食量及料重比。在第21天,各组随机抽取4头仔猪,于前腔静脉采血,分离血清测定血清中胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ的含量,随即屠宰,取出仔猪大脑放入液氮罐中保存测定胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ mRNA基因表达量,同时取出空肠中断(约5-6cm),收集食糜,测定食糜淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性。随后排尽食糜,刮取小肠黏膜,放入液氮罐中保存,测定乳糖酶和二胺氧化酶活性。结果表明：
(1)日粮中添加0.04%或0.08%的NCG对仔猪的促生长效果显著(P<0.05)。日粮中补充低剂量(0.04%)的NCG可显著改善仔猪腹泻状况(P<0.05)。日粮中添加NCG,仔猪对日粮粗蛋白质和磷的消化率呈提高趋势(P>0.05)。
(2)日粮中添加NCG提高了断奶仔猪血清中一氧化氮、总一氧化氮合酶和诱导型一氧化氮合酶的含量(P<0.05),日粮中添加0.12%的NCG,一氧化氮、总一氧化氮合酶和诱导型一氧化氮合酶的含量最高。
(3)日粮中添加NCG能提高断奶仔猪血清中胰岛素、生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ的含量(P<0.05)。
(4)随着日粮中NCG添加量的增加,仔猪血清游离精氨酸的含量呈线性升高趋势(P=0.07),NCG达0.08%以上时,血清精氨酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。日粮中添加NCG对断奶仔猪血清中尿素氮含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。
(5)日粮中添加NCG对断奶仔猪血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶的含量影响较小。其中,NCG的添加0.08%时,仔猪血清中总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白含量最高(P>0.05)。日粮中添加NCG可提高断奶仔猪血清中碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶的含量(P<0.05)。
(6)日粮中添加0.04%NCG能显著提高胰岛素样生长因子-ⅠmRNA基因表达量(P<0.05),提高小肠黏膜乳糖酶(P<0.05)和食糜中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶活性(P>0.05),降低小肠黏膜二胺氧化酶活性(P<0.05),并能改善仔猪生长性能。
综上所述,妊娠母猪日粮中添加精氨酸后能有效缓解仔猪IUGR的发生；内源性精氨酸合成关键限制因子——NCG对断奶仔猪的生长具有促进作用。综合促生长效果和经济成本,断奶仔猪日粮中NCG的添加量以0.04%最为合适。
The study was divided into two parts.
In experiment Ⅰ. The trial was conducted to study the effects of L-Arginine on intrauterine growth of piglets. Twenty landrace x large yorkshire pregnant sows ranged from second to forth embryoes were randomly divided into2treatments with10replicates of1sow using a randomized complete-block design, and then were fed diets containing one of0or1.0%L-Arginine. At85d of gestation, pregnant sows were fed experiment diets. Sows were transferred to individual farrowing crates before7d of farrowing. Total piglets born per litter, total piglets born alive per litter, birth weight of all piglets born, birth weight of all piglets born alive, litter birth weight of all piglets born, as well as litter birth weight of all piglets born alive were recorded immediately after farrowing, and the IUGR incidence was counted. The results showed as follows:Total piglets born per litter, birth weight of all piglets born and birth weight of all piglets born alive between two groups had no significant difference (P>0.05). Total piglets born alive per litter (12.60vs11.20, P<0.05), litter birth weight of all piglets born (18.61vs17.16, P<0.05) and litter birth weight of all piglets born alive (18.26vs16.21, P<0.05) were greater for the1.0%L-Arginine group compared with the positive control, and the IUGR incidence decreased from17.49%to6.35%(P<0.05). In conclusion,1.0%L-Arginine supplemented to diets of pregnant sows could enhance the total piglets born alive per litter and decrease IUGR incidence.
In experiment Ⅱ. The trial was conducted to study the effects of N-carbamoylglutamate (NCG) on growth performance of weaned piglets. Sixty26-day-old weaned piglets with an average weight of (6.4±0.7) kg were randomly divided into4treatments with5replicates of3piglets using a randomized complete-block design, and then were fed diets containing one of0,0.04%,0.08%or0.12%NCG. Body weight was measured on0,7,14,21days and calculated average daily weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (F/G). Before10days of finishing, nutriment digestibility of weaned piglets was studied with supplementary0.3%Cr2O3. Recorded the diarrhea status of weaned piglets everyday during trial. One piglet was randomly selected from each replicate and sampled blood from vena cava of each animal on21day. The collected blood was separated from the serum to analyze the content of serum biochemical paraments.
The trial was conducted to study the effects of N-carbamoylglutamate (NCG) on IGF-l gene expression and the activity of enzyme in intestine of weaned piglets on base of the above experiment. Twenty32-day-old weaned piglets with an average weight of (9.70±0.19) kg were randomly divided into2treatments with10replicates of1piglet using a randomized complete-block design, and then were fed diets containing one of0or0.04%NCG. Body weight was measured on21days and calculated average daily weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (F/G). Four piglets were randomly selected from each treatment and sampled blood from vena cava of each animal for analyzing the content of IGF-I in serum. Piglets were slaughtered. Brain was removed to liquid nitrogen tank for analyzing IGF-1mRNA gene expression. The middle of jejunum mucosa and chyme were collected for analyzing activity of enzyme.
The results showed as follows:
1) NCG supplemented in diet with0.04%or0.08%significantly improved ADG and F/G of piglets (P<0.05). Diarrhea ratio and diarrhea index of the group by supplement of0.04%NCG were lower than control (P<0.05). NCG enhanced feed protein and phosphorus digestibility (P>0.05).
2) NO, tNOS and iNOS in serum were improved by dietary NCG (P<0.05), NO, tNOS and iNOS in group of0.12%were highest.
3) Insulin, GH and IGF-Ⅰ in serum were improved by dietary NCG (P<0.05).
4) Linear increase trend was observed in free arginine content in serum when NCG supplemented to diets of piglets (P=0.07). Free arginine content in groups of0.08%and0.12%was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). Urea nitrogen in groups of all was no difference by dietary NCG (P>0.05).
5) Total protein, albumin, globulin, GOT and GPT in serum were no difference by dietary NCG. Total protein, albumin and globulin in group of0.08%were highest (P>0.05). AKP and ACP in serum were improved by dietary NCG (P<0.05).
6) IGF-Ⅰ mRNA gene expression was improved by0.04%NCG (P<0.05). The activity of lactase was improved (P<0.05), the activity of trypsin and amylase was improved than control (P>0.05), the activity of diamine oxidase was decreased than control (P<0.05). The growth performance was improved by0.04%NCG.
Arginine supplemented to diets of pregnant sows could decrease IUGR incidence. NCG, a key restriction factor of endogenous arginine synthesis could enhance growth performance of piglets. Regarding growth of piglets and cost of NCG,0.04%was an appropriate and feasible content for NCG supplemented to diet of weaned piglets.
引文
[I]Wu G, Morris S M Jr. Arginine metabolism:nitric oxide and beyond[J]. Biochemistry Journal, 1998,336:1-17
[2]Appleton J. Arginine:Clinical potential of a semi-essential amino[J]. Altern Med Rev,2002, 7 (6):512-522
[3]Tong B C, Barbul A. Cellular and physiological effects of arginine [J]. Mini Rev Med Chem, 2004,4 (8):823-832
[4]Wu G, Knabe D A, Kim S W.Arginine nutrition in neonatal pig[J]. The Journal of Nutrition, 2004,134,2783S-2790S
[5]Duggan C, Gannon J, Walker W A.Protective nutrients and functional foods for the gastrointestinal tract[J]. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2002,75:789-808
[6]Wu G, Jaeger LA, Bazer FW, et al. Arginine deficiency in preterm infants:biochemical mechanisms and nutrirional implications[J].The Journal of Nutrition Biochemistry,2004,15 (8):442-451
[7]Frank JW, Escobar J, Nguyen HV, et al.Oral N-carbamylglutamate supplementation increases protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of piglets[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2007,137 (2): 315-319
[8]Wu G, Knabe D A. Free and protein-bound amino acids in sow's colostrum and milk[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1994,124:415-424
[9]Boyd R D, Hensinger R S, Harrell R J, et al.Nutrient uptake and endocrine regulation of milk synthesis by mammary tissue oflactating sows[J]. The Journal of Animal Science,1995,73 (2):36-56
[10]Wu G, Knabe D A.Arginine synthesis in enterocytes of neonatalpigs[J].American Journal of Physiology,1995,269:621-629
[11]Wu G, Davis P K, Flynn N E, et al.Endogenous synthesis of arginineplays an important role in maintaining arginine homeo-stasis in postweaning growing pigs[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1997,127 (12):2342-2349
[12]Wu G. Synthesis of citrulline and arginine from proline in enterocytes of postnatal pigs[J]. American Journal Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiol,1997,272:1382-1390
[13]Wu G, Morris S M, Cynober L A, et al.Metabolic and Therapeutic Aspects of Amino Acid in Clinical Nutrition[J].Boca Raton FL:CRC Press,2004,153-167
[14]Flynn NE, Knabe DA, Mallick BK, et al.Postnatal changes of plasma amino acids in suckling pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2000,78 (9):2369-2375
[15]Wu G, Fang Y Z, Yang S, et al.Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2004,134:489-492
[16]Kim S W, McPherson R L, Wu G.Dietary arginine supplementationenhances the growth of milk-fed young pigs[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2004,134:625-630
[17]Wilkinson D L, Bertolo R F P, Brunton J A, et al.Arginine synthesis is regulated by dietary arginine intake in the enterally fed neonatal piglet[J].American Journal Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism,2004,287:454-462
[18]Murphy S J, Wilson R L, Murphy, JM, et al.Proline is synthesized from intravenously infused arginine by piglets consuming low prolinediets[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,1996,76:435-441
[19]Morizono H, Caldovic L, Shi D, et al.Mammalian N-acetylglutamate synthase[J].Molecular Genetics and Metabolism,2004,81(Suppl.1):4-11
[20]Wu G, Knabe D A, Flynn.Synthesis of citruiline from glutamine in pig enterocytes[J]. Biochemistry Journal,1997,299:115-121
[21]Urschel K, Rafii M, Pencharz P B, et al. A multitracer stable isotope quantification of the effects of arginine intake on whole body arginine metabolism in neonatal piglets[J]. American Journal of Physiology,2007,293:811-818
[22]Flynn N E, W u G.An important role for endogenous synthesis of arginine in maintaining arginine homeostasis in neonatal pigs[J]. American Journal of Physiology,1996,271: 1149-1155
[23]Kristine L U, Shoveller A K, Pencharz P B, et al. Arginine synthesis does not occur during first-pass hepatic metabolism in the neonatal piglet[J]. American Journal Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism,2005,288:1244-1251
[24]Brunton J A, Bertolo R F P, Pencharz P B, et al.Proline ameliorates arginine deficiency during enteral but not parenteral feeding in neonatal pigs[J]. American Journal of Physiology,1999,277:223-231
[25]DiHon E L, Knabe D A, Wu G. Lactate inhibits citrulline and arsinine synthesis from proline in pig enterocytes[J]. American Journal of Physiology,1999,276:1079-1086
[26]Flynn N E, Meininger C J, Kelly K, et al. Glucocorticoids mediate the enhanced expression of intestinal type Ⅱ argiBase and arginion-succinate lyase in postweaning pigs[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1999,129:799-803
[27]Flynn N E, Wu G. Enhanced metabolism of arginine and glutaminin enterecytes of cortisol-treated pigs[J]. American Journal of Physiology,1997,272:474-480
[28]O'Quinn P R, Knabe D A, Wu G.Arginine catabolism in lactating porcine malltrnary tissue[J]. Journal of Aminal Science,2002,80:467-474
[29]郭长义.日粮精氨酸水平对泌乳母猪生产性能的影响及机理研究[D].博士学位论文.广州：华南农业大学,2009
[30]黄琳.精氨酸对人工饲养新生仔猪营养调控的研究[D].硕士学位论文.广州：华南农业大学,2008
[31]Leibholz J.Arginine requirements of pigs[J]. Journal of Agricultural Reasearch,1982,33: 165-170
[32]Meijer A J, Dubbelhuis P F.Amino acid signaling and the integration of metabolism[J]. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communication,2004,313 (2):397-403
[33]卢岩,吴旭,李书琴.左旋精氨酸对宫内发育迟缓婴胎鼠脑组织中NO、MDA和SOD的影响[J].中国现代医学杂志,2005,15(11)：1624-1627
[34]Myatt L.Control of vascular resistance in the human placenta[J]. Placenta,1992,13 (4): 329-341
[35]Sladek SM, Magness RR, Conrad KP.Nitric oxide and pregnancy[J]. American Journal of Physiology,1997,272 (2):441-463
[36]Wu G, Pond W G, Flynn S P, et al. Maternal dietary protein deficiency decreases nitric oxide synthase and ornithine decarboxylase activities in placenta and endometrium of pigs during early gestation [J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1998,128 (12):2395-2402
[37]Mateo R D, Wu G, Bazer F W, et al.Dietary L-arginine supplementation enhances the reproductive performance of gilts[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2007,137 (3):652-656
[38]Mateo R D, Dowd S E, Carroll J A, et al. L-arginine supplementation to gestation and lactation diets enhances the expression of immune related genes in white blood cells of lactating sows[J]. FASEB J,2007,21:539
[39]刘玉兰,黄晶昌,范伟,等.L-精氨酸对脂多糖刺激断奶仔猪生产性能、血液生化指标和内脏器官重量的影响[J].动物营养学报,2008,20(2)：140-145
[40]黄昌晶,刘玉兰,朱惠玲,等.L-精氨酸对脂多糖刺激的断奶仔猪肠道损伤的缓解作用[J].畜牧兽医学报,2007,38(12)：1323-1328
[41]郑永波,吴承堂,黄祥成.L-精氨酸对严重腹腔感染大鼠肠屏障功能的影响[J].中华急症医学杂志,2004,13(10)：655-657
[42]Corl B A, Odle J, Niu X, et al.Arginine activates intestinal protein synthesis in piglet rotavirus enteritis[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2008,138:24-29
[43]Yao K, Yin Y, Chu W, et al.Dietary Arginine supplementation increases mTOR signaling activity in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2008,138:867-872
[44]黄琳,蒋宗勇,林映才,等.精氨酸对人工饲养新生仔猪肠道形态和肠黏膜酶活的影响[C].刘建新主编,中国畜牧兽医学会动物营养学分会第十次学术研讨会论文集,北京：中国农业科学技术出版社,2008,346
[45]谭碧娥,李新国,孔祥峰,等.精氨酸对早期断奶仔猪肠道生长、组织形态及IL-2基因表达水平的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(9)：2783-2788
[46]Zhan Z, Ou D, Piao X, et al.Dietary Arginine supplementation affects microvascular development in the small intestine of early -weaned pigs[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2008, 138:1304-1309
[47]陈大伟,童本德.现代肠内和肠外营养的临床实践[M].上海：第一军医大学出版社,1988：61-64
[48]Atinmo, Carlos Baldijao.Plasma level of growth hormone and insulin in protein malnourished VS normal growing pigs in response to arginine or glucose infusion[J]. Journal of Animal Science,1978,46 (2):409-416
[49]Barbul A. Arginine:biochemistry, physiolony, and the rapeutici mplications[J]. JPEN, 1986,10 (2):227-238
[50]Gurbuz A T, Kunzelman J, Ratzer E E. Supplemental dietary arginine accelerates intestinal mucosal regeneration and enh an ces bacterial clearance following radiation enteritis in rats [J]. Journal of Surgical Research,1998,74 (2):149-154
[51]Hurt R, Matheson Mays M, Garrison R.Immune enhancing dietand cytokine expression during chronic sepsis:An immune enhancing diet containing L-arginine, fish oil, and RNA fragments promotesintestinal cgoMne expression during chronic sepsis in rats[J]. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery,2006,10 (1):46-53
[52]Tsuei B J, Kearney PA, BernardAC, et al.Supplemental enteral arginine is metabolized to ornithineini- umdpatients[J]. Journal of Surgical Research,2005,123:17-24
[53]鲍倩玲,刘怡晟,张伟利.精氨酸-重要的免疫营养剂[J].国外医学儿科学分册,2004,31(5)：258-260
[54]Yang P, Baylin S B, Luk G D.Polyamines and intestinal growth:absolute requirement for ODC activity in adaptation during lactation[J]. American Journal Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiol,1984,247 (5):553-557
[55]Bethesda.Use of human recombinant growth horm one and human recombinant insulin-like growth factor inpatients with human immunode ficiency virusin fection[J]. Hormone Research,1996,46:215-221
[56]Murphy W J, Rui H, Longo D L. Effects of growth hormone and pro lactin immune development and function[J]. Life Science,1995,57 (1):1-13
[57]Yin Y L, LiDE, YAm S W, et al.Amino acids and immune function[J]. British Journal of Nutrition,2007,98:237-252
[58]Adawi D, Kasravi F B, Molin G Jeppsson B.Efect of Lactobacillus supplementation with and without arginine on liver damage and bacterial translocation in an acute liver in jury model in the rat[J]. Hepantology,1997,25:642-647
[59]Yeh C L, Yeh S L, LinM L ChenW J. Efects of arginine-enriched total parenteral nutrition on inflammatory-related mediator and T-cell population in septic rats[J]. Nutrition,2002,18: 631-635
[60]EdmondsMS, Baker DH. Failure of excess dietary lysine to antagonize arginine in young pigs[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1987,117:1396-1401
[61]刘兆金,印遇龙,邓敦.精氨酸生理营养研究[J].氨基酸和生物资源,2005,27(4)54-57
[62]姚康,褚武英,邓敦,等.不同精氨酸添加水平对哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响[J].天然产物研究与开发,2008,(1)：121-124
[63]吴琛,刘俊锋,孔祥峰.仔猪内源性精氨酸合成研究进展[J].动物营养学报,2011(1)： 5-9
[64]Wink DA, Mitchell JB.Chemical biology of nitric oxide:Insights into regulatory, cytotoxic, and cytoprotective mechanisms of nitric oxide[J]. Free Radic Biology and Medicine,1998, 25 (4-5):434-456
[65]周顺伍主编.动物生物化学[M].中国农业出版社,1999
[66]聂新志,蒋宗勇,杨雪芬.新生仔猪的精氨酸营养[J].饲料博览,2009(9)：8-11
[67]Meijer AJ, Lof C, Ramos IC, et al.Control of ureogenesis[J]. Eur J Biochem,1985,148 (1):189-196
[68]Elhaji YA, Wu JH, Gottlieb B, et al.An examination of how different mutations at arginine 855 of the androgen receptor result in different androgen insensitivity phenotypes[J]. Molecular Endocrinology,2004,18 (8):1876-1886
[69]Wu G, Bazer F W, Cudd T A, et al.Maternal nutrition and fetal development[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2004,134:2169-2172
[70]Caldovic L, Tuchman M.N-acetylglutamate and its changing role through evolution[J]. Biochemistry Journal,,2003,372:279-290.
[71]Frank JW, Escebm J, Nguyen nV, el al.Oral N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) supplementation increases growth rate in sow-reared pigets[J]. The FASEB Jonrnal,2006,20:425
[72]印遇龙,吴信,唐志如,等.不同水平精氨酸衍生物对断奶仔猪生长性能及腹泻的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2008,29(06)：723-725,760
[73]Umchel K L, Shoveller A K, Pencharz P B, et al.Arginine synthesis does not occur during first-pass hepatic metabolism in the neonatal piglet[J]. American Journal Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism,2005,288 (6):1244-1251
[74]Caldovic L, Morizono H, Daikhin Y, et al.Restoration of ureagenesis in N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency by N-carbamylglutamate[J]. J Pediatr,2004,145 (4):552-554
[75]Tuchman M, Caldovic L, Daikhin Y, et al.N-carbamylglutamate markedly enhances ureagenesis in N-acetylglutamate deficiency and propionic acidemia as measured by isotopic incorporation and blood biomarkers[J]. Pediatriv Research,2008,23:489-494
[76]Gebhardt B, Dittrich S, Parbel S, et al.N-carbamylglutamate protects patients with decompensated propionic aciduria from hyperammonaemia[J].J Inherit Metab Dis,2005, 28 (2):241-244
[77]Jones S, Reed CA, Vijay S, et al.N-Carbamylglutamate for neonatal hyperammonaemia in propionic acidaemia[J]. J Inherit Metab Dis,2008,24:435-438
[78]Boyd RD, Kensinger RE, Harrell RJ, et al.Nutrient Uptake and Endocrine Regulation of Milk Synthesis by lactating sows[J]. Journal of Animal Science,1995,73 (2):36
[79]Cohen PP, Grisoliat S.The role of carbamyl L-glutamic acid in the enzymatic synthesis of citrulline from ornithine[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,1950,182:747-761
[80]Wu G., Bazer F. W, Wallace J M, et al. Intrauterine growth redardation:Implication for the animal sciences [J]. The Journal of Animal Science,2006,84:2316-2337
[81]Mateo R. D, G. Wu, F. W. Bazer, et al. Dietary L-Arginine supplementation enhances the reproductive performance of gilts[J].The Journal of Nutrition.2007,137:652-656
[82]高开国,蒋宗勇,林映才等.日粮中添加精氨酸对母猪繁殖性能的影响[A].刘建新.中国畜牧兽医学会动物营养学分会第十次研讨会论文集[C].北京：中国农业科学技术出版社,2008,4
[83]Remaekers P,Kemp B,van der lende T. Progenos in sows increases number of piglets born[J]. Journal of Animal Science,2006,84 (Suppl1):394-399
[84]郭长义,蒋宗勇.精氨酸在猪营养中应用的研究[J].中国饲料,2009(8)：31-36
[85]Bell A. W, R. A. Ehrhardt. Regulation of placental nutrient transport and implications for fetal growth [J]. Nutr. Res. Rev.2002,15:211-230
[86]聂新志,蒋宗勇,郑春田,等.精氨酸对仔猪肠道粘膜发育的调控[J].饲料研究,2009(12)：6-7
[87]Moncada S, Palmer R M J, Higgs E A. Nitric oxide:physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology [J]. Pharmacol Rev,1991,43:109-142
[88]朱春华,李广丽,吴天力,等.L-精氨酸对凡纳滨对虾体液免疫因子的影响[J].海洋科学,2009(2)：55-59
[89]Ignarro L J. Physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide[M]. Kidney Int,1996.55:2-5
[90]Cochard A, Guilherme R, Bonneau M.Effects of arginine, growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and neostigmine administered singly or in paired combinations on growth hormone (GH) release in pig[J]. Reprod Nutr Dev,1997,37:589-598
[91]毕英佐,傅伟龙.动物科学进展[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社,2001,1-19
[92]田允波,葛长荣,高士争.天然植物提取物促仔猪生长的内分泌机制[J].广西科学,2003, 10(3)：228-231
[93]朱南山,张彬,李丽立,等.复方中药多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和激素水平的影响[J].广东农业科学,2007(2)：72-75
[94]Buonomo F C, Lauterio TJ, Baile C A. Determination of insulinlike growth factor Ⅰ and IGF binding protein levels in swine[J].Domestic Animal Endocrinology,1987 (4):23-31
[95]Burrin D G, Wester T J, Davis T A, et al. Orally alministered IGF-Ⅰ Increases intestinal mucosal growth in fornula-fed neonatal pigs[J].American.Journal Physiology,1996,270: 1085-1091
[96]李垚,单安山,李焕江,等.表皮生长因子和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ对21日龄断奶仔猪胃和小肠发育的作用[J].动物营养学报,2005(3)：44-49
[97]Dignass A U, Sturm A.Peptide geowth factors in intesine[J].Eur J Gastroe nterol Hepatol, 2001,13:763-770
[98]Sirisathien S, Hernandez-Fonseca H J, Brackett B G. Influences of epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 on bovine blastocyst development in vitro[J].Anim Repord Sci,2003,77:21-32
[99]Mao J, Smith M F, Rucker E B, et al. Effect of epidermal growth factor and insulin like growth factor Ⅰ on procine preantral follicular growth,antrum formatin, and stimulation of granulosal cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis in vitro[J]. Journal of Animal Science,2004,82:1967-1975
[100]Malmlof K.Amino acid in farm animal nutrition metabolism, partition and consequences of imbalance[J]. Swidish Journal of Agriculture Research,1988,18(4):191-193
[101]袁中彪,陈代文.精氨酸的免疫作用[J].中国饲料,2003,6：35-36
[102]Carmelo N J, Bobbi L-H.Arginine and immunity:aunique perspective[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2002,56:471-482
[103]Fabricius M, Akgoren N, Lauritzen M.Arginine nitric oxide pathway and cerebrovascular regulation in cortical spreading depression[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,1995,269: 23-29
[104]Frank J W, Escobar J, Nguyen H V, et al. Oral N-carbamylglutamate supplementation increases protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of piglets[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2007, 137:315-319
[105]Song K, Shan A S, Li J P. Effect of different combinations of enzyme preparation supplemented to wheat based diets on growth and serum biochemical values of broiler chickens [J].ACTA Zoonutrimenta Sinica,2004 (4):25-29
[106]赵聘,赵云焕.复合抗热应激添加剂对蛋鸡血液生化指标的影响[J].河南农业科学,2005,2：70-73
[107]何世山,金小军.高温对肉鸡血液生化指标的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2003,29(3)：311-314
[108]江晓路,刘树青,张朝晖,等.多糖对中国对虾免疫功能的影响[J].中国水产学,1999,6(1)：66-68
[109]刘树清,江晓路,牟海津,等.免疫多糖对中国对虾血淋巴液溶菌酶、磷酸酶和过氧化物酶性的作用[J].海洋与湖沼,1999,30(3)：278-284
[110]杨公社.猪血清酶活性与产肉性能关系的研究[J].西北农业大学学报,1991,19(1)61-65
[111]杨华,傅衍,陈安国.猪血液生化指标与生产性能的关系[J].国外畜牧科技,2001(1)：34-37
[112]伍革民,柳小春,施启顺,等.血浆酶活性与猪生产性状及其杂种优势的相关研究[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,1999(1)：34-36
[113]邓兴照,彭华,刘福柱.类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ及其营养调控[J].中国畜牧杂志,2005(3)：39-41
[114]程志斌.口服精胺对哺乳仔猪肠道成熟的影响[D].博士学位论文.北京：中国农业大学,2007
[115]THI SSEN J P, KET ELSLEGERS J M, UNDERWOOD L E. Nutritional regulation of the insulin-like growth factors[J].Endocrine Reviews,1994,15 (1):80-101
[116]郭长义,蒋宗勇,李职.泌乳母猪饲粮精氨酸水平对哺乳仔猪小肠黏膜发育的影响[J].动物营养学报,2010,22(4)：870-878
[117]Alexander A N, Carey H V. Involvement of kinase in IGF-Ⅰ stimulation of jejunal Na+-K+-AT-Pase activity and nutrient absorpti on [J].American Journal of Physiology,2001,280: 222-228
[118]Alexander A N, Carey H V.Oral IGF-Ⅰ enhances nutrient and electrolyte absorption in neonatal piglet intestine[J]. American Journal of Physiology,1999,277:619-625
[119]ANGIE L CRADOCK. Research questions concerning insulin-like growth factor-1[J]. Cancer Causes and Control,2000(11):89-91.
[120]Mcguinness M C, Lreg D W, Balon W L. Effects of factor and refeeding on the somatotropic and thyroidares in Juvenile Chickens[J].Poult Sci,1998,77 (suppl1):49
[121]余斌.赖氨酸铜对仔猪生长的影响及其作用机理研究[D].广州：华南农业大学学位论文,2002
[122]Whang K Y, Donovan S M, Easter R A. Effects of proteindeprivation on subsequent efficiency of dietary protein utilizationin finishing pigs[J].Asian-Aust J Anim Sci,2000, 13:659-665.
[123]丁君辉.L-Arg对哺乳仔猪生长发育的调节作用研究[D].硕士学位论文.南昌：江西农业大学,2010
[124]上官芳芳,施建农.生长激素/IGF-1对认知功能的影响[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2007(8)：568-570
[125]Reinhardt RR, Bondy CAI.Insulin-like growth factors cross the blood brain barrier[J]. Endocrinol,1994,135:1753-1761
[126]叶帅.精氨酸通过NO信号通路减缓猪宫内发育迟缓的作用机理研究[D].硕士学位论文.南昌：江西农业大学,2010
[127]B.S.LUTZ F C.WEI,S.-F.MA,et al.Effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 in motor nerve regeneration after nerve transection and repair vs.nerve crushing injury in the rat[J].Acta Neurochir(Wien),1999(141):1101-1106.
[128]叶民.人胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ基因在毕赤酵母中的表达[J].海峡药学,2007,19(6)92-94
[129]B.A.FORSHEE.The aging brain:is function dependent on growth hormone insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling[J].AGE.2006(28):173-180
[130]张妮,朱保权,张庆立,等.危重症患儿血浆D-乳酸水平和二胺氧化酶活性与胃肠功能障碍关系研究[J].临床儿科杂志,2006,24(10)：794-796
[131]乔治,黎沾良,李基业,等.应用血浆D-乳酸水平评价腹部外科手术后肠道屏障功能[J].解放军医学杂志,2005,30(3)：255-257
[132]陈少华,邱芸芸,周晓光,等.胃肠功能衰竭新生儿血清二胺氧化酶和D-乳测定及意义[J].中国小儿急救医学,2006,13(5)：434-436
[133]Wollin A, Navert H, Bounous G. Effect of intestinal ischemiaon diamine oxidase activity in rat intestinal tissue and blood[J].Gastroenterol,1981,80 (2):349-355
[134]Garca Fern.ndez M, Castilla Cort.zar I, Diaz Sanchez M, et al. Effect of IGF on total serum antioxidant status in cirrhotic rats[J].Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry,2003,59: 145-146
[135]Garca Fern.ndez M, Castilla Cortzar I, Diaz Sanchez M, et al. Antioxdant effects of insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ) in rats with advanced liver cirrhosis[J].BMC Gastroenterology, 2005,5:7
[136]上海第一医学院.组织胚胎学(第一版)[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1979：3,173-180
[137]张敏文,顾取良,张博.乳糖酶研究进展[J].微生物学杂志,2011(3)：81-86
[138]Young G P, Tara nto T M, Jonas H A, et al. Insulin like growth factors and the developing and mature rat small intestine:receptors and biological actions[J].Digestion,1990,46: 240-252
[139]Har tke J L, Mo naco M H, Wheeler M B, et al. Effect of a short term fast on intestinal disacchar idase activity and villus morphology of piglets suckling insulin like growth factor-Ⅰ transgenic sows[J].Journal of Animal Science,2005,10:2404-2413
[2]Appleton J. Arginine:Clinical potential of a semi-essential amino[J]. Altern Med Rev,2002, 7 (6):512-522
[3]Tong B C, Barbul A. Cellular and physiological effects of arginine [J]. Mini Rev Med Chem, 2004,4 (8):823-832
[4]Wu G, Knabe D A, Kim S W.Arginine nutrition in neonatal pig[J]. The Journal of Nutrition, 2004,134,2783S-2790S
[5]Duggan C, Gannon J, Walker W A.Protective nutrients and functional foods for the gastrointestinal tract[J]. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2002,75:789-808
[6]Wu G, Jaeger LA, Bazer FW, et al. Arginine deficiency in preterm infants:biochemical mechanisms and nutrirional implications[J].The Journal of Nutrition Biochemistry,2004,15 (8):442-451
[7]Frank JW, Escobar J, Nguyen HV, et al.Oral N-carbamylglutamate supplementation increases protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of piglets[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2007,137 (2): 315-319
[8]Wu G, Knabe D A. Free and protein-bound amino acids in sow's colostrum and milk[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1994,124:415-424
[9]Boyd R D, Hensinger R S, Harrell R J, et al.Nutrient uptake and endocrine regulation of milk synthesis by mammary tissue oflactating sows[J]. The Journal of Animal Science,1995,73 (2):36-56
[10]Wu G, Knabe D A.Arginine synthesis in enterocytes of neonatalpigs[J].American Journal of Physiology,1995,269:621-629
[11]Wu G, Davis P K, Flynn N E, et al.Endogenous synthesis of arginineplays an important role in maintaining arginine homeo-stasis in postweaning growing pigs[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1997,127 (12):2342-2349
[12]Wu G. Synthesis of citrulline and arginine from proline in enterocytes of postnatal pigs[J]. American Journal Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiol,1997,272:1382-1390
[13]Wu G, Morris S M, Cynober L A, et al.Metabolic and Therapeutic Aspects of Amino Acid in Clinical Nutrition[J].Boca Raton FL:CRC Press,2004,153-167
[14]Flynn NE, Knabe DA, Mallick BK, et al.Postnatal changes of plasma amino acids in suckling pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2000,78 (9):2369-2375
[15]Wu G, Fang Y Z, Yang S, et al.Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2004,134:489-492
[16]Kim S W, McPherson R L, Wu G.Dietary arginine supplementationenhances the growth of milk-fed young pigs[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2004,134:625-630
[17]Wilkinson D L, Bertolo R F P, Brunton J A, et al.Arginine synthesis is regulated by dietary arginine intake in the enterally fed neonatal piglet[J].American Journal Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism,2004,287:454-462
[18]Murphy S J, Wilson R L, Murphy, JM, et al.Proline is synthesized from intravenously infused arginine by piglets consuming low prolinediets[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,1996,76:435-441
[19]Morizono H, Caldovic L, Shi D, et al.Mammalian N-acetylglutamate synthase[J].Molecular Genetics and Metabolism,2004,81(Suppl.1):4-11
[20]Wu G, Knabe D A, Flynn.Synthesis of citruiline from glutamine in pig enterocytes[J]. Biochemistry Journal,1997,299:115-121
[21]Urschel K, Rafii M, Pencharz P B, et al. A multitracer stable isotope quantification of the effects of arginine intake on whole body arginine metabolism in neonatal piglets[J]. American Journal of Physiology,2007,293:811-818
[22]Flynn N E, W u G.An important role for endogenous synthesis of arginine in maintaining arginine homeostasis in neonatal pigs[J]. American Journal of Physiology,1996,271: 1149-1155
[23]Kristine L U, Shoveller A K, Pencharz P B, et al. Arginine synthesis does not occur during first-pass hepatic metabolism in the neonatal piglet[J]. American Journal Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism,2005,288:1244-1251
[24]Brunton J A, Bertolo R F P, Pencharz P B, et al.Proline ameliorates arginine deficiency during enteral but not parenteral feeding in neonatal pigs[J]. American Journal of Physiology,1999,277:223-231
[25]DiHon E L, Knabe D A, Wu G. Lactate inhibits citrulline and arsinine synthesis from proline in pig enterocytes[J]. American Journal of Physiology,1999,276:1079-1086
[26]Flynn N E, Meininger C J, Kelly K, et al. Glucocorticoids mediate the enhanced expression of intestinal type Ⅱ argiBase and arginion-succinate lyase in postweaning pigs[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1999,129:799-803
[27]Flynn N E, Wu G. Enhanced metabolism of arginine and glutaminin enterecytes of cortisol-treated pigs[J]. American Journal of Physiology,1997,272:474-480
[28]O'Quinn P R, Knabe D A, Wu G.Arginine catabolism in lactating porcine malltrnary tissue[J]. Journal of Aminal Science,2002,80:467-474
[29]郭长义.日粮精氨酸水平对泌乳母猪生产性能的影响及机理研究[D].博士学位论文.广州：华南农业大学,2009
[30]黄琳.精氨酸对人工饲养新生仔猪营养调控的研究[D].硕士学位论文.广州：华南农业大学,2008
[31]Leibholz J.Arginine requirements of pigs[J]. Journal of Agricultural Reasearch,1982,33: 165-170
[32]Meijer A J, Dubbelhuis P F.Amino acid signaling and the integration of metabolism[J]. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communication,2004,313 (2):397-403
[33]卢岩,吴旭,李书琴.左旋精氨酸对宫内发育迟缓婴胎鼠脑组织中NO、MDA和SOD的影响[J].中国现代医学杂志,2005,15(11)：1624-1627
[34]Myatt L.Control of vascular resistance in the human placenta[J]. Placenta,1992,13 (4): 329-341
[35]Sladek SM, Magness RR, Conrad KP.Nitric oxide and pregnancy[J]. American Journal of Physiology,1997,272 (2):441-463
[36]Wu G, Pond W G, Flynn S P, et al. Maternal dietary protein deficiency decreases nitric oxide synthase and ornithine decarboxylase activities in placenta and endometrium of pigs during early gestation [J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1998,128 (12):2395-2402
[37]Mateo R D, Wu G, Bazer F W, et al.Dietary L-arginine supplementation enhances the reproductive performance of gilts[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2007,137 (3):652-656
[38]Mateo R D, Dowd S E, Carroll J A, et al. L-arginine supplementation to gestation and lactation diets enhances the expression of immune related genes in white blood cells of lactating sows[J]. FASEB J,2007,21:539
[39]刘玉兰,黄晶昌,范伟,等.L-精氨酸对脂多糖刺激断奶仔猪生产性能、血液生化指标和内脏器官重量的影响[J].动物营养学报,2008,20(2)：140-145
[40]黄昌晶,刘玉兰,朱惠玲,等.L-精氨酸对脂多糖刺激的断奶仔猪肠道损伤的缓解作用[J].畜牧兽医学报,2007,38(12)：1323-1328
[41]郑永波,吴承堂,黄祥成.L-精氨酸对严重腹腔感染大鼠肠屏障功能的影响[J].中华急症医学杂志,2004,13(10)：655-657
[42]Corl B A, Odle J, Niu X, et al.Arginine activates intestinal protein synthesis in piglet rotavirus enteritis[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2008,138:24-29
[43]Yao K, Yin Y, Chu W, et al.Dietary Arginine supplementation increases mTOR signaling activity in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2008,138:867-872
[44]黄琳,蒋宗勇,林映才,等.精氨酸对人工饲养新生仔猪肠道形态和肠黏膜酶活的影响[C].刘建新主编,中国畜牧兽医学会动物营养学分会第十次学术研讨会论文集,北京：中国农业科学技术出版社,2008,346
[45]谭碧娥,李新国,孔祥峰,等.精氨酸对早期断奶仔猪肠道生长、组织形态及IL-2基因表达水平的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(9)：2783-2788
[46]Zhan Z, Ou D, Piao X, et al.Dietary Arginine supplementation affects microvascular development in the small intestine of early -weaned pigs[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2008, 138:1304-1309
[47]陈大伟,童本德.现代肠内和肠外营养的临床实践[M].上海：第一军医大学出版社,1988：61-64
[48]Atinmo, Carlos Baldijao.Plasma level of growth hormone and insulin in protein malnourished VS normal growing pigs in response to arginine or glucose infusion[J]. Journal of Animal Science,1978,46 (2):409-416
[49]Barbul A. Arginine:biochemistry, physiolony, and the rapeutici mplications[J]. JPEN, 1986,10 (2):227-238
[50]Gurbuz A T, Kunzelman J, Ratzer E E. Supplemental dietary arginine accelerates intestinal mucosal regeneration and enh an ces bacterial clearance following radiation enteritis in rats [J]. Journal of Surgical Research,1998,74 (2):149-154
[51]Hurt R, Matheson Mays M, Garrison R.Immune enhancing dietand cytokine expression during chronic sepsis:An immune enhancing diet containing L-arginine, fish oil, and RNA fragments promotesintestinal cgoMne expression during chronic sepsis in rats[J]. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery,2006,10 (1):46-53
[52]Tsuei B J, Kearney PA, BernardAC, et al.Supplemental enteral arginine is metabolized to ornithineini- umdpatients[J]. Journal of Surgical Research,2005,123:17-24
[53]鲍倩玲,刘怡晟,张伟利.精氨酸-重要的免疫营养剂[J].国外医学儿科学分册,2004,31(5)：258-260
[54]Yang P, Baylin S B, Luk G D.Polyamines and intestinal growth:absolute requirement for ODC activity in adaptation during lactation[J]. American Journal Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiol,1984,247 (5):553-557
[55]Bethesda.Use of human recombinant growth horm one and human recombinant insulin-like growth factor inpatients with human immunode ficiency virusin fection[J]. Hormone Research,1996,46:215-221
[56]Murphy W J, Rui H, Longo D L. Effects of growth hormone and pro lactin immune development and function[J]. Life Science,1995,57 (1):1-13
[57]Yin Y L, LiDE, YAm S W, et al.Amino acids and immune function[J]. British Journal of Nutrition,2007,98:237-252
[58]Adawi D, Kasravi F B, Molin G Jeppsson B.Efect of Lactobacillus supplementation with and without arginine on liver damage and bacterial translocation in an acute liver in jury model in the rat[J]. Hepantology,1997,25:642-647
[59]Yeh C L, Yeh S L, LinM L ChenW J. Efects of arginine-enriched total parenteral nutrition on inflammatory-related mediator and T-cell population in septic rats[J]. Nutrition,2002,18: 631-635
[60]EdmondsMS, Baker DH. Failure of excess dietary lysine to antagonize arginine in young pigs[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1987,117:1396-1401
[61]刘兆金,印遇龙,邓敦.精氨酸生理营养研究[J].氨基酸和生物资源,2005,27(4)54-57
[62]姚康,褚武英,邓敦,等.不同精氨酸添加水平对哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响[J].天然产物研究与开发,2008,(1)：121-124
[63]吴琛,刘俊锋,孔祥峰.仔猪内源性精氨酸合成研究进展[J].动物营养学报,2011(1)： 5-9
[64]Wink DA, Mitchell JB.Chemical biology of nitric oxide:Insights into regulatory, cytotoxic, and cytoprotective mechanisms of nitric oxide[J]. Free Radic Biology and Medicine,1998, 25 (4-5):434-456
[65]周顺伍主编.动物生物化学[M].中国农业出版社,1999
[66]聂新志,蒋宗勇,杨雪芬.新生仔猪的精氨酸营养[J].饲料博览,2009(9)：8-11
[67]Meijer AJ, Lof C, Ramos IC, et al.Control of ureogenesis[J]. Eur J Biochem,1985,148 (1):189-196
[68]Elhaji YA, Wu JH, Gottlieb B, et al.An examination of how different mutations at arginine 855 of the androgen receptor result in different androgen insensitivity phenotypes[J]. Molecular Endocrinology,2004,18 (8):1876-1886
[69]Wu G, Bazer F W, Cudd T A, et al.Maternal nutrition and fetal development[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2004,134:2169-2172
[70]Caldovic L, Tuchman M.N-acetylglutamate and its changing role through evolution[J]. Biochemistry Journal,,2003,372:279-290.
[71]Frank JW, Escebm J, Nguyen nV, el al.Oral N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) supplementation increases growth rate in sow-reared pigets[J]. The FASEB Jonrnal,2006,20:425
[72]印遇龙,吴信,唐志如,等.不同水平精氨酸衍生物对断奶仔猪生长性能及腹泻的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2008,29(06)：723-725,760
[73]Umchel K L, Shoveller A K, Pencharz P B, et al.Arginine synthesis does not occur during first-pass hepatic metabolism in the neonatal piglet[J]. American Journal Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism,2005,288 (6):1244-1251
[74]Caldovic L, Morizono H, Daikhin Y, et al.Restoration of ureagenesis in N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency by N-carbamylglutamate[J]. J Pediatr,2004,145 (4):552-554
[75]Tuchman M, Caldovic L, Daikhin Y, et al.N-carbamylglutamate markedly enhances ureagenesis in N-acetylglutamate deficiency and propionic acidemia as measured by isotopic incorporation and blood biomarkers[J]. Pediatriv Research,2008,23:489-494
[76]Gebhardt B, Dittrich S, Parbel S, et al.N-carbamylglutamate protects patients with decompensated propionic aciduria from hyperammonaemia[J].J Inherit Metab Dis,2005, 28 (2):241-244
[77]Jones S, Reed CA, Vijay S, et al.N-Carbamylglutamate for neonatal hyperammonaemia in propionic acidaemia[J]. J Inherit Metab Dis,2008,24:435-438
[78]Boyd RD, Kensinger RE, Harrell RJ, et al.Nutrient Uptake and Endocrine Regulation of Milk Synthesis by lactating sows[J]. Journal of Animal Science,1995,73 (2):36
[79]Cohen PP, Grisoliat S.The role of carbamyl L-glutamic acid in the enzymatic synthesis of citrulline from ornithine[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,1950,182:747-761
[80]Wu G., Bazer F. W, Wallace J M, et al. Intrauterine growth redardation:Implication for the animal sciences [J]. The Journal of Animal Science,2006,84:2316-2337
[81]Mateo R. D, G. Wu, F. W. Bazer, et al. Dietary L-Arginine supplementation enhances the reproductive performance of gilts[J].The Journal of Nutrition.2007,137:652-656
[82]高开国,蒋宗勇,林映才等.日粮中添加精氨酸对母猪繁殖性能的影响[A].刘建新.中国畜牧兽医学会动物营养学分会第十次研讨会论文集[C].北京：中国农业科学技术出版社,2008,4
[83]Remaekers P,Kemp B,van der lende T. Progenos in sows increases number of piglets born[J]. Journal of Animal Science,2006,84 (Suppl1):394-399
[84]郭长义,蒋宗勇.精氨酸在猪营养中应用的研究[J].中国饲料,2009(8)：31-36
[85]Bell A. W, R. A. Ehrhardt. Regulation of placental nutrient transport and implications for fetal growth [J]. Nutr. Res. Rev.2002,15:211-230
[86]聂新志,蒋宗勇,郑春田,等.精氨酸对仔猪肠道粘膜发育的调控[J].饲料研究,2009(12)：6-7
[87]Moncada S, Palmer R M J, Higgs E A. Nitric oxide:physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology [J]. Pharmacol Rev,1991,43:109-142
[88]朱春华,李广丽,吴天力,等.L-精氨酸对凡纳滨对虾体液免疫因子的影响[J].海洋科学,2009(2)：55-59
[89]Ignarro L J. Physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide[M]. Kidney Int,1996.55:2-5
[90]Cochard A, Guilherme R, Bonneau M.Effects of arginine, growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and neostigmine administered singly or in paired combinations on growth hormone (GH) release in pig[J]. Reprod Nutr Dev,1997,37:589-598
[91]毕英佐,傅伟龙.动物科学进展[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社,2001,1-19
[92]田允波,葛长荣,高士争.天然植物提取物促仔猪生长的内分泌机制[J].广西科学,2003, 10(3)：228-231
[93]朱南山,张彬,李丽立,等.复方中药多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和激素水平的影响[J].广东农业科学,2007(2)：72-75
[94]Buonomo F C, Lauterio TJ, Baile C A. Determination of insulinlike growth factor Ⅰ and IGF binding protein levels in swine[J].Domestic Animal Endocrinology,1987 (4):23-31
[95]Burrin D G, Wester T J, Davis T A, et al. Orally alministered IGF-Ⅰ Increases intestinal mucosal growth in fornula-fed neonatal pigs[J].American.Journal Physiology,1996,270: 1085-1091
[96]李垚,单安山,李焕江,等.表皮生长因子和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ对21日龄断奶仔猪胃和小肠发育的作用[J].动物营养学报,2005(3)：44-49
[97]Dignass A U, Sturm A.Peptide geowth factors in intesine[J].Eur J Gastroe nterol Hepatol, 2001,13:763-770
[98]Sirisathien S, Hernandez-Fonseca H J, Brackett B G. Influences of epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 on bovine blastocyst development in vitro[J].Anim Repord Sci,2003,77:21-32
[99]Mao J, Smith M F, Rucker E B, et al. Effect of epidermal growth factor and insulin like growth factor Ⅰ on procine preantral follicular growth,antrum formatin, and stimulation of granulosal cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis in vitro[J]. Journal of Animal Science,2004,82:1967-1975
[100]Malmlof K.Amino acid in farm animal nutrition metabolism, partition and consequences of imbalance[J]. Swidish Journal of Agriculture Research,1988,18(4):191-193
[101]袁中彪,陈代文.精氨酸的免疫作用[J].中国饲料,2003,6：35-36
[102]Carmelo N J, Bobbi L-H.Arginine and immunity:aunique perspective[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2002,56:471-482
[103]Fabricius M, Akgoren N, Lauritzen M.Arginine nitric oxide pathway and cerebrovascular regulation in cortical spreading depression[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,1995,269: 23-29
[104]Frank J W, Escobar J, Nguyen H V, et al. Oral N-carbamylglutamate supplementation increases protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of piglets[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2007, 137:315-319
[105]Song K, Shan A S, Li J P. Effect of different combinations of enzyme preparation supplemented to wheat based diets on growth and serum biochemical values of broiler chickens [J].ACTA Zoonutrimenta Sinica,2004 (4):25-29
[106]赵聘,赵云焕.复合抗热应激添加剂对蛋鸡血液生化指标的影响[J].河南农业科学,2005,2：70-73
[107]何世山,金小军.高温对肉鸡血液生化指标的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2003,29(3)：311-314
[108]江晓路,刘树青,张朝晖,等.多糖对中国对虾免疫功能的影响[J].中国水产学,1999,6(1)：66-68
[109]刘树清,江晓路,牟海津,等.免疫多糖对中国对虾血淋巴液溶菌酶、磷酸酶和过氧化物酶性的作用[J].海洋与湖沼,1999,30(3)：278-284
[110]杨公社.猪血清酶活性与产肉性能关系的研究[J].西北农业大学学报,1991,19(1)61-65
[111]杨华,傅衍,陈安国.猪血液生化指标与生产性能的关系[J].国外畜牧科技,2001(1)：34-37
[112]伍革民,柳小春,施启顺,等.血浆酶活性与猪生产性状及其杂种优势的相关研究[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,1999(1)：34-36
[113]邓兴照,彭华,刘福柱.类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ及其营养调控[J].中国畜牧杂志,2005(3)：39-41
[114]程志斌.口服精胺对哺乳仔猪肠道成熟的影响[D].博士学位论文.北京：中国农业大学,2007
[115]THI SSEN J P, KET ELSLEGERS J M, UNDERWOOD L E. Nutritional regulation of the insulin-like growth factors[J].Endocrine Reviews,1994,15 (1):80-101
[116]郭长义,蒋宗勇,李职.泌乳母猪饲粮精氨酸水平对哺乳仔猪小肠黏膜发育的影响[J].动物营养学报,2010,22(4)：870-878
[117]Alexander A N, Carey H V. Involvement of kinase in IGF-Ⅰ stimulation of jejunal Na+-K+-AT-Pase activity and nutrient absorpti on [J].American Journal of Physiology,2001,280: 222-228
[118]Alexander A N, Carey H V.Oral IGF-Ⅰ enhances nutrient and electrolyte absorption in neonatal piglet intestine[J]. American Journal of Physiology,1999,277:619-625
[119]ANGIE L CRADOCK. Research questions concerning insulin-like growth factor-1[J]. Cancer Causes and Control,2000(11):89-91.
[120]Mcguinness M C, Lreg D W, Balon W L. Effects of factor and refeeding on the somatotropic and thyroidares in Juvenile Chickens[J].Poult Sci,1998,77 (suppl1):49
[121]余斌.赖氨酸铜对仔猪生长的影响及其作用机理研究[D].广州：华南农业大学学位论文,2002
[122]Whang K Y, Donovan S M, Easter R A. Effects of proteindeprivation on subsequent efficiency of dietary protein utilizationin finishing pigs[J].Asian-Aust J Anim Sci,2000, 13:659-665.
[123]丁君辉.L-Arg对哺乳仔猪生长发育的调节作用研究[D].硕士学位论文.南昌：江西农业大学,2010
[124]上官芳芳,施建农.生长激素/IGF-1对认知功能的影响[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2007(8)：568-570
[125]Reinhardt RR, Bondy CAI.Insulin-like growth factors cross the blood brain barrier[J]. Endocrinol,1994,135:1753-1761
[126]叶帅.精氨酸通过NO信号通路减缓猪宫内发育迟缓的作用机理研究[D].硕士学位论文.南昌：江西农业大学,2010
[127]B.S.LUTZ F C.WEI,S.-F.MA,et al.Effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 in motor nerve regeneration after nerve transection and repair vs.nerve crushing injury in the rat[J].Acta Neurochir(Wien),1999(141):1101-1106.
[128]叶民.人胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ基因在毕赤酵母中的表达[J].海峡药学,2007,19(6)92-94
[129]B.A.FORSHEE.The aging brain:is function dependent on growth hormone insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling[J].AGE.2006(28):173-180
[130]张妮,朱保权,张庆立,等.危重症患儿血浆D-乳酸水平和二胺氧化酶活性与胃肠功能障碍关系研究[J].临床儿科杂志,2006,24(10)：794-796
[131]乔治,黎沾良,李基业,等.应用血浆D-乳酸水平评价腹部外科手术后肠道屏障功能[J].解放军医学杂志,2005,30(3)：255-257
[132]陈少华,邱芸芸,周晓光,等.胃肠功能衰竭新生儿血清二胺氧化酶和D-乳测定及意义[J].中国小儿急救医学,2006,13(5)：434-436
[133]Wollin A, Navert H, Bounous G. Effect of intestinal ischemiaon diamine oxidase activity in rat intestinal tissue and blood[J].Gastroenterol,1981,80 (2):349-355
[134]Garca Fern.ndez M, Castilla Cort.zar I, Diaz Sanchez M, et al. Effect of IGF on total serum antioxidant status in cirrhotic rats[J].Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry,2003,59: 145-146
[135]Garca Fern.ndez M, Castilla Cortzar I, Diaz Sanchez M, et al. Antioxdant effects of insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ) in rats with advanced liver cirrhosis[J].BMC Gastroenterology, 2005,5:7
[136]上海第一医学院.组织胚胎学(第一版)[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1979：3,173-180
[137]张敏文,顾取良,张博.乳糖酶研究进展[J].微生物学杂志,2011(3)：81-86
[138]Young G P, Tara nto T M, Jonas H A, et al. Insulin like growth factors and the developing and mature rat small intestine:receptors and biological actions[J].Digestion,1990,46: 240-252
[139]Har tke J L, Mo naco M H, Wheeler M B, et al. Effect of a short term fast on intestinal disacchar idase activity and villus morphology of piglets suckling insulin like growth factor-Ⅰ transgenic sows[J].Journal of Animal Science,2005,10:2404-2413