相继增压柴油机切换过程燃烧排放仿真与试验研究
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摘要
随着高功率密度、宽转速运行范围柴油机的不断发展和船用柴油机瞬态排放标准的不断提高，增压系统与柴油机匹配的要求也越来越高。相继增压技术是解决柴油机与增压器匹配矛盾、提高柴油机低速工况燃油经济性和降低碳烟排放的有效措施。针对相继增压柴油机瞬态切换过程的碳烟排放恶化问题，本文通过建立三维燃烧模型，对相继增压柴油机进气过程的气体流动规律和燃烧排放特性进行了深入研究。通过模拟计算，得到了相继增压技术对柴油机燃烧排放情况的改善规律，同时对柴油机的瞬态切换控制规律进行了试验研究，在考虑发动机转速平稳和避免喘振的前提下，得到了以碳烟排放最优为原则的相继增压柴油机瞬态切换控制策略。
以TBD234V12柴油机为研究对象，建立了相继增压柴油机三维燃烧模型。利用逆向设计技术和pro-E软件建立了柴油机燃烧室、进、排气门和进、排气道的几何模型，并对几何模型进行了体网格和动网格的网格划分。考虑到柴油机工作过程高压缩、强瞬变的特征，选用了RNG k ε湍流模型，采用了适合瞬态计算的PISO算法。对所建立的三维燃烧模型进行了试验验证，验证结果表明，所选用的计算模型及计算方法满足本文研究工作的需要。
利用所建立的三维燃烧模型详细研究了TBD234V12柴油机在切换点工况下1TC和2TC进气流动规律，并进行了对比研究。计算结果表明：在进气门开启时刻，进气门和排气门处于叠开状态，1TC和2TC均在进气门打开的小缝隙处出现了进气倒流现象；1TC和2TC进气过程的湍动能曲线表明，在整个进气过程中，1TC和2TC的湍动能由小变大，经历两个峰值然后衰减，1TC的湍动能大于2TC的湍动能，最大提高率为38%；1TC和2TC进气过程的涡流比曲线表明，涡流在进气初期就已经产生，随着气门升程的增加而增大，在气门升程最大时刻涡流比达到最大值，随后随着气门升程减小，涡流比也开始逐渐下降。1TC的涡流比大于2TC的涡流比，最大提高率为29%。
在得到了相继增压柴油机进气流动规律的基础上，对切换点工况下1TC和2TC的燃烧及排放过程进行了数值模拟研究。对1TC和2TC的缸内流场计算分析表明，1TC燃烧室内产生了较2TC更为明显的大尺度涡流，有利于燃油的雾化、蒸发和与空气的混合。对排放物生成浓度计算表明，1TC的碳烟生成主要集中在燃油运动区域内，2TC的碳烟生成主要集中在燃烧室凹坑中，1TC的碳烟生成量较2TC下降了75%，1TC的NOx生成量较2TC降低了20%。
在进行了相继增压柴油机燃烧排放特性稳态研究的基础上，设计了相继增压柴油机切换过程瞬态测试系统，进行了切换点工况下，不同切换延迟时间的受控增压器切入、切出过程瞬态试验。受控增压器切入过程的瞬态试验表明，空气阀和燃气阀同时打开，或空气阀延迟打开时间过长，会造成发动机转速波动过大，不利于瞬态切换过程的平稳性，通过对试验数据分析得出0.5秒为比较合适的切换延迟时间。受控增压器切出过程的瞬态试验表明：空气阀和燃气阀同时关闭，可以使缸内压力平稳上升，切换过程中发动机转速比较平稳，如果空气阀关闭的延迟时间过长，会使主增压器压后压力下降时间较长，发动机转速波动过大，因此空气阀延迟关闭时间不应超过0.5秒。
在对碳烟和NOx的生成机理进行研究的基础上，对切换点工况下，受控增压器的切入、切出过程的瞬态碳烟排放曲线进行了分析，结果表明，受控增压器切入过程中，切换延迟时间为0.5秒时的碳烟排放最低；在受控增压器切出过程中，切换延迟时间为0秒时的碳烟排放最低。为了深入分析瞬态切换过程的碳烟生成特点，对受控增压器切入过程中切换延迟时间分别为0秒，0.5秒和1.5秒进行了瞬态边界三维模拟计算。通过计算得到了缸内碳烟浓度场、温度场和氧气浓度场以及碳烟生成排放曲线。数值模拟分析表明，碳烟排放恶化的原因为切换瞬时增压器响应迟滞，缸内瞬时过量空气系数降低，缸内的油气混合不均匀，引起局部高温缺氧，因此碳烟生成量比较高。
得到了相继增压柴油机受控增压器的切入、切出过程的空气阀和燃气阀开闭时间的最优控制策略：受控增压器切入过程空气阀延迟0.5秒打开，受控增压器切出过程燃气阀和空气阀同时关闭，可以使发动机和增压器运转平稳，并可以有效降低瞬态切换过程的碳烟排放。
With the continuous development of the diesel engines with high power density andwide speed range and the increase of the standards on marine diesel emissions, therequirements for the turbocharging systems to match the diesel engines are also increasing.Sequential turbocharging (STC) system is an effective approach to improve the fuel economyand the exhaust performance. To study the improvement of the engine intake and combustioncharacteristics under the STC system at low operating condition, the diesel engine simulationmodel has been established in this thesis. The transient switching experiments of the STCsystem have been described to obtain the optimal switching control strategy and reduceSOOT emission during the turbocharger switch process.
Taking TBD234V12diesel engine as the research object and using reverse engineeringtechnology, a diesel engine geometry models were established. Considering the workingprocess of diesel engine with high compression and transient characteristics, the RNGturbulence model was adopted and transient calculation of the PISO algorithm was used. Thethree dimensional combustion models were verified by test, the results show that the modeland method of calculation satisfy the needs of the research.
Using the established three-dimensional combustion model on the TBD234V12dieselengine at the switching point,1TC and2TC intake flow law was obtained under comparativestudy. The calculation results showed that1TC and2TC backflow phenomenon happenedwhen the intake valve opens. The curve of the turbulent kinetic energy shows that in thewhole intake process,1TC and2TC turbulent kinetic energy changes from small to big,experiencing two peaks and then decaying.1TC turbulent kinetic energy is greater than2TC,the biggest increase rate is38%. Swirl ratio curve during the1TC and2TC intake processshows the swirl has been produced in the early intake stage, and it becomes bigger with theincrease of valve lift. During the increase, swirl ratio will reach a maximum value atmaximum moment of the valve lift, and then decrease with the decline of the valve liftgradually.1TC swirl ratio is greater than2TC, and the biggest increase rate is29%.
On the basis of the law of the inlet flow of sequential turbocharging diesel engine,combustion and emission process under the switching point between1TC and2TC wasstudied by numerical simulation. The calculation and analysis of the cylinder flow field of the1TC and2TC show that1TC combustion chamber produced more evident large-scale swirl than2TC, which was good for fuel atomization, vaporization and mixing with air. Theemission concentration calculation show that1TC SOOT formation was mainly concentratedin the fuel movement area, and2TC SOOT formation was mainly concentrated in thecombustion chamber recess. Comparison with2TC,1TC SOOT generation was decreased by75%and NOx generation decreased by20%.
On the basis of the research on the combustion and emission characteristics of aturbocharged diesel engine under steady state, a turbocharged diesel engine switchingtransient test system was designed, and transient test about the cut-in and cut-out process ofcontrol turbocharger under a switching point was conducted. The transient test of thecontrolled turbocharger cut-in process show that if the air valve and the gas valve are openedat the same time or the air valve delay opens too long, it will cause the engine speed tofluctuate too much, and it is not conducive to the stability of transient switching process.Based on the experimental data,0.5seconds is the best for the appropriate switch delay time.The transient test of the controlled turbocharger cut-out shows that if the air valve and the gasvalve close at the same time, the cylinder pressure can rise steadily and the engine speed canstay stable in the process of switching. If the delay time to close the air valve is too long, itwill make the main turbocharger pressure drop over a longer period, and the engine speedfluctuation will be too big, as a result, the air valve closing delay time should not exceed0.5seconds.
On the basis of the research on the SOOT and the NOx formation mechanism, transientSOOT emission curve during the cut-in and cut-out process of controlled turbocharger undera switching point was analyzed. The results show that in the controlled turbocharger cut-inprocess, the SOOT emissions is the minimum when switching time delay is0.5seconds; in thecut-out process, SOOT emissions is the minimum when switching time delay is0second. Inorder to analyze the SOOT formation characteristics in the transient switching process, atransient boundary three-dimensional simulation calculation was conducted when theswitching delay times of the controlled turbocharger cut-in process were0seconds,0.5seconds and1.5seconds. The calculation obtained the following results: in-cylinder SOOTconcentration field, temperature field, concentration field of oxygen and SOOT curve.Numerical simulation analysis shows that the SOOT emissions deteriorates because transientturbocharger response delays while switching, instantaneous excess air coefficient decreases, the mixture of the oil and gas is not uniform in the cylinder, the high temperature and hypoxialocal appeared, so the SOOT emissions is relatively increased.
Optimal control strategy of the opening and closing time during the cut-in and cut-outprocess of control turbocharger under a switching point was obtained. The air valve shouldopen when switching time delay is0.5seconds. During the controlled turbocharger cut-outprocess, gas valve and air valve should close at the same time. This can make the engine andturbocharger run smoothly, and can effectively reduce the SOOT emissions in the transientswitching process.
以TBD234V12柴油机为研究对象，建立了相继增压柴油机三维燃烧模型。利用逆向设计技术和pro-E软件建立了柴油机燃烧室、进、排气门和进、排气道的几何模型，并对几何模型进行了体网格和动网格的网格划分。考虑到柴油机工作过程高压缩、强瞬变的特征，选用了RNG k ε湍流模型，采用了适合瞬态计算的PISO算法。对所建立的三维燃烧模型进行了试验验证，验证结果表明，所选用的计算模型及计算方法满足本文研究工作的需要。
利用所建立的三维燃烧模型详细研究了TBD234V12柴油机在切换点工况下1TC和2TC进气流动规律，并进行了对比研究。计算结果表明：在进气门开启时刻，进气门和排气门处于叠开状态，1TC和2TC均在进气门打开的小缝隙处出现了进气倒流现象；1TC和2TC进气过程的湍动能曲线表明，在整个进气过程中，1TC和2TC的湍动能由小变大，经历两个峰值然后衰减，1TC的湍动能大于2TC的湍动能，最大提高率为38%；1TC和2TC进气过程的涡流比曲线表明，涡流在进气初期就已经产生，随着气门升程的增加而增大，在气门升程最大时刻涡流比达到最大值，随后随着气门升程减小，涡流比也开始逐渐下降。1TC的涡流比大于2TC的涡流比，最大提高率为29%。
在得到了相继增压柴油机进气流动规律的基础上，对切换点工况下1TC和2TC的燃烧及排放过程进行了数值模拟研究。对1TC和2TC的缸内流场计算分析表明，1TC燃烧室内产生了较2TC更为明显的大尺度涡流，有利于燃油的雾化、蒸发和与空气的混合。对排放物生成浓度计算表明，1TC的碳烟生成主要集中在燃油运动区域内，2TC的碳烟生成主要集中在燃烧室凹坑中，1TC的碳烟生成量较2TC下降了75%，1TC的NOx生成量较2TC降低了20%。
在进行了相继增压柴油机燃烧排放特性稳态研究的基础上，设计了相继增压柴油机切换过程瞬态测试系统，进行了切换点工况下，不同切换延迟时间的受控增压器切入、切出过程瞬态试验。受控增压器切入过程的瞬态试验表明，空气阀和燃气阀同时打开，或空气阀延迟打开时间过长，会造成发动机转速波动过大，不利于瞬态切换过程的平稳性，通过对试验数据分析得出0.5秒为比较合适的切换延迟时间。受控增压器切出过程的瞬态试验表明：空气阀和燃气阀同时关闭，可以使缸内压力平稳上升，切换过程中发动机转速比较平稳，如果空气阀关闭的延迟时间过长，会使主增压器压后压力下降时间较长，发动机转速波动过大，因此空气阀延迟关闭时间不应超过0.5秒。
在对碳烟和NOx的生成机理进行研究的基础上，对切换点工况下，受控增压器的切入、切出过程的瞬态碳烟排放曲线进行了分析，结果表明，受控增压器切入过程中，切换延迟时间为0.5秒时的碳烟排放最低；在受控增压器切出过程中，切换延迟时间为0秒时的碳烟排放最低。为了深入分析瞬态切换过程的碳烟生成特点，对受控增压器切入过程中切换延迟时间分别为0秒，0.5秒和1.5秒进行了瞬态边界三维模拟计算。通过计算得到了缸内碳烟浓度场、温度场和氧气浓度场以及碳烟生成排放曲线。数值模拟分析表明，碳烟排放恶化的原因为切换瞬时增压器响应迟滞，缸内瞬时过量空气系数降低，缸内的油气混合不均匀，引起局部高温缺氧，因此碳烟生成量比较高。
得到了相继增压柴油机受控增压器的切入、切出过程的空气阀和燃气阀开闭时间的最优控制策略：受控增压器切入过程空气阀延迟0.5秒打开，受控增压器切出过程燃气阀和空气阀同时关闭，可以使发动机和增压器运转平稳，并可以有效降低瞬态切换过程的碳烟排放。
With the continuous development of the diesel engines with high power density andwide speed range and the increase of the standards on marine diesel emissions, therequirements for the turbocharging systems to match the diesel engines are also increasing.Sequential turbocharging (STC) system is an effective approach to improve the fuel economyand the exhaust performance. To study the improvement of the engine intake and combustioncharacteristics under the STC system at low operating condition, the diesel engine simulationmodel has been established in this thesis. The transient switching experiments of the STCsystem have been described to obtain the optimal switching control strategy and reduceSOOT emission during the turbocharger switch process.
Taking TBD234V12diesel engine as the research object and using reverse engineeringtechnology, a diesel engine geometry models were established. Considering the workingprocess of diesel engine with high compression and transient characteristics, the RNGturbulence model was adopted and transient calculation of the PISO algorithm was used. Thethree dimensional combustion models were verified by test, the results show that the modeland method of calculation satisfy the needs of the research.
Using the established three-dimensional combustion model on the TBD234V12dieselengine at the switching point,1TC and2TC intake flow law was obtained under comparativestudy. The calculation results showed that1TC and2TC backflow phenomenon happenedwhen the intake valve opens. The curve of the turbulent kinetic energy shows that in thewhole intake process,1TC and2TC turbulent kinetic energy changes from small to big,experiencing two peaks and then decaying.1TC turbulent kinetic energy is greater than2TC,the biggest increase rate is38%. Swirl ratio curve during the1TC and2TC intake processshows the swirl has been produced in the early intake stage, and it becomes bigger with theincrease of valve lift. During the increase, swirl ratio will reach a maximum value atmaximum moment of the valve lift, and then decrease with the decline of the valve liftgradually.1TC swirl ratio is greater than2TC, and the biggest increase rate is29%.
On the basis of the law of the inlet flow of sequential turbocharging diesel engine,combustion and emission process under the switching point between1TC and2TC wasstudied by numerical simulation. The calculation and analysis of the cylinder flow field of the1TC and2TC show that1TC combustion chamber produced more evident large-scale swirl than2TC, which was good for fuel atomization, vaporization and mixing with air. Theemission concentration calculation show that1TC SOOT formation was mainly concentratedin the fuel movement area, and2TC SOOT formation was mainly concentrated in thecombustion chamber recess. Comparison with2TC,1TC SOOT generation was decreased by75%and NOx generation decreased by20%.
On the basis of the research on the combustion and emission characteristics of aturbocharged diesel engine under steady state, a turbocharged diesel engine switchingtransient test system was designed, and transient test about the cut-in and cut-out process ofcontrol turbocharger under a switching point was conducted. The transient test of thecontrolled turbocharger cut-in process show that if the air valve and the gas valve are openedat the same time or the air valve delay opens too long, it will cause the engine speed tofluctuate too much, and it is not conducive to the stability of transient switching process.Based on the experimental data,0.5seconds is the best for the appropriate switch delay time.The transient test of the controlled turbocharger cut-out shows that if the air valve and the gasvalve close at the same time, the cylinder pressure can rise steadily and the engine speed canstay stable in the process of switching. If the delay time to close the air valve is too long, itwill make the main turbocharger pressure drop over a longer period, and the engine speedfluctuation will be too big, as a result, the air valve closing delay time should not exceed0.5seconds.
On the basis of the research on the SOOT and the NOx formation mechanism, transientSOOT emission curve during the cut-in and cut-out process of controlled turbocharger undera switching point was analyzed. The results show that in the controlled turbocharger cut-inprocess, the SOOT emissions is the minimum when switching time delay is0.5seconds; in thecut-out process, SOOT emissions is the minimum when switching time delay is0second. Inorder to analyze the SOOT formation characteristics in the transient switching process, atransient boundary three-dimensional simulation calculation was conducted when theswitching delay times of the controlled turbocharger cut-in process were0seconds,0.5seconds and1.5seconds. The calculation obtained the following results: in-cylinder SOOTconcentration field, temperature field, concentration field of oxygen and SOOT curve.Numerical simulation analysis shows that the SOOT emissions deteriorates because transientturbocharger response delays while switching, instantaneous excess air coefficient decreases, the mixture of the oil and gas is not uniform in the cylinder, the high temperature and hypoxialocal appeared, so the SOOT emissions is relatively increased.
Optimal control strategy of the opening and closing time during the cut-in and cut-outprocess of control turbocharger under a switching point was obtained. The air valve shouldopen when switching time delay is0.5seconds. During the controlled turbocharger cut-outprocess, gas valve and air valve should close at the same time. This can make the engine andturbocharger run smoothly, and can effectively reduce the SOOT emissions in the transientswitching process.
引文
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