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蒙古高原南部季风边缘区腾格淖尔记录的全新世东亚季风变化
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摘要
全新世是距离现今最近的时代,对全新世环境变化的研究是探究人类与环境相互关系的重要内容。东亚季风是影响亚洲东部全新世环境变化过程的重要动力,是这一地区水汽的主要来源,因此对东亚季风的研究非常重要。然而在季风作用影响下,环境变化表现最敏感的地区就是季风边缘区,对季风边缘区环境变化的把握更有利于了解东亚季风的作用过程和变化机制。
     为此,本文选取蒙古高原南部季风边缘区的腾格淖尔湖泊沉积为研究对象,通过对沉积剖面的地球物理指标和地球化学指标的分析,并结合AMS~(14)C年代控制,重建蒙古高原南部季风边缘区的全新世以来的气候变化过程,并结合周围区域及南部季风边缘区域的全新世环境变化进行对比,得出以下结论:
     1.本文通过对腾格淖尔湖泊记录研究认为,研究区中、晚全新世气候变化可以分为三个阶段,沉积深度400-100cm段,年代大约8777-3390~(14)C a BP,粒度、碳酸盐、Rb/Sr、Fe/Mn、Mg/Ca等综合结果表明该时段为气候条件好的中全新世适宜期;沉积深度100-26cm段,约3390-1193~(14)C a BP,各指标总体状况与之前相反,气候明显恶化,变冷变干;沉积深度26cm以上,1193 a Bp~(14)C以后,环境状况转好,与中世纪暖期相关。
     2.通过蒙古高原南部季风边缘区域附近的全新世环境变化记录的对比,可以得出由北向南,全新世的适宜期在逐渐延长,跨度从腾格淖尔的8777-5175~(14)C a BP到岱海、黄旗海的8200-4000~(14)C a BP,再到南部通渭、祖厉河流域和西安等地的8500-3100~(14)C a BP。因此对应的夏季风影响的持续时间也是由北向南逐渐延长的。
     纬度相近的地区,同一环境变化段内,东部研究区的温度状况表现相对强于西部研究区,这也反映了东部距海洋近,受夏季风影响更为强烈,西部大陆性表现强。总体看来,东亚夏季风的影响强度和影响时间从东南向西北递减。
     根据东亚夏季风在不同研究地区表现时间的不同,反过来就可以用来推测东亚夏季风向内陆推进的序列。根据本文研究对比中全新世变化过程,可以看出东亚夏季风在中全新世前期可以推进到现代季风界限以北的中蒙边境地区。
     3.在环境指标变化研究中,粒度所反映的环境状况是随着研究区条件的不同而存在差异的。本研究通过对腾格淖尔地区粒度的分析,并结合其它指标所反映的结果,认为研究区剖面粒度组成较大的部分,反映了湖区降水条件的相对加强,增加了地表径流的携载力,将粗的物质带入沉积区。所以在本研究区粗的粒度组分反映水分条件好。
     4.研究区腾格淖尔TOC受粒度变化影响大,粒度粗时有机质难以吸附保存,呈现低值:Rb/Sr值的低与高基本反映湖区的化学风化强与弱;Fe/Mn值的低与高反映湖水面的上升和下降;Mg/Ca高值反映盐度的升高。
Study on the Holocene climate and environment are of great significance not only for its near past but also for the understanding of the inter-correlation between human and earth environment. Research on Asian monsoon evolution is very important because the monsoon system provide primary moisture and influence the Holocene climate and environment change in eastern Asia. Further more, the marginal monsoon area is more sensitive to climate change, palaeoclimate records and associated research are helpful to understanding the dynamics of the evolution of the East Asian Monsoon.
     Based on radiocarbon dates, we provide continual sedimentary geophysical and geochemical records of the Tenger Nuur, which located at the monsoon marginal area in southern Mongolian Plateau, reconstruct the regional Holocene climate and environment change sequences. Conclusions were made through synthesis and comparison of the palaeoclimate records distributed at adjacent area and its southern marginal monsoon area.
     1. The regional Holocene climate could be divided into three phases: during 8777-3390 ~(14)C a BP(400-100cm), paleoclimate proxies such as grainsize, carbonate content, Rb/Sr ratio, Fe/Mn ratio and Mg/Ca ratio disclosed the climate might be warm and wet. This can be well related to the Holocene climate optimum; from 3390 to 1193 ~(14)C a BP, above proxies display negative patterns relative to Holocene climate optimum, the climate deteriorated into cold and dry; after 1193 BP~(14)C a BP(26cm-0), the climate ameliorated, this might be a signal of the Medieval Warm Period.
     2. Through synthesis and comparison with the adjacent paleoclimate records, we conclude that time span of the Holecene climate optimum increased from north to south, i.e., the time span increased from 8777-5174 ~(14)C a BP in Tenger nuur to 8200-4000 ~(14)C a BP in Hunagqihai lake, 8500-3100 ~(14)C a BP in southern loess plateau(Tongwei county, catchment of Zuli river and Xi'an). That is to say, the sustained time of the summer monsoon prolonged from north to south.
     Temperature varied more intensively in east relative to west at the same latitude, distance from ocean and continentality account for this difference. Summarize in all, the intensity and the time span of the summer monsoon influence gradually decreased from the southeast to the northwest.
     On the occurred time of the monsoon records distributed at different areas, we can deduce the spatial pattern of the monsoon evolution. The farthest boundary influenced by summer monsoon might be the national boundary between China and Mongolia, which outreach the modern monsoon area.
     3. The proxy of grainsize might have different climate and environment indication in different sedimentary and climatic environment. On the reference of other climate proxies, we analyze the grain size records of Tenger nuur, conclude that high value of grain size in Tenger nuur profile was mainly induced by the enhancement of the river transport capability which caused by increase of regional precipitation. Therefore, the increase of the grain size in Tenger nuur could indicate well moisture condition.
     4. The content of organic matter is susceptible to grain size because organic matter preserved poorly in coarse sediment for low absorbability. The variability of Rb/Sr ratio indicates the weather intensity in lake catchments, Fe/Mn ratio directly denotes the lake level, and increased Mg/Ca ratio indicates the enhancement of the salinization.
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