黄土高原辽东栎林群落生态研究
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摘要
辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)林在黄土高原分布范围广,面积大,主要分布于辽东半岛北部的丘陵地区,河北北部的山地,山西恒山以南的山地,陕西和甘肃的黄土高原以及秦岭北坡等地,是该区域重要的地带性森林植被群落之一,具有不可替代的生态价值。本论文根据黄土高原辽东栎林群落的分布特点,通过该区域6个山地(东灵山、灵空山、黄龙山、子午岭、太白山、小陇山)192块20×20m的样地调查,在较大尺度范围内对该群落种类组成、区系地理成分及区系的起源和演化、群落结构与外貌特征、群落类型划分及其生物多样性、群落主要种群的生态位关系及其种间联结性、辽东栎林的更新特点等进行了系统的群落生态学研究,取得了以下主要研究结论:
     1.群落种类组成及区系分析
     (1)辽东栎林群落组成的植物种类丰富多样,6个地区192个样地中计有种子植物507种(含种下等级),隶属于76科,238属(恩格勒系统),占黄土高原地区种子植物科的51.7%,属的27.5%,种的15.7%,是黄土高原地区植物种类最丰富的森林群落之一;该群落区系科属系数较大,较少的科含有较多的种,较多的科含有较少的种,大于20种的科占总科数的6.6%,而所含种数占总种数31.8%,仅含1种的科占总科数的25.0%,而种数仅占总种数3.7%。
     (2)辽东栎林群落区系具有明显的温带性质,同时又与热带、亚热带植物区系具有千丝万缕的联系,其中温带成分占本区系属数的67.1%,种数的64.1%,热带区系成分仅占20.1%;群落区系地理成分复杂,南北交汇,东西杂居,具有明显的过渡性。
     (3)在黄土高原,辽东栎的出现要早于上新世,可能起源于中新世到上新世之间,而更新世可能是辽东栎林发展的主要时期;该区系奠基于第三纪华北古老植物区系之上,通过种间竞争、环境适应形成了以辽东栎占优势的群落结构。
     2.群落结构和外貌特征
     (1)地区之间辽东栎林群落优势种的种类组成和外貌特征既有相似之处又有不同的表现,其主要种类出现与否和辽东栎林群落的地域关系密切;研建的种面积曲线模型能很好反映各地区植物种类的丰富程度。
     (2)辽东栎林群落组成种的生活型以高位芽占优势(56-66%),充分体现了森林群落的特点;不同区域之间群落组成种的生活型区别明显。
     (3)地区间的辽东栎林群落内植物种的生态类型组成有明显的差异,太白山、小陇山湿中生类型较多,缺乏绝对旱生型植物;而子午岭和黄龙山,旱中生植物的比例较高。
     3.辽东栎群落类型及其生物多样性
     (1)根据PCA二维排序结果,黄土高原辽东栎林群落可划分为12个群丛,分别为辽东栎+箭竹+森林糙苏、辽东栎+鞘柄菝葜+鹿药、辽东栎+胡枝子+地榆、辽东栎+杭枝梢+山萝花、辽东栎+水栒子+林地早熟禾、辽东栎+黄蔷薇+白羊草、辽东栎+虎榛子+黄精辽东栎+白刺花+白羊草、辽东栎+土庄绣线菊+小红菊、辽东栎+沙棘+冰草、辽东栎+连翘+地榆、辽东栎+沙梾+唐松草。
     (2)不同群丛之间生物多样性表现出较大的差异,总体的生物多样性大小顺序为T2>T1>T3>T11>T9>T7>T5>T12>T4> T10>T6> T8。
     (3)环境资源承载力与生物多样性的关系密切。环境条件越优越的群落其生物多样性越高,生物多样性指数变化的基本规律是北坡>西北坡>东南坡>西南坡>南坡。
     4.群落优势种群生态位分析
     (1)乔木层辽东栎、白桦、油松种群的生态位宽度值明显大于其它树种,是黄土高原辽东栎林群落的建群种或共建种,其对有限资源的强烈竞争是该区域群落演替的主要驱动力。
     (2)灌木层中,土庄绣线菊、黄蔷薇、虎榛子生态位宽度值较大,是黄土高原不同辽东栎林灌木层的主要种类,这些种在辽东栎林群落分类中具有重要的价值。
     (3)草本层中,主要种群披针叶苔草是黄土高原地区的一个广布种,几乎出现于所有调查的样地中,生态位宽度值在草本层中最大,但其对辽东栎林群落分类的意义不大。
     5.群落内种间关联性分析
     黄土高原辽东栎林群落主要乔灌木的种间联结性,总体上表现为不显著正关联。在703个种对中,正关联371对,占总对数的52.8%,负关联294对,占总对数41.8%,无关联38对,占4.7%(Jaccard指数);有44个种对的关联性达到极显著水平或显著水平(含正、负关联)。
     6.辽东栎林下更新特点
     (1)辽东栎林存在种子更新和萌芽更新2种方式,在人为干扰严重的林分、阳坡、陡坡其以萌生更新为主,而干扰较小的林分以及阴坡、缓坡则以种子更新为主。
     (2)在林窗更新的辽东栎苗的成苗机会远大于林下更新,其中,开敞度为0.6-1.0的中等林窗更适宜于辽东栎幼苗的更新和成树。
     (3)黄土高原地区(不含太白山),阴坡和半阴坡的更新苗数量以及更新苗生长状况要明显优于阳坡和半阳坡,其天然更新苗密度大小的顺序为:北坡>东坡>西坡>南坡。
The forest communities of Quercus liaotungensis, as one of the most important localvegetation communities, has a large distribution range in the Loess Plateau, which mainlydistributes in the north of the Liaodong Peninsula-hilly areas, the mountain in northernHebei, south of Heng Mountain in Shanxi Province, Shaanxi and Gansu the Loess Plateau andwestern of Qinling mountain, etc., and plays an irreplaceable role ecologically in these areas.Based on the distribution characteristics of Q. liaotungensis forest communities,192plots(20m×20m), involving6areas (Doling mountain, Lingkong mountain, Huanglong mountain,Ziwuling Region, Taibai mountain and Xiaolong mountain), have been arranged. From theselarge scale in Loss Plateau, the species composition, floristic geographical element, origin andevolution of the flora, community structure and physical characteristics, communityclassification, biological diversity, niche and relationship among main populations, regeneratecharacteristics of Q. liaotungensis forest, etc., have been discussed and concluded mainly asfollows:
     1. Composition and flora of the community species
     (1) Community composition of Ass.Q.liaotungensis forest are rich in plant species, inwhich there are507species of seed plants (including some varieties) from192plots of sixareas in all, belonging to76families,238genera (Engler system), accounting for51.7%offamilies,27.5%of genera,15.7%of the species in the Loess Plateau, and it is the one ofrichest forest communities in plant species in the loess plateau area. The coefficients of familyand genus are bigger than other flora, more species within fewer families, fewer specieswithin more families. In the flora, the families more than20species is only6.6%of wholeone, but the number of species from these families is31.8%of whole one; contrarily, thefamilies with only one species is about25.0%of whole one, but the number of species fromthese families accounts for merely3.7%of total species.
     (2) Community flora of Ass.Q.liaotungensis forest has obvious temperate nature, and atthe same time, is related to tropical and subtropical flora to some extent. The number of genusof temperate members distributing in the research area is67.1%of all genera of the flora. Those genera contain64.1%of all species, but one of tropical members in this area is only20.1%of the whole flora. The community flora with complex geographic compositions, somespecies form north and south and some species from east and west living here, is obvioustransitionally.
     (3) In the loess plateau, the Ass.Q.liaotungensis emerges before the pliocene, probablyoriginating from miocene to pliocene time, and pleistocene time could be the maindevelopment period. The community flora based on tertiary north China ancient flora hasformed community structure dominant by Ass.Q.liaotungensis through the interspecificcompetition and environmental adaptation.
     2Community structure and Physiognomy characteristics
     (1) The species composition and physical characteristics of Ass.Q.liaotungensis forestdominant species were both similarities and having different performance in the regions. Thepresence or absence in various areas of main species in Ass.Q.liaotungensis forest was relatedto the sites of the forest communities. The species-area curve model is good for the expressionof plant species richness regionally.
     (2) Species’ life forms of Ass.Q.liaotungensis forest community has obvious dominantposition with Ph (56-66%), which fully embodies the characteristics of forest community;Species’ life forms of community composition is obviously various among different regions.
     (3) There is a notable difference among six areas in species ecotypes in regional Quercusliaotungensis Communities. In the Xiaolong Mountain and Taibai Mountain,hygrophyte-mesophyte is more, xerophyte is lack, but xerophyte ratio is higher in the ZiwuMountain and Huanglong Mountain in the Loess Plateau.
     3. Types and Biodiversity of Quercus liaotungensis Communities
     (1) Based on the results of PCA two-dimensional analysis, the communities could beclassified into twelve association types in the Loess Plateau, namely Ass. Quercusliaotungensis+Fargesia spathacea+Phlomis umbrosa; Ass. Quercus liaotungensis+Smilaxstans+Smilacina japonica; Ass. Quercus liaotungensis+Lespedeza bicolor+Radixsanguisorbae; Ass. Quercus liaotungensis+Campylotropis macrocarpa+Melampyrumroseum;Ass. Quercus liaotungensis+Cotoneaster multiflorus+Poa nemoralis; Ass. Quercusliaotungensis+Rosa hugonis+Bothriochloa ischaemum; Ass. Quercus liaotungensis+Ostryopsis davidiana+Polygonatum kingianum; Ass. Quercus liaotungensis+Sophoradavidii+Bothriochloa ischaemum; Ass. Quercus liaotungensis+Spiraea pubescens+Dendranthema chanetii; Ass. Quercus liaotungensis+Hippophae rhamnoides+Agropyroncristatum; Ass. Quercus liaotungensis+Forsythia suspense+Radix Sanguisorbae; Ass.Quercus liaotungensis+Hippophae rhamnoides+Thalictrum aquilegifolium.
     (2) Biodiversity showed large differences between different communities, generally, thediversity index order is that T2>T1>T3>T11>T9>T7>T5>T12>T4> T10>T6> T8.
     (3) The biodiversity are closely related to the capacity of environment resources. Thesuperior the environmental resources of community is, the higher the biodiversity is, and themore abundant species are. The basic general order of the biodiversity index is that NSlopes>NW slopes>ES slopes>SW slopes> S slopes.
     4Dominant population niche researches
     (1) Q.liaotungensis, Betula platyphylla and Pinus tabulaeformis, which serve as theconstructive species of Ass.Q.liaotungensis forest in the loess plateau, occupied a larger nichebreadth in the tree layer. Their strong competitive edge for limited resources is the maindriving force for the community succession.
     (2) In the shrub layer, with a larger niche breadth, Spiraea pubescens, Rosa hugonis andOstryopsis davidiana become the major species of this layer in different types ofAss.Q.liaotungensis. These species are very important for the classification of thecommunities.
     (3) Carex lanceolata, which distributes as a cosmopolitan of the loess plateau, is themajor population of herb layer, and therefore, and exists nearly every sample plot investigated.Although occuping the largest niche breadth in the herb layer, it does little significance to thecommunity classification of Ass.Q.liaotungensis.
     5The analysis of interspecific association in community
     The interspecific association of the main trees and shrubs of Ass.Q.liaotungensis forestcommunity showed no significant positive association in the Loess Plateau. In730speciespairs,371pairs in positive association account for52.8%of the total,294pairs in negativeassociation account for41.8%, and38pairs in the unrelated account for4.7%(Jaccard index).44pairs have the correlation in very significant level or significant level (including positiveand negative).
     6Ass.Q.liaotungensis forest regeneration characteristics
     (1) Ass.Q.liaotungensis forest has two ways of generation, seedling and shooting. Themajor regeneration way is shooting in the serious disturbed forest, sunny slope and steepslope, but giving priority to seed regeneration in less disturbed forest, shady slope and gentleslope.
     (2) Seedlings in forest gap have more chance to be sapling than one under forest ofAss.Q.liaotungensis. The openness ranged from0.6to1.0of forest gap was more suitable tothe regeneration and their growing up.
     (3) The regenerative ability of Q.liaotungensis and the seedling growth on shady and half-shaded slope are significantly better than sunny and half-sunny slope in the Loess Plateauregion (excluding Taibai Mountain). The order of the density of natural regeneration seedlingswas N slope> E slope> W slope> S slope.
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