福建龙眼、荔枝、番石榴线虫病害调查及寄生线虫种类鉴定
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摘要
2011~2013年对福建省龙眼、荔枝和番石榴的线虫病害和植物线虫种类进行了较全面的调查与鉴定，发现根结属(Meloidogyne)、短体属(Pratylenchus)、纽带科(Hoplolaimidae)、环科(Cricomenatidea)、剑属(Xiphinema)和毛刺科(Trichodoridae)等线虫对果树具有重要或潜在危害性。描述了龙眼、荔枝、番石榴根结线虫病和番石榴短体线虫病的症状，根据形态学、生物化学和分子生物学的特征对其病原线虫种进行系统鉴定，查明了这些果树线虫病害在福建的分布及危害程度。利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察以及rDNA-ITS序列分析和RAPD技术，研究了福建省象耳豆根结线虫的形态学变异和遗传多样性。主要研究结果如下：
1.首次详细描述了荔枝根结线虫病的症状，确定荔枝为象耳豆根结线虫的新记录寄主。荔枝根结线虫病发现于漳州市，病原线虫鉴定为象耳豆根结线虫(Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang&Eisenback,1983)。
2.详细描述了龙眼根结线虫病的症状，鉴定了2种病原线虫。泉州市的龙眼结线虫病的病原为南方根结线虫[Meloidogyne incognita(Kofoid&White,1919)Chitwood,1949]，福州市的龙眼根结线虫病的病原为爪哇根结线虫[Meloidogyne javanica(Treub,1885)Chitwood,1949]，这2种线虫对龙眼树的危害为首次报道。研究表明2种根结线虫引起的根结形状有差异。
3.首次详细描述了番石榴短体线虫病的症状。该病发现于漳州市，病原线虫鉴定为短尾短体线虫[Pratylenchus brachyurus(Godfrey,1929)Filipjev&Schuurmans Stekhoven,1941]。
4.番石榴根结线虫病为福建新纪录。本研究详细描述了病害症状和危害，将病原线虫鉴定为象耳豆根结线虫(Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang&Eisenback,1983)。番石榴根结线虫病在福建省普遍发生、危害严重，主要栽培品种均感病，受害树的树龄从3个月至13年不等，多数果园的发病率高达100%、病情指数在50以上。
5.象耳豆根结线虫在福建首次记录，开展了形态学变异和遗传多样性研究。形态学变异研究结果表明该线虫重要的形态学鉴别特征稳定，同时对雌虫唇区形态特征和形态变异提供了扫描电镜照片和作了补充描述。利用rDNA-ITS序列和RAPD技术分析了象耳豆根结线虫的遗传变异，揭示了福建省象耳豆根结线虫种群分属于海南种群和哥斯达黎加种群2种不同的基因型，遗传多样性与地理来源具有明显的相关性。
6.对福建省龙眼、荔枝和番石榴3种热带果树的植物线虫种类进行了系统的调查与鉴定。共描述了植物线虫44种，发现6个中国新纪录种，20个福建新纪录种。中国新纪录种6个：优雅垫刃线虫(Tylenchus elegans)、六线头垫刃线虫(Cephalenchus hexalineatus)、体肋具脊垫刃线虫(Coslenchus costatus)、短针中环线虫(Mesocriconema brevistylus)、加德拟鞘线虫(Hemicriconemoides gaddi)、可变细针线虫(Gracilacus mutabilis)。福建新纪录种20个：优雅垫刃线虫、南方丝尾垫刃线虫(Filenchus australis)、差异丝尾垫刃线虫(F. descrepans)、兼性丝尾垫刃线虫(F. facultativus)、微瑕丝尾垫刃线虫(F. misellus)、六线头垫刃线虫、细小头垫刃线虫(Cephalenchus leptus)、居农野外垫刃线虫(Aglenchus agricola)、体肋具脊垫刃线虫、禾草巴兹尔线虫(Basiria graminophila)、粗尾巴兹尔线虫(B.tumida)、里特巴兹尔线虫(B. ritteri)、苹果矮化线虫(Tylenchorhynchus malinus)、松树拟盘旋线虫(Pararotylenchus pini)、象耳豆根结线虫、可变环线虫(Criconemamutabile)、短针中环线虫、加德拟鞘线虫、可变细针线虫、短尾短体线虫。
发现于龙眼树根部的线虫有25属35种，其中有26个种为龙眼上首次记录：优雅垫刃线虫、南方丝尾垫刃线虫、差异丝尾垫刃线虫、兼性丝尾垫刃线虫、微瑕丝尾垫刃线虫、居农野外垫刃线虫、体肋具脊垫刃线虫、禾草巴兹尔线虫、粗尾巴兹尔线虫、玉米短体线虫(Pratylenchus zeae)、塞氏纽带线虫(Hoplolaimusseinhorsti)、短尾盾线虫(Scutellonema brachyurus)、松树拟盘旋线虫、肾形肾状线虫(Rotylenchus reniformis)、南方根结线虫、爪哇根结线虫、可变环线虫、短针中环线虫、异盘中环线虫(Mesocriconema xenoplax)、饰边盘小环线虫(Discocriconemella limitanea)、加德拟鞘线虫、微小针线虫(Paratylenchusminutus)、可变细针线虫、双尾滑刃线虫(Aphelenchoides composticola)、短颈剑线虫(Xiphinema brevicollum)、较小拟毛刺线虫(Paratrichodorus minor)。
发现于荔枝树根部的线虫有16属20种，有8个种为荔枝上首次记录：微瑕丝尾垫刃线虫、六线头垫刃线虫、细小头垫刃线虫、禾草巴兹尔线虫、粗尾巴兹尔线虫、象耳豆根结线虫、微小针线虫、标明剑线虫(Xiphinema insigne)。
发现于番石榴树根部的线虫有11属17种，有7个种为番石榴上首次记录：差异丝尾垫刃线虫、微瑕丝尾垫刃线虫、里特巴兹尔线虫、饰环矮化线虫(Tylenchorhynchus annulatus)、苹果矮化线虫、细针中环线虫、异盘中环线虫。
7.分析了3种果树的根部优势线虫种群。已鉴定的植物线虫种类中，根结线虫和短体线虫对果树构成明显危害。垫刃科(Tylenchidae)以差异丝尾垫刃和微瑕丝尾垫刃最常见，这2种线虫对果树无明显危害；纽带科(Hoplolaimidae)以双宫螺旋线虫(Helicotylenchus dihystera)和肾形肾状线虫最常见，矮化属(Tylenchorhynchus)以光端矮化线虫(T. leviterminalis)最常见，剑属(Xiphinema)以短颈剑线虫(X. brevicollum)最常见，毛刺科(Trichodoridae)以巴基斯坦毛刺线虫(T. pakistanensis)在泉州和福州两地的龙眼、荔枝样本中最常见，常存在较大的种群数量，对果树的危害性需进一步研究；环总科(Criconematoidea)以芒果拟鞘线虫(Hemicriconemoides mangiferae)最常见，能引起龙眼和荔枝树生长衰退。
During2011~2013, thorough investigation on nematode diseases and identification ofphytonematode species from longan, litchi and guava were carried out in Fujian province. Thenematode species including Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Hoplolaimidae, Cricomenatidea,Xiphinema and Trichodoridae were found important or potential threats to the fruit trees. Thesymptoms of the root-knot diseases of longan, litchi, and guava and the Pratylenchus diseaseof guava were described, the pathogenic nematodes of the diseases thoroughly indentifiedaccording to the characterization of morphology, biochemistry and molecular biology, makingclear the severity and distribution of the diseases in Fujian. The research on the morphologicaland genetic variations of Meloidogyne enterolobii populations from Fujian was carried outthrough observations by light microscrope, scanning electrical microsccrope and analysis byrDNA-ITS and RAPD. The primary results are as follows:
1The symptom of the root-knot disease of litchi was first described in detail, it wassure that litchi was a host of new record to Meloidogyne enterolobii. The disease was found inQuanzhou, the pathogenic nematode was identified as Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang&Eisenback,1983.
2. The symptoms of the root-knot disease of longan were described in detail, and2pathogenic nematodes were identified. The pathogen of the root-knot disease of longan fromQuanzhou was identified as Meloidogyne incognita(Kofoid&White,1919)Chitwood,1949,and the one from Fuzhou was identified as Meloidogyne javanica(Treub,1885)Chitwood,1949. The damages of the2nematodes to longan were first reported. It was observed that thesymptom caused by M. incognita was different from that by M. javanica.
3. The symptom of the Pratylenchus disease of guava were first described in detail.The disease was found in Zhangzhou, the pathogenic nematode was identified asPratylenchus brachyurus(Godfrey,1929)Filipjev&Schuurmans Stekhoven,1941.
4. The root-knot diseases of guava was a new record in Fujian. The symptom and thedamage of the disease was described in detail, the pathogenic nematode was identified asMeloidogyne enterolobii Yang&Eisenback,1983. The root-knot disease of guava distributedwidely in Fujian causing serious damage to guava, the main cultivars in production were allinfected, the age of the damaged guava ranged from3months to13years, the diseasepertentage and the severity of most plantations were up to100%and more than50respectively.
5. Meloidogyne enterolobii was a new record in Fujian, of which the morphologicaland genetic variations were studied. The result of morphological research showed that theimportant diagnostic characters of M. enterolobii were stable, the result also providedscanning electric microscope photographs and complementary descriptions for themorphology and the variation of the female lip region. The genetic variations of M.enterolobii were analysed by rDNA-ITS sequences and RAPD technique, it was demonstratedthat M. enterolobii populations from Fujian were clustered into2different gene typesbelonging to Hainan populations and Cost Arica populations respectively, the genetic diversity of M. enterolobii populations was significantly correlated with the geographicdistribution of the populations.
6. The species of phytonematodes of longan, litchi and guava in Fujian werethoroughly investigated and identified.44species of nematodes were described, out of whichthe species of new record in China were6and the species of new record in Fujian were20.The species of new record in China are as follows: Tylenchus elegans, Cephalenchushexalineatus, Coslenchus costatus, Mesocriconema brevistylus, HemiCriconemoides gaddi,Gracilacus mutabilis. The species of new record in Fujian are as follows: Tylenchus elegans,Filenchus australis, F. descrepans, F. facultativus, F. misellus, Cephalenchus hexalineatus,C. leptus, Aglenchus agricola, Coslenchus costatus, Basiria graminophila, B. tumida, B.ritteri, Tylenchorhynchus malinus, Pararotylenchus pini, Meloidogyne enterolobii, Criconemamutabile, Mesocriconema brevistylus, HemiCriconemoides gaddi, Gracilacus mutabilis,Pratylenchus brachyurus.
There were25genera35species found from longan, among which26species were thefirst records on longan: Tylenchus elegans, Filenchus australis, F. descrepans, F. facultativus,F. misellus, Aglenchus agricola, Coslenchus costatus, Basiria graminophila, B. tumida,Pratylenchus zeae, Hoplolaimus seinhorsti, Scutellonema brachyurus, Pararotylenchus pini,Rotylenchus reniformis, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, Criconema mutabile,Mesocriconema xenoplax, Discocriconemella limitanea, HemiCriconemoides gaddi,Paratylenchus minutus, Gracilacus mutabilis, Aphelenchoides composticola, Xiphinemabrevicollum, Paratrichodorus minor.
There were16genera20species found from litchi, among which8species were the firstrecords on litchi: F. misellus, Cephalenchus hexalineatus, C. leptus, Basiria graminophila, B.tumida, Meloidogyne enterolobii, Paratylenchus minutus, Xiphinema insigne.
There were11genera17spcies found from guava, among which7species were the firstrecords on guava: Filenchus descrepans, F. misellus, Basiria tumida, Tylenchorhynchusannulatus, T. malinus, Mesocriconema brevistylus, M. xenoplax.
7. The predominant nematode species in the roots of the3fruit trees were analysed. Inall the species identified, Meloidogyne nematodes and Pratylenchus nematodes causedsignificant damage to the trees. Filenchus descrepans and F. misellus were the most commonspecies in the family Tylenchidae but caused little damage to the trees. Helicotylenchusdihystera and Rotylenchus reniformis were the most common species in the familyHoplolaimidae, T. leviterminalis was in the genus Tylenchorhynchus, X. brevicollum in thegenus Xiphinema, T. pakistanensis from longan and litchi in Quanzhou and Fuzhou in thefamily Trichodoridae, they were often found in the trees’ rhizosphere at high level ofpopulation indensity, so the further study of their damage to the trees was needed;Hemicriconemoides mangiferae was the most common species in the family Criconematoidea,it was potential to cause growth decline of longan and litchi.
1.首次详细描述了荔枝根结线虫病的症状，确定荔枝为象耳豆根结线虫的新记录寄主。荔枝根结线虫病发现于漳州市，病原线虫鉴定为象耳豆根结线虫(Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang&Eisenback,1983)。
2.详细描述了龙眼根结线虫病的症状，鉴定了2种病原线虫。泉州市的龙眼结线虫病的病原为南方根结线虫[Meloidogyne incognita(Kofoid&White,1919)Chitwood,1949]，福州市的龙眼根结线虫病的病原为爪哇根结线虫[Meloidogyne javanica(Treub,1885)Chitwood,1949]，这2种线虫对龙眼树的危害为首次报道。研究表明2种根结线虫引起的根结形状有差异。
3.首次详细描述了番石榴短体线虫病的症状。该病发现于漳州市，病原线虫鉴定为短尾短体线虫[Pratylenchus brachyurus(Godfrey,1929)Filipjev&Schuurmans Stekhoven,1941]。
4.番石榴根结线虫病为福建新纪录。本研究详细描述了病害症状和危害，将病原线虫鉴定为象耳豆根结线虫(Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang&Eisenback,1983)。番石榴根结线虫病在福建省普遍发生、危害严重，主要栽培品种均感病，受害树的树龄从3个月至13年不等，多数果园的发病率高达100%、病情指数在50以上。
5.象耳豆根结线虫在福建首次记录，开展了形态学变异和遗传多样性研究。形态学变异研究结果表明该线虫重要的形态学鉴别特征稳定，同时对雌虫唇区形态特征和形态变异提供了扫描电镜照片和作了补充描述。利用rDNA-ITS序列和RAPD技术分析了象耳豆根结线虫的遗传变异，揭示了福建省象耳豆根结线虫种群分属于海南种群和哥斯达黎加种群2种不同的基因型，遗传多样性与地理来源具有明显的相关性。
6.对福建省龙眼、荔枝和番石榴3种热带果树的植物线虫种类进行了系统的调查与鉴定。共描述了植物线虫44种，发现6个中国新纪录种，20个福建新纪录种。中国新纪录种6个：优雅垫刃线虫(Tylenchus elegans)、六线头垫刃线虫(Cephalenchus hexalineatus)、体肋具脊垫刃线虫(Coslenchus costatus)、短针中环线虫(Mesocriconema brevistylus)、加德拟鞘线虫(Hemicriconemoides gaddi)、可变细针线虫(Gracilacus mutabilis)。福建新纪录种20个：优雅垫刃线虫、南方丝尾垫刃线虫(Filenchus australis)、差异丝尾垫刃线虫(F. descrepans)、兼性丝尾垫刃线虫(F. facultativus)、微瑕丝尾垫刃线虫(F. misellus)、六线头垫刃线虫、细小头垫刃线虫(Cephalenchus leptus)、居农野外垫刃线虫(Aglenchus agricola)、体肋具脊垫刃线虫、禾草巴兹尔线虫(Basiria graminophila)、粗尾巴兹尔线虫(B.tumida)、里特巴兹尔线虫(B. ritteri)、苹果矮化线虫(Tylenchorhynchus malinus)、松树拟盘旋线虫(Pararotylenchus pini)、象耳豆根结线虫、可变环线虫(Criconemamutabile)、短针中环线虫、加德拟鞘线虫、可变细针线虫、短尾短体线虫。
发现于龙眼树根部的线虫有25属35种，其中有26个种为龙眼上首次记录：优雅垫刃线虫、南方丝尾垫刃线虫、差异丝尾垫刃线虫、兼性丝尾垫刃线虫、微瑕丝尾垫刃线虫、居农野外垫刃线虫、体肋具脊垫刃线虫、禾草巴兹尔线虫、粗尾巴兹尔线虫、玉米短体线虫(Pratylenchus zeae)、塞氏纽带线虫(Hoplolaimusseinhorsti)、短尾盾线虫(Scutellonema brachyurus)、松树拟盘旋线虫、肾形肾状线虫(Rotylenchus reniformis)、南方根结线虫、爪哇根结线虫、可变环线虫、短针中环线虫、异盘中环线虫(Mesocriconema xenoplax)、饰边盘小环线虫(Discocriconemella limitanea)、加德拟鞘线虫、微小针线虫(Paratylenchusminutus)、可变细针线虫、双尾滑刃线虫(Aphelenchoides composticola)、短颈剑线虫(Xiphinema brevicollum)、较小拟毛刺线虫(Paratrichodorus minor)。
发现于荔枝树根部的线虫有16属20种，有8个种为荔枝上首次记录：微瑕丝尾垫刃线虫、六线头垫刃线虫、细小头垫刃线虫、禾草巴兹尔线虫、粗尾巴兹尔线虫、象耳豆根结线虫、微小针线虫、标明剑线虫(Xiphinema insigne)。
发现于番石榴树根部的线虫有11属17种，有7个种为番石榴上首次记录：差异丝尾垫刃线虫、微瑕丝尾垫刃线虫、里特巴兹尔线虫、饰环矮化线虫(Tylenchorhynchus annulatus)、苹果矮化线虫、细针中环线虫、异盘中环线虫。
7.分析了3种果树的根部优势线虫种群。已鉴定的植物线虫种类中，根结线虫和短体线虫对果树构成明显危害。垫刃科(Tylenchidae)以差异丝尾垫刃和微瑕丝尾垫刃最常见，这2种线虫对果树无明显危害；纽带科(Hoplolaimidae)以双宫螺旋线虫(Helicotylenchus dihystera)和肾形肾状线虫最常见，矮化属(Tylenchorhynchus)以光端矮化线虫(T. leviterminalis)最常见，剑属(Xiphinema)以短颈剑线虫(X. brevicollum)最常见，毛刺科(Trichodoridae)以巴基斯坦毛刺线虫(T. pakistanensis)在泉州和福州两地的龙眼、荔枝样本中最常见，常存在较大的种群数量，对果树的危害性需进一步研究；环总科(Criconematoidea)以芒果拟鞘线虫(Hemicriconemoides mangiferae)最常见，能引起龙眼和荔枝树生长衰退。
During2011~2013, thorough investigation on nematode diseases and identification ofphytonematode species from longan, litchi and guava were carried out in Fujian province. Thenematode species including Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Hoplolaimidae, Cricomenatidea,Xiphinema and Trichodoridae were found important or potential threats to the fruit trees. Thesymptoms of the root-knot diseases of longan, litchi, and guava and the Pratylenchus diseaseof guava were described, the pathogenic nematodes of the diseases thoroughly indentifiedaccording to the characterization of morphology, biochemistry and molecular biology, makingclear the severity and distribution of the diseases in Fujian. The research on the morphologicaland genetic variations of Meloidogyne enterolobii populations from Fujian was carried outthrough observations by light microscrope, scanning electrical microsccrope and analysis byrDNA-ITS and RAPD. The primary results are as follows:
1The symptom of the root-knot disease of litchi was first described in detail, it wassure that litchi was a host of new record to Meloidogyne enterolobii. The disease was found inQuanzhou, the pathogenic nematode was identified as Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang&Eisenback,1983.
2. The symptoms of the root-knot disease of longan were described in detail, and2pathogenic nematodes were identified. The pathogen of the root-knot disease of longan fromQuanzhou was identified as Meloidogyne incognita(Kofoid&White,1919)Chitwood,1949,and the one from Fuzhou was identified as Meloidogyne javanica(Treub,1885)Chitwood,1949. The damages of the2nematodes to longan were first reported. It was observed that thesymptom caused by M. incognita was different from that by M. javanica.
3. The symptom of the Pratylenchus disease of guava were first described in detail.The disease was found in Zhangzhou, the pathogenic nematode was identified asPratylenchus brachyurus(Godfrey,1929)Filipjev&Schuurmans Stekhoven,1941.
4. The root-knot diseases of guava was a new record in Fujian. The symptom and thedamage of the disease was described in detail, the pathogenic nematode was identified asMeloidogyne enterolobii Yang&Eisenback,1983. The root-knot disease of guava distributedwidely in Fujian causing serious damage to guava, the main cultivars in production were allinfected, the age of the damaged guava ranged from3months to13years, the diseasepertentage and the severity of most plantations were up to100%and more than50respectively.
5. Meloidogyne enterolobii was a new record in Fujian, of which the morphologicaland genetic variations were studied. The result of morphological research showed that theimportant diagnostic characters of M. enterolobii were stable, the result also providedscanning electric microscope photographs and complementary descriptions for themorphology and the variation of the female lip region. The genetic variations of M.enterolobii were analysed by rDNA-ITS sequences and RAPD technique, it was demonstratedthat M. enterolobii populations from Fujian were clustered into2different gene typesbelonging to Hainan populations and Cost Arica populations respectively, the genetic diversity of M. enterolobii populations was significantly correlated with the geographicdistribution of the populations.
6. The species of phytonematodes of longan, litchi and guava in Fujian werethoroughly investigated and identified.44species of nematodes were described, out of whichthe species of new record in China were6and the species of new record in Fujian were20.The species of new record in China are as follows: Tylenchus elegans, Cephalenchushexalineatus, Coslenchus costatus, Mesocriconema brevistylus, HemiCriconemoides gaddi,Gracilacus mutabilis. The species of new record in Fujian are as follows: Tylenchus elegans,Filenchus australis, F. descrepans, F. facultativus, F. misellus, Cephalenchus hexalineatus,C. leptus, Aglenchus agricola, Coslenchus costatus, Basiria graminophila, B. tumida, B.ritteri, Tylenchorhynchus malinus, Pararotylenchus pini, Meloidogyne enterolobii, Criconemamutabile, Mesocriconema brevistylus, HemiCriconemoides gaddi, Gracilacus mutabilis,Pratylenchus brachyurus.
There were25genera35species found from longan, among which26species were thefirst records on longan: Tylenchus elegans, Filenchus australis, F. descrepans, F. facultativus,F. misellus, Aglenchus agricola, Coslenchus costatus, Basiria graminophila, B. tumida,Pratylenchus zeae, Hoplolaimus seinhorsti, Scutellonema brachyurus, Pararotylenchus pini,Rotylenchus reniformis, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, Criconema mutabile,Mesocriconema xenoplax, Discocriconemella limitanea, HemiCriconemoides gaddi,Paratylenchus minutus, Gracilacus mutabilis, Aphelenchoides composticola, Xiphinemabrevicollum, Paratrichodorus minor.
There were16genera20species found from litchi, among which8species were the firstrecords on litchi: F. misellus, Cephalenchus hexalineatus, C. leptus, Basiria graminophila, B.tumida, Meloidogyne enterolobii, Paratylenchus minutus, Xiphinema insigne.
There were11genera17spcies found from guava, among which7species were the firstrecords on guava: Filenchus descrepans, F. misellus, Basiria tumida, Tylenchorhynchusannulatus, T. malinus, Mesocriconema brevistylus, M. xenoplax.
7. The predominant nematode species in the roots of the3fruit trees were analysed. Inall the species identified, Meloidogyne nematodes and Pratylenchus nematodes causedsignificant damage to the trees. Filenchus descrepans and F. misellus were the most commonspecies in the family Tylenchidae but caused little damage to the trees. Helicotylenchusdihystera and Rotylenchus reniformis were the most common species in the familyHoplolaimidae, T. leviterminalis was in the genus Tylenchorhynchus, X. brevicollum in thegenus Xiphinema, T. pakistanensis from longan and litchi in Quanzhou and Fuzhou in thefamily Trichodoridae, they were often found in the trees’ rhizosphere at high level ofpopulation indensity, so the further study of their damage to the trees was needed;Hemicriconemoides mangiferae was the most common species in the family Criconematoidea,it was potential to cause growth decline of longan and litchi.
引文
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