膜式磺化合成石油磺酸盐工艺研究
|
摘要
石油磺酸盐作为一种阴离子表面活性剂,与其他驱油用表面活性剂相比,其生产成本低,原料易得,在三次采油中得到广泛应用。因此,合成一种高效、廉价的驱油用石油磺酸盐对于提高油田采收率具有重要意义。
本文以绥中36-1低凝环烷基减压馏分油为原料,三氧化硫为磺化剂,采用单管降膜式磺化反应器合成出石油磺酸盐产物。通过单因素和正交试验,以产物收率和表面张力作为考察指标,对磺化工艺条件进行了优化,并对优化条件下的产物进行了表面活性研究及组成分析,测定了有效物含量及平均分子量。优化工艺条件下,减二线油和减三线油石油磺酸盐产物的收率分为62.3%和64.0%,产物有效物含量高,平均相对分子质量适中;在pH≯11的条件下,产物的表面张力均≦32mN·m-1。实验证明,反应产物适合用作三次采油用驱油表面活性剂。
本文对单管降膜式磺化反应器的传质系数进行了初步研究计算,结果表明,和比较接近,其相对偏差为4.6%,传质系数能较好的反映磺化反应器的磺化实质,可以认为该计算方程可用于膜式磺化器的设计计算。k Gk G'kG
The petroleum sulfonate(PS) is widely used as a kind of anionic surfactant which is capable of enhancing the oil recovery. It is lower in the cost than others and the raw material is easily got. It is significant to enhancing the oil recovery that study on synthesizing of the petroleum sulfonate.
A new petroleum sulfonate is synthesized in the single-tube film sulfonation reactor by the raw material of Suizhong low solidification point naphthene-base VGO and SO3 sulfonation agent. The synthesis conditions are optimized by the single factor and orthogonal experiments. Under the conditions, the yield of VGO2 and VGO3 is 62.3% and 64.0%, the petroleum sulfonate possesses high composition percentage of active components, appropriate average molecular weight and favorable surfacial activity. The surface tension of petroleum sulfonate which is produced in the optimized conditions is lower than 32mN·m-1 when pH≯11. Based on the research, the petroleum sulfonate is adapt to the requirement of enhanced oil recovery. The thesis studies the mass transfer coefficient of the single-tube film sulfonation reactor. According to theoretical calculation, the mass transfer coefficient k G and kG' are closed to each other which deviation is 4.6%. The result shows that the mass transfer coefficient is able to reflect the operational capability of the single-tube film sulfonation reactor practically and the equations including can be used to the design of film sulfonation reactor. kGkG
本文以绥中36-1低凝环烷基减压馏分油为原料,三氧化硫为磺化剂,采用单管降膜式磺化反应器合成出石油磺酸盐产物。通过单因素和正交试验,以产物收率和表面张力作为考察指标,对磺化工艺条件进行了优化,并对优化条件下的产物进行了表面活性研究及组成分析,测定了有效物含量及平均分子量。优化工艺条件下,减二线油和减三线油石油磺酸盐产物的收率分为62.3%和64.0%,产物有效物含量高,平均相对分子质量适中;在pH≯11的条件下,产物的表面张力均≦32mN·m-1。实验证明,反应产物适合用作三次采油用驱油表面活性剂。
本文对单管降膜式磺化反应器的传质系数进行了初步研究计算,结果表明,和比较接近,其相对偏差为4.6%,传质系数能较好的反映磺化反应器的磺化实质,可以认为该计算方程可用于膜式磺化器的设计计算。k Gk G'kG
The petroleum sulfonate(PS) is widely used as a kind of anionic surfactant which is capable of enhancing the oil recovery. It is lower in the cost than others and the raw material is easily got. It is significant to enhancing the oil recovery that study on synthesizing of the petroleum sulfonate.
A new petroleum sulfonate is synthesized in the single-tube film sulfonation reactor by the raw material of Suizhong low solidification point naphthene-base VGO and SO3 sulfonation agent. The synthesis conditions are optimized by the single factor and orthogonal experiments. Under the conditions, the yield of VGO2 and VGO3 is 62.3% and 64.0%, the petroleum sulfonate possesses high composition percentage of active components, appropriate average molecular weight and favorable surfacial activity. The surface tension of petroleum sulfonate which is produced in the optimized conditions is lower than 32mN·m-1 when pH≯11. Based on the research, the petroleum sulfonate is adapt to the requirement of enhanced oil recovery. The thesis studies the mass transfer coefficient of the single-tube film sulfonation reactor. According to theoretical calculation, the mass transfer coefficient k G and kG' are closed to each other which deviation is 4.6%. The result shows that the mass transfer coefficient is able to reflect the operational capability of the single-tube film sulfonation reactor practically and the equations including can be used to the design of film sulfonation reactor. kGkG
引文
[1]Qu Zhijian,Zhang Yigen,Zhang XianSong,et al.A Successful ASP Flooding pilot in Gudong oil field[J].SPE.1998(39613):107
[2]Chenglong Wang, Baoyu Wang, Xulong Cao, et al.Application and design of alkaline-surfactant-polymer system to close well spacing pilot gudong oilfield[J].SPE,1997(38321):605.
[3]Wang Demin,Cheng Jingcheng,Wu Junzheng,et al.An alkaline/surfactant/ polymer field test in a reservoir with a long-term 100% water cut [J].SPE. 1998(49018):305-318
[4]杨承志等.化学驱理论与实践.石油工业出版社,1996.73~81
[5]Earl W.Malmberg,Carolyn C.Gajderowics,David Martin F.et al. Characterization and Oil Recorvery Observations on a Series of Synthetic Petroleum Sulfonates.Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,1982, 4:226-236
[6]刘方等.表面活性剂在石油开采中的应用.精细化工,2000,17(12):696~ 699
[7]Hsieh,et al.process for enhanced oil recovery employing petro leum sulfonate blends.USP:4446036,May 1,1984
[8]Nuckel B.et al.sulfactant compositions useful in enhanced oil recovery process.USP :453205,July 30,1985
[9]王雨,乔琦,董玲等.克拉玛依油田 ASP 驱工业扩大试验廉价配方研究. 油田化学,1999,16(3)
[10]王健,罗平亚,郑焰等.大庆油田条件下疏水缔合两性聚合物三元复合驱和聚合物驱体系的应用性能.2000,17(2):168-170
[11]唐培昆.精细有机合成化学及工艺学.天津大学出版社,2003,7:120- 122
[12]Moreno A.日用化学工业译丛,1992,(5):13-19
[13]张成方.气液反应和反应器.化学工业出版社,1985,11:33-36
[14]李发忠等.三次采油用石油磺酸盐的合成.西安石油学院学报,1993, 8(4):71-77
[15]Plummer,etal.Sulfonationof crude oils to produce petroleumsulfonates. USP:4144266, March 13, 1979
[16]Gogarty,W.B.J. Petro.technol,Jan.1976,pp.93~102
[17]Spence,J.Ronald.Stirred vortex tank reactor and method of CO.sub.2 addition for producing overbased petroleum sulfonate.USP:4541940, September 17,1985
[18]Kachmar,O.S,et al;Increasing the Degree of Sulfonation of Petroleum Oils in Oil-Soluble Sulfonation Production.Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils.v20,n9-10,Sep-Oct,1984, p435 -438
[19]Ashcraft,T.L.et al,Sulfonation of Petroleum Feed stocks in a Wiped Film Reactor.SPE1976(6119):303-306
[20]Nussbaum,Marvin L,Knaggs,Edward A.Process for sulfonation.USP: 4148821,April 10,1979
[21]Zornes,David R.Petroleum sulfonation.USP:4269789,May 26,1981
[22]Syntehesis Solution Properties and Coreflood Performace of Penn State SurfactantsforEOR,3rd European Meeting on Improver Oil ecovery, 1985, proceding 2:199-210
[23]陈翔枢,国外三氧化硫磺化工艺技术的进展.表面活性剂工业1990,(1):1~4
[24]赵福麟.采油化学.石油大学出版,1994,84 73
[25]赵云峰.低凝环烷基原油制备石油磺酸盐研究.硕士论文
[26]梁梦兰,冯卫华.三元复合驱用天然石油磺酸盐的制备及性能研究.精细石油化工[J]1999 年 7 月,第 4 期,15-17
[27]康万利,刘永建.我国复合驱用表面活性剂研究进展.日用化学工业,2000,8(4):30-33
[28]高树棠.大庆馏分油石油磺酸盐的合成和分析.油田化学,1989,6:65-71
[29]粟时金.无醇体系驱油用石油磺酸盐的合成.油田化学,1989,6(1):72-75
[30]陈春英.玉门老君庙油田表面活性剂/聚合物驱油用石油磺酸盐的研制.油田化学,1988,5(3):209~217
[31]王桂芝,赵成才.在降膜式连续反应器中合成中当量石油磺酸盐.油田化学,1992,9(3):253-257
[32]Jack,Douglas S.Continuous process for highly overbased petro leum sulfonates using a series of stirred tank reactors.USP:4541939, September 17,1985
[33]Schroeder,Jr.,et al.Sulfonation of crude oils with gaseous SO.sub.3 to produce petroleum sulfonates.USP:4614623,Septem ber 30,1986
[34]Schroeder,Jr.,et al.Sulfonation of crude oils with gaseous SO.sub.3 to produce petroleum sulfonates.USP:4560517,December 24,1985
[35]徐虎鼎,夏纪鼎.三次采油用石油磺酸盐的研制.华东理工大学学报,1996,22(1):33-37
[36]孙新春等.克拉玛依石油磺酸盐工业化生产及质量评价.新疆石油科技,1995,5(4):100-105
[37]Nussbaum,Marvin L,Knaggs,Edward A. Petroleum sulfonates.USP: 4177207,December 4,1979
[38]Koepke,et al. Process for producing petroleum sulfonates.USP:4847018,July 11,1989
[39]杨振宇,杨林,高树棠等.油田用石油磺酸盐表面活性剂制备方法及其在三次采油中的应用.中国专利:99107580,2002-12-06
[40]蒋益民,赵国胜.三次采油用石油磺酸盐制法及其应用.中国专利: 98101774,1999-01-06
[41]程国柱,谢荣才.一种稠环芳烃混合磺酸盐型表面活性剂.中国专利: 93107820,1998-06-10
[42]陈春英.玉门老君庙油田表面活性剂/聚合物驱油用石油磺酸盐的研制.油田化学,1988,5(3):209-217
[43]孟明扬.三氧化硫磺化技术进展.染料与染色,2004,41(1):43-46
[44]Hase,Alfred M.Auto-start and magnetic shut down battery charg ing and surveillance circuits.USP:4602204,July 22,1986
[45]Nussbaum,Marvin L,Knaggs,Edward A. Petroleum sulfonates.USP: 4177207,December 4,1979
[46]Plummer,et al.Sulfonation of crude oils to produce petroleum sulfonates. USP:4144266,March 13,1979
[47]任敏红.石油磺酸盐 KPS 的优化合成.油田化学,2001,18(4):330-333
[48]Gutierrez,Gonzalez.J;Mans,Teixido.C;Costa,Lopez.J; Sulfona tion in A Falling Film Reactor:Comparison of Experimental Re sults with Mathematical Model Predictions. Journal of Disper sion Science and Technology,v 6,n 3,Jun,1984,p 303-315
[49]Johson,Gary R;Crynes,Billy L;Modeling of a thin-film sulfur trioxide sulfonation reactor.Industrial & Engineering Chemis try,Process Design and Development,v 13,n 1,Jan,1973,p 6-14
[50]Gutierrez,Gonzalez.J;Mans,Teixido.C;Costa,Lopez.J;Improvedmathematical model for a falling film sulfonation reactor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,v 27, n 9,Sep,1988, p 1701-1707
[51]崔正刚等 . 重烷基苯磺酸盐 / 碱/ 原油体系的界面张力 .油田化学,1999,16(2):153-157
[52]崔正刚,刘世霞,王峰等.重烷基苯磺酸盐生产工艺及驱油性能的改进.日用化学工业,2001,(3)
[53]邹文华,刘世霞,张天林等.用普通SO3膜式磺化反应器磺化重烷基苯.无锡轻工大学学报,2000,9(6):604~609
[54]张国印,伍晓林,廖广志等.三次采油用烷基苯磺酸盐类表面活性剂研究.大庆石油地质与开发,2001,20(2)
[55]刘璞.用于强化采油的表面活性剂的一些进展.油田化学,1985,2 (1): 1-8
[56]朱友益,平平.三次采油复合驱油用表面活性剂合成、性能及应用.石油工业出版社,2002,9:43-45
[57]Kaight J D,House R ,J Amer Oil Chem Soc,1959,36:195-200
[58]Voss,K.R.etal.,Soc.Pet.Eng.J.,1981,21(6)
[59]牛金平,日用化学工业信息,2003,(17):1-2
[60]Spence,.Ronald.Stirred vortex tank reactor and method of CO.sub.2 addition for producing overbased petroleum sulfonate. USP:541940, September 17,1985
[61]Jack,Douglas S.Continuous process for highly overbased petro leum sulfonates using a series of stirred tank reactors.USP:4541939, September 17,1985
[62]Schroeder,Jr.,et al.Sulfonation of crude oils with gaseous SO.sub.3 to produce petroleum sulfonates.USP:4614623,Septem ber 30,1986
[63]Schroeder,Jr.,et al.Sulfonation of crude oils with gaseous SO.sub.3 to produce petroleum sulfonates.USP:4560517,December 24,1985
[64]Gutierrez,Gonzalez.J;Mans,Teixido.C;Costa,Lopez.J; Sulfona tion in A Falling Film Reactor:Comparison of Experimental Re sults with Mathematical Model Predictions. Journal of Disper sion Science and Technology,v 6,n 3,Jun,1984,p 303-315
[65]Johson,Gary R;Crynes,Billy L;Modeling of a thin-film sulfur trioxide sulfonation reactor.Industrial & Engineering Chemis try,Process Design and Development,v 13,n 1,Jan,1973,p 6-14
[66]Gutierrez,Gonzalez.J;Mans,Teixido.C;Costa,Lopez.J;Improved mathe -matical model for a falling film sulfonation reactor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,v 27, n 9,Sep,1988, p 1701-1707
[67]Koepke,et al. Process for producing petroleum sulfonates.USP:4847018, July 11,1989
[68]Epton S R.Trans Faraday Soc,1948,44:226-230
[69]蒋怀远.驱油用石油磺酸盐成份分析.油田化学,1985,2(1):75-82
[70]史俊.克拉玛依炼厂石油磺酸盐组成分析及表面活性研究.石油与天然气化工,2000,29(5):247-249
[71]史俊.一种石油磺酸盐组分分析的简便方法:膜渗析-质量法.石油工业技术监督,2000,16(9):23-25
[72]赵松雪.有机化合物磺化产物中各组分的快速测定.精细石油化工, 1989,3:48-51
[73]Zhi-ping li,Milton j.rosen.Two-phase mixed indicator titra tion method for the determination of the determination of anicnic surfactants. analytical chemistry,1981,53:1516-1519
[74]刘彦丽.提高石油采收率研究中测量石油磺酸盐浓度的新方法:选择性电极法.油田化学,1985,2(4):287-296
[75]朱莉.红外光谱法测定石油磺酸盐含量.无锡轻工大学学报,1997,16 (2):76-78
[76]刘有邦.高效液相色谱法快速分析驱油用石油磺酸盐.油田化学,198 7,4(4):305-311
[77]Zornes DR,Willhite GP,Michnick MJ.SPE. 6595,1978
[78]陈立仁,蒋生祥,刘霞等.石油学报,1994,15(3):68-75
[79]Larry Smith,Malmberg E W,Kelly H W,et al,SPE Journal,7520 6,1975
[80]Spangler W G,J Amer Oil Chem Soc,1957,34:191-195
[81]Weatherburg A S.J Amer Oil Chem Soc,1951,28:233-235
[82]Reid V W,Longman G F,Heinerth E.Tenside,1967,4(9):292-304
[83]李之平,巩效牧,李庆莹.分析化学,1984,12(12):1058-1061
[84]唐凯,俞稼镛.兰州大学学报,2000,36(4):61-65
[85]吴一慧,黄宏度,王尤富等.油田化学,2000,17(3):281-284
[86]黄宏度,李克华,吴一慧等.江汉石油学院学报,1992,12(3):98-102
[87]Perov P A, et al. Rapid Determination of the base in Petroleum Spdium Sulfonate.Neflepererab and Neflekim,1981,5,44
[88]刘祥等.用达旦黄-溴百里酚蓝混合指示剂测定RSO3Na型表面活性剂.陕西化工,2000,29(1):49-51
[89]丛爱芬.液相色谱法测定石油磺酸盐的组成.大庆石油地质与开发, 1991,10(1):20-23
[90]陈茂齐等.十二烷基苯磺酸钠及石油磺酸钠的 GC/MS 分析.油田化学,1987,3(4):214-219
[91]林梅钦,高红,刘璞.石油大学学报,1997,27(5):70-74 78
[92]Kaight J D,House R ,J Amer Oil Chem Soc,1959,36:195-200
[93]Voss,K.R.etal.,Soc.Pet.Eng.J.,1981,21(6)
[94]饶福焕.石油磺酸盐的平均当量测定.油田化学,1986,3(1):21-24
[95]梁桂卿.石油磺酸盐的组分含量平均当量及当量分布的分析方法.大庆石油地质与开发,1988,7(3):35-40
[96]鲁静,苏客曼,严正泽.润滑油,1996,11(3):44-53
[97]陈茂齐,吕祖芳,赵国宏等.油田化学,1987,4(3):214-219
[98]陆彬.电导法测定石油磺酸盐的混合临界胶束浓度.油田化学,1991, 8(2):172-174
[99]接触法硫酸工艺设计常用参考资料选编(第一分册),南京化工研究院硫酸情报组
[100]基础化学工程(中册),52～58,《基础化学工程》编写组
[101]化工原理(下册)P86,天津大学编写
[102]化学过程及设备(下册),P395,华东化工学院等编
[103]朱德康.双膜式三氧化硫磺化传质系数计算的探讨[J].日用化学工业,1991(1):1～8
[104]朱德康.双膜磺化反应器反应高度的计算[J].日用化学工业,1993(6): 1～5
[2]Chenglong Wang, Baoyu Wang, Xulong Cao, et al.Application and design of alkaline-surfactant-polymer system to close well spacing pilot gudong oilfield[J].SPE,1997(38321):605.
[3]Wang Demin,Cheng Jingcheng,Wu Junzheng,et al.An alkaline/surfactant/ polymer field test in a reservoir with a long-term 100% water cut [J].SPE. 1998(49018):305-318
[4]杨承志等.化学驱理论与实践.石油工业出版社,1996.73~81
[5]Earl W.Malmberg,Carolyn C.Gajderowics,David Martin F.et al. Characterization and Oil Recorvery Observations on a Series of Synthetic Petroleum Sulfonates.Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,1982, 4:226-236
[6]刘方等.表面活性剂在石油开采中的应用.精细化工,2000,17(12):696~ 699
[7]Hsieh,et al.process for enhanced oil recovery employing petro leum sulfonate blends.USP:4446036,May 1,1984
[8]Nuckel B.et al.sulfactant compositions useful in enhanced oil recovery process.USP :453205,July 30,1985
[9]王雨,乔琦,董玲等.克拉玛依油田 ASP 驱工业扩大试验廉价配方研究. 油田化学,1999,16(3)
[10]王健,罗平亚,郑焰等.大庆油田条件下疏水缔合两性聚合物三元复合驱和聚合物驱体系的应用性能.2000,17(2):168-170
[11]唐培昆.精细有机合成化学及工艺学.天津大学出版社,2003,7:120- 122
[12]Moreno A.日用化学工业译丛,1992,(5):13-19
[13]张成方.气液反应和反应器.化学工业出版社,1985,11:33-36
[14]李发忠等.三次采油用石油磺酸盐的合成.西安石油学院学报,1993, 8(4):71-77
[15]Plummer,etal.Sulfonationof crude oils to produce petroleumsulfonates. USP:4144266, March 13, 1979
[16]Gogarty,W.B.J. Petro.technol,Jan.1976,pp.93~102
[17]Spence,J.Ronald.Stirred vortex tank reactor and method of CO.sub.2 addition for producing overbased petroleum sulfonate.USP:4541940, September 17,1985
[18]Kachmar,O.S,et al;Increasing the Degree of Sulfonation of Petroleum Oils in Oil-Soluble Sulfonation Production.Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils.v20,n9-10,Sep-Oct,1984, p435 -438
[19]Ashcraft,T.L.et al,Sulfonation of Petroleum Feed stocks in a Wiped Film Reactor.SPE1976(6119):303-306
[20]Nussbaum,Marvin L,Knaggs,Edward A.Process for sulfonation.USP: 4148821,April 10,1979
[21]Zornes,David R.Petroleum sulfonation.USP:4269789,May 26,1981
[22]Syntehesis Solution Properties and Coreflood Performace of Penn State SurfactantsforEOR,3rd European Meeting on Improver Oil ecovery, 1985, proceding 2:199-210
[23]陈翔枢,国外三氧化硫磺化工艺技术的进展.表面活性剂工业1990,(1):1~4
[24]赵福麟.采油化学.石油大学出版,1994,84 73
[25]赵云峰.低凝环烷基原油制备石油磺酸盐研究.硕士论文
[26]梁梦兰,冯卫华.三元复合驱用天然石油磺酸盐的制备及性能研究.精细石油化工[J]1999 年 7 月,第 4 期,15-17
[27]康万利,刘永建.我国复合驱用表面活性剂研究进展.日用化学工业,2000,8(4):30-33
[28]高树棠.大庆馏分油石油磺酸盐的合成和分析.油田化学,1989,6:65-71
[29]粟时金.无醇体系驱油用石油磺酸盐的合成.油田化学,1989,6(1):72-75
[30]陈春英.玉门老君庙油田表面活性剂/聚合物驱油用石油磺酸盐的研制.油田化学,1988,5(3):209~217
[31]王桂芝,赵成才.在降膜式连续反应器中合成中当量石油磺酸盐.油田化学,1992,9(3):253-257
[32]Jack,Douglas S.Continuous process for highly overbased petro leum sulfonates using a series of stirred tank reactors.USP:4541939, September 17,1985
[33]Schroeder,Jr.,et al.Sulfonation of crude oils with gaseous SO.sub.3 to produce petroleum sulfonates.USP:4614623,Septem ber 30,1986
[34]Schroeder,Jr.,et al.Sulfonation of crude oils with gaseous SO.sub.3 to produce petroleum sulfonates.USP:4560517,December 24,1985
[35]徐虎鼎,夏纪鼎.三次采油用石油磺酸盐的研制.华东理工大学学报,1996,22(1):33-37
[36]孙新春等.克拉玛依石油磺酸盐工业化生产及质量评价.新疆石油科技,1995,5(4):100-105
[37]Nussbaum,Marvin L,Knaggs,Edward A. Petroleum sulfonates.USP: 4177207,December 4,1979
[38]Koepke,et al. Process for producing petroleum sulfonates.USP:4847018,July 11,1989
[39]杨振宇,杨林,高树棠等.油田用石油磺酸盐表面活性剂制备方法及其在三次采油中的应用.中国专利:99107580,2002-12-06
[40]蒋益民,赵国胜.三次采油用石油磺酸盐制法及其应用.中国专利: 98101774,1999-01-06
[41]程国柱,谢荣才.一种稠环芳烃混合磺酸盐型表面活性剂.中国专利: 93107820,1998-06-10
[42]陈春英.玉门老君庙油田表面活性剂/聚合物驱油用石油磺酸盐的研制.油田化学,1988,5(3):209-217
[43]孟明扬.三氧化硫磺化技术进展.染料与染色,2004,41(1):43-46
[44]Hase,Alfred M.Auto-start and magnetic shut down battery charg ing and surveillance circuits.USP:4602204,July 22,1986
[45]Nussbaum,Marvin L,Knaggs,Edward A. Petroleum sulfonates.USP: 4177207,December 4,1979
[46]Plummer,et al.Sulfonation of crude oils to produce petroleum sulfonates. USP:4144266,March 13,1979
[47]任敏红.石油磺酸盐 KPS 的优化合成.油田化学,2001,18(4):330-333
[48]Gutierrez,Gonzalez.J;Mans,Teixido.C;Costa,Lopez.J; Sulfona tion in A Falling Film Reactor:Comparison of Experimental Re sults with Mathematical Model Predictions. Journal of Disper sion Science and Technology,v 6,n 3,Jun,1984,p 303-315
[49]Johson,Gary R;Crynes,Billy L;Modeling of a thin-film sulfur trioxide sulfonation reactor.Industrial & Engineering Chemis try,Process Design and Development,v 13,n 1,Jan,1973,p 6-14
[50]Gutierrez,Gonzalez.J;Mans,Teixido.C;Costa,Lopez.J;Improvedmathematical model for a falling film sulfonation reactor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,v 27, n 9,Sep,1988, p 1701-1707
[51]崔正刚等 . 重烷基苯磺酸盐 / 碱/ 原油体系的界面张力 .油田化学,1999,16(2):153-157
[52]崔正刚,刘世霞,王峰等.重烷基苯磺酸盐生产工艺及驱油性能的改进.日用化学工业,2001,(3)
[53]邹文华,刘世霞,张天林等.用普通SO3膜式磺化反应器磺化重烷基苯.无锡轻工大学学报,2000,9(6):604~609
[54]张国印,伍晓林,廖广志等.三次采油用烷基苯磺酸盐类表面活性剂研究.大庆石油地质与开发,2001,20(2)
[55]刘璞.用于强化采油的表面活性剂的一些进展.油田化学,1985,2 (1): 1-8
[56]朱友益,平平.三次采油复合驱油用表面活性剂合成、性能及应用.石油工业出版社,2002,9:43-45
[57]Kaight J D,House R ,J Amer Oil Chem Soc,1959,36:195-200
[58]Voss,K.R.etal.,Soc.Pet.Eng.J.,1981,21(6)
[59]牛金平,日用化学工业信息,2003,(17):1-2
[60]Spence,.Ronald.Stirred vortex tank reactor and method of CO.sub.2 addition for producing overbased petroleum sulfonate. USP:541940, September 17,1985
[61]Jack,Douglas S.Continuous process for highly overbased petro leum sulfonates using a series of stirred tank reactors.USP:4541939, September 17,1985
[62]Schroeder,Jr.,et al.Sulfonation of crude oils with gaseous SO.sub.3 to produce petroleum sulfonates.USP:4614623,Septem ber 30,1986
[63]Schroeder,Jr.,et al.Sulfonation of crude oils with gaseous SO.sub.3 to produce petroleum sulfonates.USP:4560517,December 24,1985
[64]Gutierrez,Gonzalez.J;Mans,Teixido.C;Costa,Lopez.J; Sulfona tion in A Falling Film Reactor:Comparison of Experimental Re sults with Mathematical Model Predictions. Journal of Disper sion Science and Technology,v 6,n 3,Jun,1984,p 303-315
[65]Johson,Gary R;Crynes,Billy L;Modeling of a thin-film sulfur trioxide sulfonation reactor.Industrial & Engineering Chemis try,Process Design and Development,v 13,n 1,Jan,1973,p 6-14
[66]Gutierrez,Gonzalez.J;Mans,Teixido.C;Costa,Lopez.J;Improved mathe -matical model for a falling film sulfonation reactor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,v 27, n 9,Sep,1988, p 1701-1707
[67]Koepke,et al. Process for producing petroleum sulfonates.USP:4847018, July 11,1989
[68]Epton S R.Trans Faraday Soc,1948,44:226-230
[69]蒋怀远.驱油用石油磺酸盐成份分析.油田化学,1985,2(1):75-82
[70]史俊.克拉玛依炼厂石油磺酸盐组成分析及表面活性研究.石油与天然气化工,2000,29(5):247-249
[71]史俊.一种石油磺酸盐组分分析的简便方法:膜渗析-质量法.石油工业技术监督,2000,16(9):23-25
[72]赵松雪.有机化合物磺化产物中各组分的快速测定.精细石油化工, 1989,3:48-51
[73]Zhi-ping li,Milton j.rosen.Two-phase mixed indicator titra tion method for the determination of the determination of anicnic surfactants. analytical chemistry,1981,53:1516-1519
[74]刘彦丽.提高石油采收率研究中测量石油磺酸盐浓度的新方法:选择性电极法.油田化学,1985,2(4):287-296
[75]朱莉.红外光谱法测定石油磺酸盐含量.无锡轻工大学学报,1997,16 (2):76-78
[76]刘有邦.高效液相色谱法快速分析驱油用石油磺酸盐.油田化学,198 7,4(4):305-311
[77]Zornes DR,Willhite GP,Michnick MJ.SPE. 6595,1978
[78]陈立仁,蒋生祥,刘霞等.石油学报,1994,15(3):68-75
[79]Larry Smith,Malmberg E W,Kelly H W,et al,SPE Journal,7520 6,1975
[80]Spangler W G,J Amer Oil Chem Soc,1957,34:191-195
[81]Weatherburg A S.J Amer Oil Chem Soc,1951,28:233-235
[82]Reid V W,Longman G F,Heinerth E.Tenside,1967,4(9):292-304
[83]李之平,巩效牧,李庆莹.分析化学,1984,12(12):1058-1061
[84]唐凯,俞稼镛.兰州大学学报,2000,36(4):61-65
[85]吴一慧,黄宏度,王尤富等.油田化学,2000,17(3):281-284
[86]黄宏度,李克华,吴一慧等.江汉石油学院学报,1992,12(3):98-102
[87]Perov P A, et al. Rapid Determination of the base in Petroleum Spdium Sulfonate.Neflepererab and Neflekim,1981,5,44
[88]刘祥等.用达旦黄-溴百里酚蓝混合指示剂测定RSO3Na型表面活性剂.陕西化工,2000,29(1):49-51
[89]丛爱芬.液相色谱法测定石油磺酸盐的组成.大庆石油地质与开发, 1991,10(1):20-23
[90]陈茂齐等.十二烷基苯磺酸钠及石油磺酸钠的 GC/MS 分析.油田化学,1987,3(4):214-219
[91]林梅钦,高红,刘璞.石油大学学报,1997,27(5):70-74 78
[92]Kaight J D,House R ,J Amer Oil Chem Soc,1959,36:195-200
[93]Voss,K.R.etal.,Soc.Pet.Eng.J.,1981,21(6)
[94]饶福焕.石油磺酸盐的平均当量测定.油田化学,1986,3(1):21-24
[95]梁桂卿.石油磺酸盐的组分含量平均当量及当量分布的分析方法.大庆石油地质与开发,1988,7(3):35-40
[96]鲁静,苏客曼,严正泽.润滑油,1996,11(3):44-53
[97]陈茂齐,吕祖芳,赵国宏等.油田化学,1987,4(3):214-219
[98]陆彬.电导法测定石油磺酸盐的混合临界胶束浓度.油田化学,1991, 8(2):172-174
[99]接触法硫酸工艺设计常用参考资料选编(第一分册),南京化工研究院硫酸情报组
[100]基础化学工程(中册),52～58,《基础化学工程》编写组
[101]化工原理(下册)P86,天津大学编写
[102]化学过程及设备(下册),P395,华东化工学院等编
[103]朱德康.双膜式三氧化硫磺化传质系数计算的探讨[J].日用化学工业,1991(1):1～8
[104]朱德康.双膜磺化反应器反应高度的计算[J].日用化学工业,1993(6): 1～5