堆肥氮素转化及原位减少氮素损失的研究
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摘要
高温堆肥化是将固体有机废弃物转化为高质量有机肥的重要无害化和资源化途径，它不仅可以解决规模化养殖场环境污染问题，而且对于发展有机肥、保持和提高土壤肥力，促进农业持续发展有着重要的意义。目前堆肥化过程中氮素损失比较严重，通常达到50％左右。如何在堆肥过程中原位减少氮素损失，提高有机肥的养分价值具有重要意义。
本论文利用鸡粪和农业废弃物作为主要原料，进行了C／N比值分别为12.4、17.4、31.2、35.2的敞开式自然通风堆肥化试验，C／N比值分别为17.8、23.6、26.0、33.7、36.2的密闭式强制通风堆肥化试验，以及C／N比值为20.6的工厂化槽式动态堆肥化研究。定量分析了堆肥过程中不同阶段各种氮素形态转化和氮素损失途径。研究结果表明，低C／N比堆肥化处理全氮含量呈下降趋势，高C／N比堆肥化处理的含氮量呈上升趋势；堆肥过程中铵态氮和有机氮的变化最大，硝态氮主要在堆肥后期略有形成，不同的堆肥化方式铵态氮、硝态氮变化趋势不同；堆肥化过程中氮素损失的主要途径为铵态氮以氨气的形式挥发，堆肥化的升温阶段和高温阶段是氮素损失的主要时期，是氮素损失原位控制的重要时期。
在氮素转化规律的基础上，模拟堆肥化过程中氮素损失主要阶段的基本技术参数，分别对硫酸盐、氯化盐、物理吸附材料等原位固定剂以及氢氧化镁和磷酸混合物原位固定剂进行了固定效果的试验研究。综合氮素固定率、固定效益，最终得到了几种适合堆肥化过程中氮素损失控制的原位固定剂、投加量及投加方式。结果表明硫酸镁(3.9％)、蚯蚓粪(7.8％)、草炭(9.8％)适合作为堆肥化过程中的氮素损失原位固定剂，氮素固定率可以达到70％以上。同时使用硫酸镁、蚯蚓粪和草炭作为固定剂可以增加堆肥过程中的氮、磷、钾含量。按一定比例形成的氢氧化镁、磷酸与水的混合物适合作为堆肥化过程中的氮素损失原位固定剂，通过将堆肥过程中产生的铵合成为MgNH_4PO_4而减少氮素损失，并与有机堆肥产品生成新型有机无机复混肥，对氨氮固定率达到85％以上。
Aerobic composting is an important way to transform solid organic wastes to high quality organic fertilizer. It not only can solve the environment pollution of large-size livestock husbandry, but also have importance function in developing organic fertilizer, maintaining and increasing soil fertility, stimulating continues development of Agriculture. Whereas rate of nitrogen losing during composting has been high to be 50%. It is important significant study how to reduce nitrogen loss and to enhance the organic fertilizer nutrient.
Opening static composting test of natural ventilation with the ratio of C/N 12.4, 17.4, 31.2, 35.2, Closing static composting test of forced aerated with the ratio of C/N 17.8, 23.6, 26.0, 33.7, 36.2 and a large-scale composting with the ratio of C/N 20.64 using poultry manure and agriculture waste as raw composting material was conducted to quantify various kinds of nitrogen form transform and lose way at different composting stage. The results indicate that low ratio of C/N in the process of composting make total absolute N present a downward trend, but high ratio of C/N have upward trend; The NH4-N and Org-N in Composting course have remarkable change. NO3-N will produce on later stage of composting course, and have vary change trend in different composting mode; The loss way of N is volatile of NH3 which come from NH4-N, the stage of increasing temperature and high temperature stage of composting is the major losing period and will be a well period to reduce the losing of N.
The some fixation materials selected of reducing N loss in composting file have be tested including sulfate, chloride and compound substance with magnesium hydroxide and phosphate acid. About adding quantity and rate and mode of fixation materials has been studied through the simulating composting test under basic parameter. Magnesium sulfate (3.9%), earthworm manure (7.8%) and peat (9.8%) were suitable to reduce N loss in composting pile with over 70% of N fixation rate, at the same time, the elements of those materials can increase nutrient content of compost production. Serials of mixture materials with magnesium hydroxide and phosphate acid according to rates have high effect of fixation of N to reach over 85% of N fixation rate on synthesizing MgNH4PO4 which produce a new org-inorganic compound fertilizer.
本论文利用鸡粪和农业废弃物作为主要原料，进行了C／N比值分别为12.4、17.4、31.2、35.2的敞开式自然通风堆肥化试验，C／N比值分别为17.8、23.6、26.0、33.7、36.2的密闭式强制通风堆肥化试验，以及C／N比值为20.6的工厂化槽式动态堆肥化研究。定量分析了堆肥过程中不同阶段各种氮素形态转化和氮素损失途径。研究结果表明，低C／N比堆肥化处理全氮含量呈下降趋势，高C／N比堆肥化处理的含氮量呈上升趋势；堆肥过程中铵态氮和有机氮的变化最大，硝态氮主要在堆肥后期略有形成，不同的堆肥化方式铵态氮、硝态氮变化趋势不同；堆肥化过程中氮素损失的主要途径为铵态氮以氨气的形式挥发，堆肥化的升温阶段和高温阶段是氮素损失的主要时期，是氮素损失原位控制的重要时期。
在氮素转化规律的基础上，模拟堆肥化过程中氮素损失主要阶段的基本技术参数，分别对硫酸盐、氯化盐、物理吸附材料等原位固定剂以及氢氧化镁和磷酸混合物原位固定剂进行了固定效果的试验研究。综合氮素固定率、固定效益，最终得到了几种适合堆肥化过程中氮素损失控制的原位固定剂、投加量及投加方式。结果表明硫酸镁(3.9％)、蚯蚓粪(7.8％)、草炭(9.8％)适合作为堆肥化过程中的氮素损失原位固定剂，氮素固定率可以达到70％以上。同时使用硫酸镁、蚯蚓粪和草炭作为固定剂可以增加堆肥过程中的氮、磷、钾含量。按一定比例形成的氢氧化镁、磷酸与水的混合物适合作为堆肥化过程中的氮素损失原位固定剂，通过将堆肥过程中产生的铵合成为MgNH_4PO_4而减少氮素损失，并与有机堆肥产品生成新型有机无机复混肥，对氨氮固定率达到85％以上。
Aerobic composting is an important way to transform solid organic wastes to high quality organic fertilizer. It not only can solve the environment pollution of large-size livestock husbandry, but also have importance function in developing organic fertilizer, maintaining and increasing soil fertility, stimulating continues development of Agriculture. Whereas rate of nitrogen losing during composting has been high to be 50%. It is important significant study how to reduce nitrogen loss and to enhance the organic fertilizer nutrient.
Opening static composting test of natural ventilation with the ratio of C/N 12.4, 17.4, 31.2, 35.2, Closing static composting test of forced aerated with the ratio of C/N 17.8, 23.6, 26.0, 33.7, 36.2 and a large-scale composting with the ratio of C/N 20.64 using poultry manure and agriculture waste as raw composting material was conducted to quantify various kinds of nitrogen form transform and lose way at different composting stage. The results indicate that low ratio of C/N in the process of composting make total absolute N present a downward trend, but high ratio of C/N have upward trend; The NH4-N and Org-N in Composting course have remarkable change. NO3-N will produce on later stage of composting course, and have vary change trend in different composting mode; The loss way of N is volatile of NH3 which come from NH4-N, the stage of increasing temperature and high temperature stage of composting is the major losing period and will be a well period to reduce the losing of N.
The some fixation materials selected of reducing N loss in composting file have be tested including sulfate, chloride and compound substance with magnesium hydroxide and phosphate acid. About adding quantity and rate and mode of fixation materials has been studied through the simulating composting test under basic parameter. Magnesium sulfate (3.9%), earthworm manure (7.8%) and peat (9.8%) were suitable to reduce N loss in composting pile with over 70% of N fixation rate, at the same time, the elements of those materials can increase nutrient content of compost production. Serials of mixture materials with magnesium hydroxide and phosphate acid according to rates have high effect of fixation of N to reach over 85% of N fixation rate on synthesizing MgNH4PO4 which produce a new org-inorganic compound fertilizer.
引文
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2．艾应伟．鸡粪的利用[J]．农业科技通讯，1996，4：23
3．李国学．高效有机肥与缓释肥产业化技术研究与开发．“十五”国家科技攻关计划重大专项《生态农业技术体系研究与示范》投标文件，2001，12
4．钟乐芳，玄福，等．蚯蚓粪的应用及加工．农村发展论丛，2001．7—8．总143—144，29
5. Xu X. K., Zhou L. K. Van Cleem put O and Wang Z. J. Fate of urea-15N in a soil-wheat system as influenced by urease inhibitor hydroquinone and nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide. Plant Soil, 2000, 220 (1/2): 261～270
6．李玉春．发酵素堆肥与有机复混肥生产关键技术及生物效应研究：[硕士学位论文]．北京：中国农业大学，2002
7．不可忽视农业污染治理．绿色动态．2003-3-5
8．朱兆良．文启孝．中国土壤氮素．南京：江苏科学技术出版社，1990
9．蔡建成．等．堆肥工程与堆肥工厂．北京：北京机械工业出版社，259～291
10．詹可志，汪国英．沼肥在农作物中的应用．耕作与栽培，1999．4
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