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尿素分别与三种酰胺类除草剂混用效果研究
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摘要
农业可持续发展的大趋势及精确农业概念的提出和从省时、高效、经济的观点,要求农药和其他农用化学品包括化肥、微量元素肥料等尽可能科学合理地混合使用。本试验通过盆栽和田间小区对比试验及实验室测试分析,对三种酰胺类除草剂丁草胺、乙草胺、异丙甲草胺分别与尿素混用后除草剂室内生物活性、田间药效,尿素的肥效,水稻的安全性和水稻各农艺性状的影响进行了研究。主要结论如下:
     1.酰胺类除草剂丁草胺、乙草胺、异丙甲草胺分别和尿素混用时在室内抑制稗草的生物活性显著高于这三种除草剂单独使用时抑制稗草的生物活性,其混用后的共毒系数分别为146.1,116.7,132.6,说明尿素对这三种除草剂的抑稗活性有明显的增效作用,且混用后的抑稗活性是随着除草剂的剂量的增加其增效作用愈加明显。同时除草剂与尿素混用对一叶一心期水稻的安全性也显著地提高,其混用后对水稻的生长抑制共毒系数分别为79.1,87.5,67.2。
     2.在田间小区试验中,这三种酰胺类除草剂分别和尿素混用对稻田各类杂草的株防效、鲜重防效和总草的株防效、鲜重防效都要略高于除草剂单独施用时对杂草的防效。且除草剂与尿素混用有延缓除草剂药效残效期的趋势。
     3.在田间小区试验中,这三种酰胺类除草剂分别和尿素混用处理对水稻的生长,株高与除草剂单独施用的处理相比表现为“前控后促”的现象,在收获时水稻的各农艺性状明显高于除草剂单独施用的处理区,其中乙草胺,丁草胺,异丙甲草胺与尿素混用比单独施用对水稻增产分别达到12.9%,11.4%,10.5%,且在一定程度上有延缓尿素在土壤中释放时间的趋势。
     4.在盆栽条件下,除草剂丁草胺、乙草胺、异丙甲草胺和尿素混用处理的水稻干物质积累量和对氮素的吸收利用率都要显著高于除草剂单独施用,其中氮素的吸收利用率分别提高了3.2%,6.2%,2.2%。且混用后使尿素的氮素释放较平缓,具有缓效和长效的作用。
Great tendency of agricultural sustainable development, putting forward Precision Agriculture concept and viewpoint in save time, high efficiency and economy, require reasonably scientific application of mixture of herbicides and other agricultural chemicals including artificial fertilizer, minor element fertilizer and so on. The effect of biological activation and effectiveness in field of herbicides, fertilizer efficiency and the utilization ratio of nitrogen of the Urea, security and agricultural properties of the rice were studied when three Amides Herbicides of Butachlor, Metolachlor and Acetochlor were combined with Urea through plot experiment, pot experiment and demonstration experimental small areas as well as laboratory analysis determination in the paper, respectively. The main conclusions are as follows:
    1. The activity of Barnyard-grass inhibition (ABI) through the house pot experiment was investigated and studied, those Amides Herbicides of Butachlor, Metolachlor, Acetochlor enhanced notably in ABI when they were used combined with Urea. The mixtures of co-toxicity coefficient rose to 146.1, 116.7, 132.6, respectively. In addition, this effect increased with the dosage of three kinds of Amides Herbicides. Further more, the result of the experiment showed that Urea can strengthen their security on the rice at 1.5-leaf stage. Its activity of rice inhibition growth of the co-toxicity coefficient are 79. 1, 87.5, 67.2, respectively.
    2. The results indicated that three Amides Herbicides of Butachlor, Metolachlor and Acetochlor were combined with Urea in the plot experiment might be excellent weed control for as its stable and entirely weed-killing performance .During the rice growing period, the total weed-killing percentage was stable over 85% and 90% in fresh weight. On the side, the herbicides and urea are mixed could delay trend the residual effects period of herbicides more than 50 days.
    3. The effect of growth and plant height of the rice was studied when three Amides Herbicides of Butachlor, Metolachlor and Acetochlor were combined with Urea in the plot experiment. The result showed that "the mixtures could inhibit above-growth in seedling stage and stimulate rice growth during adult ". In addition,
    
    
    all agricultural properties of the rice are higher obviously while reaping. The rice yield increase 13.9% , 11.4% , 10.5%, separately. Further more, the herbicides and urea are mixed has delayed trend the release time in the soil of urea.
    4. We have found that the accumulating amount of material of rice and the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer of plain absorption utilization enhanced notably when three Amides Herbicides of Butachlor, Metolachlor and Acetochlor were combined with Urea in the pot experiment. The utilization ratio of nitrogen of the Urea increase 3.2%, 6.2%, 2.2%. All the mixtures make the nitrogen of the Urea have function of slow release and long-term result.
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