小麦田除草剂与氮肥混施技术和效果的研究
摘要
本试验采用了二因素随机区组设计,研究了除草剂(2,4-D 丁酯和2 甲4氯,各设5 个水平)与氮肥(尿素,设5 个水平)混施对冬小麦田小麦植株的安全性和麦田杂草的防效。通过对小麦株高、穗长、叶面积等形态指标和叶绿素含量、光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等生理指标的测定分析,结合对小麦产量和除草剂对麦田杂草的株防效和鲜重防效的调查,筛选出了安全、高效的除草剂与氮肥混施的方案。
试验结果表明:2,4-D 丁酯与尿素和2 甲4 氯与尿素在冬小麦返青、拔节期间合理混施,不仅可以促进小麦生长发育,改善农艺性状,提高小麦产量,且对杂草有良好的防除效果。在保证小麦安全生长、提高产量和兼顾杂草防效的基础上,它们之间的优化配比量为:2,4-D 丁酯(100～150ml/667m~2)+尿素(22.5～30kg/667m~2)和2 甲4 氯(100～150g/667m~2)+尿素(22.5～30kg/667m~2)。
This paper, by two factor randomized block design, studied experimental scheme with herbicide(2,4-D butylate and MCPA, each set up 5 level ) and nitrogenous fertilizer (carbamide, set up 5 level). In this paper safety aspects on the winter wheat and herbicides performance of wheat field weeds were carried on. Morphological and physiological indicators of the winter wheat were determined and analyzed, such as crop height, spike long, leaf area, the content of chlorophyll, photosynthesis rate, level of nitrate reductase, level of SOD and so on. Furthermore, wheat yield and wheat field weed preventive and killing were investigated. Thereby, safe and high effect scheme with herbicide and fertilizer mixed using were sifted.
The result indicated that, 2,4-D butylate and carbamide, MCPA and carbamide were mixed using in wheat field between return green period and draw blur period. In general, under the safety aspects of wheat, improved yield and the effect of wheat field weed preventive and killing, the optimization scheme was: 2,4-D butylate (100～150ml/667m2)+ carbamide(22.5～30kg/667m2)and MCPA (100～150g/667m2)+ carbamide(22.5～30kg/667m2).
试验结果表明:2,4-D 丁酯与尿素和2 甲4 氯与尿素在冬小麦返青、拔节期间合理混施,不仅可以促进小麦生长发育,改善农艺性状,提高小麦产量,且对杂草有良好的防除效果。在保证小麦安全生长、提高产量和兼顾杂草防效的基础上,它们之间的优化配比量为:2,4-D 丁酯(100～150ml/667m~2)+尿素(22.5～30kg/667m~2)和2 甲4 氯(100～150g/667m~2)+尿素(22.5～30kg/667m~2)。
This paper, by two factor randomized block design, studied experimental scheme with herbicide(2,4-D butylate and MCPA, each set up 5 level ) and nitrogenous fertilizer (carbamide, set up 5 level). In this paper safety aspects on the winter wheat and herbicides performance of wheat field weeds were carried on. Morphological and physiological indicators of the winter wheat were determined and analyzed, such as crop height, spike long, leaf area, the content of chlorophyll, photosynthesis rate, level of nitrate reductase, level of SOD and so on. Furthermore, wheat yield and wheat field weed preventive and killing were investigated. Thereby, safe and high effect scheme with herbicide and fertilizer mixed using were sifted.
The result indicated that, 2,4-D butylate and carbamide, MCPA and carbamide were mixed using in wheat field between return green period and draw blur period. In general, under the safety aspects of wheat, improved yield and the effect of wheat field weed preventive and killing, the optimization scheme was: 2,4-D butylate (100～150ml/667m2)+ carbamide(22.5～30kg/667m2)and MCPA (100～150g/667m2)+ carbamide(22.5～30kg/667m2).
引文
1. 强盛主编.杂草学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001
2. 张玉聚,孙化田,王春生编.除草剂及其混用与农田杂草化学防治[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000
3. 苏少泉编.杂草学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1993
4. 郭平毅主编.农田化学除草[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1996
5. 王树安主编.作物栽培学各论(北方本)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1993
6. 金善宝.中国小麦学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996
7. 王健等编.农田化学除草[M].北京:科学出版社,1997
8. 张殿京等编.农田杂草化学防除大全[M].上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,1992
9. 李光熙.提高科技含量迈向新世纪的除草剂开发、研制与应用[J].杂草科学,1998,(1):2～5
10.张瑞亭等编.农药混用及制剂[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1987
11.黄健中等编.农田杂草抗药性[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1995
12.唐洪元等编.农药使用技术大全除草剂[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1993:63～66
13.全国农田杂草考察组.中国农田杂草的种类[J].杂草学报,1987,1:37～38
14.全国农田杂草考察组.中国农田杂草区划[J].杂草学报,1989,2:1～9
15.王枝荣主编.中国农田杂草原色图谱[M].北京:农业出版社,1990
16.李扬汉.田园杂草和草害-识别、防除与检疫[M].南京:江苏科技出版社(第二版),1981
17.涂鹤龄.“八五”农田草害治理的重大成就、存在问题及对策[M].中国植物保护研究进展.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996
18.涂鹤龄.五大作物农田杂草群落种群演替研究[J].第六次全国杂草科学学术研讨会论文集,1999,5～9
19.李孙荣等.杂草及其防治[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1990
20.强盛,李光英.江苏省棉区棉田杂草群落分布和发生规律的数量分析[J].生态学报.1999,19(6):810～816
21.农业部农药检定所生测室.农药田间药效试验准则(一)[M].北京:中国标准出版社,1993
22.盖均缢主编.试验统计方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000
23.裴喜春,薛河儒主编.SAS 及应用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1997
24.山西农业大学植物生理研究室编.植物生理学实验指导,1998
25.王金胜等.农业生物化学技术[M].太原;山西科学技术出版社,1997
27.万方浩,王韧.世界杂草生防的历史成就及我国杂草生防的现状与建议[J].生物防治通报,1991,2:81～87
28.苏少泉.除草剂的混合使用[J].现代化农业,1988,5:16～18
29.李斌.除草剂工业的发展及展望[J].农药,1998,37(1):1～7
30.张朝贤等.国外除草剂应用趋势及我国杂草科学研究现状和发展方向[J].植物保护学报,1997,(10):278
31.李扬汗主编.中国杂草志[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998
32.李天林等.除草剂混用防除麦田杂草应用技术研究.第六次全国杂草科学学会学术讨论会论文集,1998
33.李录久,张琳,李文高,殷雄.除草药肥对麦田杂草防效及小麦生长的影响[J].安徽农业科学,1999,29(2):205～206
34.张家宏,王守红,刘长虹.除草药肥的研究进展及其产业化开发应用[J].农药[J],2000,19(9):45～46
35.张家宏,朱巧珍,王开永等,小麦应用除草专用肥的生物效应[J].安徽农业科学,1996,24(3):220～221
36.张家宏,朱巧珍,小麦除草复合肥的应用效果[J].农业科技通讯,1996,1:26
37.慕康国,张文吉,地建强等.农药与肥料相互作用的研究与实践[J].世界农业,2000,252(4):39～41
38.王守红,郭加登,张家宏.国内外除草药肥的研究及产业化应用[J].安徽农业科学,2001,29(1):43～44
39.徐歧川,张伟,战玉林.水稻药肥效果研究初报[J].土壤通报,1991,22(5):238～240
40.盛锦寿,稻田除草专用肥效应研究初报[J].福建农业科技,1997,5:10～11
41.王夏裕,韩国章,朱仁全等.除草药肥对稻田杂草防效及水稻生长的影响[J].浙江农业科学,1992(3):125～126
42.卢植新等,除草剂的混用及混剂型的发展.第六次全国杂草科学学会学术讨论会论文集,1999
43.柏连阳,我国除草剂混剂的开发和应用概况[J].杂草科学,1999,4
44.刘德立等.杂草对作物产量损失的经验模型[J].植物保护学报,1991,18(4):371～377
45.倪汉文.杂草调查适宜样方的确定[J].杂草科学,1998,2:35
46.梁长梅.荞麦田除草剂与肥料混用优化方案的研究.山西农业大学硕士论文
47.陈万义.对农药混剂及其研制的几点意见[J].植保技术与推广,1993,2:36～37
48.朱成城,浅谈我国农药的混配[J].植保技术与推广,1994,1:29～30
49.姜德锋,赵永厚,李健彬.我国除草剂混用的发展现状[J].莱阳农学院报,2001,1:19～21
50.李保田,潘晓华,季梦成等.除草剂混肥防除稻田杂草试验[J].农药,2001,40(9):41～42
51.王守仁,张家宏.油菜除草专用肥的防除效果及生物效应[J].农药,2001,40(6):42～43
52.余柳青等.丁草胺等除草剂和尿素混用的增效作用研究[J].杂草科学,1993,4:27～30
53. 王春生, 沈运河, 毕公中等, 除草微肥施用效果试验研究初报[J], 安徽农业科学,1998,26(2):159～160
54.Malik R.K, Singh, Samunder. Evolve strategy for herbicide use in wheat. Resistance and integrated wheat management[A]. Proceedings ISWS, International Symposium on Weed management for Sustainable[C]. 1993,1:215～218
55.Hamm, P. C. 1974. Discovery, development, and current status of the chloroacetamide herbicides. Weed Sci 22:541-545.]
56 Abernathy, J. R. 1981. Estimated crop losses due to weeds with nonchemical management. pp, 159-167 in “Handbook of Management in Agriculture,”Vol 1 (D. Pimentel. Ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
57.Buchanan,F.S. et al. Environment factors affecting the herbicidal activity of DPX-A7881. Weed Sci, 1990,30(4):271～278
58.Brown M H. Mode of action, crop selectivity, and soil relations of the sulfonylurea herbicides. Pesticide Science 29:263～281
59. V Lingman G C and M.Ashton. Weed Science 2nd edition. A Wiley-Inter Science Publication. New York, 1982
60.Hance RJ and K Holly. Weed control handbook: Principles 8th edition. Blackwell Science Publications, 1990
61.Green J M. Maximizing herbicide effect with mixtures and expert system. Weed Technology, 1991, 5:894～897
62.Hsiao AI, Smith AE. A root bioassay procedure for the determination of chlorsulfuron, disclofop acid and sathoxydim residues in soil. Weed Res, 23:231～236
63.Blackshaw, R.E. Downy brome ( Bromus tectorum) density and relative time of emergence affects interference in winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum). Weed Science, 41:551～556
64.Weber et al. Effect alternative for the management of weed resistance. Symposium. On. Herbicides. And weeds, Dourados, MM, Brazil,1997,162～163
65.Walker, AE et al. Adosorption and degradation of different depths, Weed Res,1989,29:281～287
66.Sunderland SI. et al. A rapid sensitive soil bioassay for sulfonylurea herbicide. Weed Sci, 1991,39:296～298
67.Seefeldh,S.S. et al. Inheritance of dictofop resistance in wild oat(Avena fatua L.)biotypes from the Willamette valley of Oregon. Weed Science, 1998,46:170～175
68.Richard T Mesiter et al. Weed control manual. Meister publishing company,1992
69.Richter, J. and S.B. Powles. Pollen expression of herbicide Target Diet Resistance Genes in Annual Ryegrass(Lolium rigidum).Plant Pyysiology, 102(3):1037～1041
70.Pestemer W. et al. A variability to plants of herbicide residues in soil. Part 2.Date for lose in vegetable crops. Weed Res. 1980,20:349～353
71.Kwon, C. et al. The effect of piperonyl butoxide and adjuvants on sulfonylurea herbicide activity. Weed Technology, 1996,10(1):127～133
72.Heap. I. M. The occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide. Originally published in pesticide Science, 1998 ,51:235～244.
73.Joshi. Mmet al. Sulfonyurea herbicide soil relations, proc. Br. Crop prot. Conf.-weeds. 1987,531-540
2. 张玉聚,孙化田,王春生编.除草剂及其混用与农田杂草化学防治[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000
3. 苏少泉编.杂草学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1993
4. 郭平毅主编.农田化学除草[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1996
5. 王树安主编.作物栽培学各论(北方本)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1993
6. 金善宝.中国小麦学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996
7. 王健等编.农田化学除草[M].北京:科学出版社,1997
8. 张殿京等编.农田杂草化学防除大全[M].上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,1992
9. 李光熙.提高科技含量迈向新世纪的除草剂开发、研制与应用[J].杂草科学,1998,(1):2～5
10.张瑞亭等编.农药混用及制剂[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1987
11.黄健中等编.农田杂草抗药性[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1995
12.唐洪元等编.农药使用技术大全除草剂[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1993:63～66
13.全国农田杂草考察组.中国农田杂草的种类[J].杂草学报,1987,1:37～38
14.全国农田杂草考察组.中国农田杂草区划[J].杂草学报,1989,2:1～9
15.王枝荣主编.中国农田杂草原色图谱[M].北京:农业出版社,1990
16.李扬汉.田园杂草和草害-识别、防除与检疫[M].南京:江苏科技出版社(第二版),1981
17.涂鹤龄.“八五”农田草害治理的重大成就、存在问题及对策[M].中国植物保护研究进展.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996
18.涂鹤龄.五大作物农田杂草群落种群演替研究[J].第六次全国杂草科学学术研讨会论文集,1999,5～9
19.李孙荣等.杂草及其防治[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1990
20.强盛,李光英.江苏省棉区棉田杂草群落分布和发生规律的数量分析[J].生态学报.1999,19(6):810～816
21.农业部农药检定所生测室.农药田间药效试验准则(一)[M].北京:中国标准出版社,1993
22.盖均缢主编.试验统计方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000
23.裴喜春,薛河儒主编.SAS 及应用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1997
24.山西农业大学植物生理研究室编.植物生理学实验指导,1998
25.王金胜等.农业生物化学技术[M].太原;山西科学技术出版社,1997
27.万方浩,王韧.世界杂草生防的历史成就及我国杂草生防的现状与建议[J].生物防治通报,1991,2:81～87
28.苏少泉.除草剂的混合使用[J].现代化农业,1988,5:16～18
29.李斌.除草剂工业的发展及展望[J].农药,1998,37(1):1～7
30.张朝贤等.国外除草剂应用趋势及我国杂草科学研究现状和发展方向[J].植物保护学报,1997,(10):278
31.李扬汗主编.中国杂草志[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998
32.李天林等.除草剂混用防除麦田杂草应用技术研究.第六次全国杂草科学学会学术讨论会论文集,1998
33.李录久,张琳,李文高,殷雄.除草药肥对麦田杂草防效及小麦生长的影响[J].安徽农业科学,1999,29(2):205～206
34.张家宏,王守红,刘长虹.除草药肥的研究进展及其产业化开发应用[J].农药[J],2000,19(9):45～46
35.张家宏,朱巧珍,王开永等,小麦应用除草专用肥的生物效应[J].安徽农业科学,1996,24(3):220～221
36.张家宏,朱巧珍,小麦除草复合肥的应用效果[J].农业科技通讯,1996,1:26
37.慕康国,张文吉,地建强等.农药与肥料相互作用的研究与实践[J].世界农业,2000,252(4):39～41
38.王守红,郭加登,张家宏.国内外除草药肥的研究及产业化应用[J].安徽农业科学,2001,29(1):43～44
39.徐歧川,张伟,战玉林.水稻药肥效果研究初报[J].土壤通报,1991,22(5):238～240
40.盛锦寿,稻田除草专用肥效应研究初报[J].福建农业科技,1997,5:10～11
41.王夏裕,韩国章,朱仁全等.除草药肥对稻田杂草防效及水稻生长的影响[J].浙江农业科学,1992(3):125～126
42.卢植新等,除草剂的混用及混剂型的发展.第六次全国杂草科学学会学术讨论会论文集,1999
43.柏连阳,我国除草剂混剂的开发和应用概况[J].杂草科学,1999,4
44.刘德立等.杂草对作物产量损失的经验模型[J].植物保护学报,1991,18(4):371～377
45.倪汉文.杂草调查适宜样方的确定[J].杂草科学,1998,2:35
46.梁长梅.荞麦田除草剂与肥料混用优化方案的研究.山西农业大学硕士论文
47.陈万义.对农药混剂及其研制的几点意见[J].植保技术与推广,1993,2:36～37
48.朱成城,浅谈我国农药的混配[J].植保技术与推广,1994,1:29～30
49.姜德锋,赵永厚,李健彬.我国除草剂混用的发展现状[J].莱阳农学院报,2001,1:19～21
50.李保田,潘晓华,季梦成等.除草剂混肥防除稻田杂草试验[J].农药,2001,40(9):41～42
51.王守仁,张家宏.油菜除草专用肥的防除效果及生物效应[J].农药,2001,40(6):42～43
52.余柳青等.丁草胺等除草剂和尿素混用的增效作用研究[J].杂草科学,1993,4:27～30
53. 王春生, 沈运河, 毕公中等, 除草微肥施用效果试验研究初报[J], 安徽农业科学,1998,26(2):159～160
54.Malik R.K, Singh, Samunder. Evolve strategy for herbicide use in wheat. Resistance and integrated wheat management[A]. Proceedings ISWS, International Symposium on Weed management for Sustainable[C]. 1993,1:215～218
55.Hamm, P. C. 1974. Discovery, development, and current status of the chloroacetamide herbicides. Weed Sci 22:541-545.]
56 Abernathy, J. R. 1981. Estimated crop losses due to weeds with nonchemical management. pp, 159-167 in “Handbook of Management in Agriculture,”Vol 1 (D. Pimentel. Ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
57.Buchanan,F.S. et al. Environment factors affecting the herbicidal activity of DPX-A7881. Weed Sci, 1990,30(4):271～278
58.Brown M H. Mode of action, crop selectivity, and soil relations of the sulfonylurea herbicides. Pesticide Science 29:263～281
59. V Lingman G C and M.Ashton. Weed Science 2nd edition. A Wiley-Inter Science Publication. New York, 1982
60.Hance RJ and K Holly. Weed control handbook: Principles 8th edition. Blackwell Science Publications, 1990
61.Green J M. Maximizing herbicide effect with mixtures and expert system. Weed Technology, 1991, 5:894～897
62.Hsiao AI, Smith AE. A root bioassay procedure for the determination of chlorsulfuron, disclofop acid and sathoxydim residues in soil. Weed Res, 23:231～236
63.Blackshaw, R.E. Downy brome ( Bromus tectorum) density and relative time of emergence affects interference in winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum). Weed Science, 41:551～556
64.Weber et al. Effect alternative for the management of weed resistance. Symposium. On. Herbicides. And weeds, Dourados, MM, Brazil,1997,162～163
65.Walker, AE et al. Adosorption and degradation of different depths, Weed Res,1989,29:281～287
66.Sunderland SI. et al. A rapid sensitive soil bioassay for sulfonylurea herbicide. Weed Sci, 1991,39:296～298
67.Seefeldh,S.S. et al. Inheritance of dictofop resistance in wild oat(Avena fatua L.)biotypes from the Willamette valley of Oregon. Weed Science, 1998,46:170～175
68.Richard T Mesiter et al. Weed control manual. Meister publishing company,1992
69.Richter, J. and S.B. Powles. Pollen expression of herbicide Target Diet Resistance Genes in Annual Ryegrass(Lolium rigidum).Plant Pyysiology, 102(3):1037～1041
70.Pestemer W. et al. A variability to plants of herbicide residues in soil. Part 2.Date for lose in vegetable crops. Weed Res. 1980,20:349～353
71.Kwon, C. et al. The effect of piperonyl butoxide and adjuvants on sulfonylurea herbicide activity. Weed Technology, 1996,10(1):127～133
72.Heap. I. M. The occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide. Originally published in pesticide Science, 1998 ,51:235～244.
73.Joshi. Mmet al. Sulfonyurea herbicide soil relations, proc. Br. Crop prot. Conf.-weeds. 1987,531-540