高速公路特长隧道和隧道群交通灾害风险分析及控制研究
|
摘要
近年来,我国高速公路隧道建设取得了巨大成就,大量特长隧道和隧道群不断涌现,隧道在改善线性、缩短行车距离、避免地质灾害、保护生态环境等方面具有显著的优点,已成为高速公路的重要组成部分,但特长隧道和隧道群特殊的交通环境产生的交通安全问题,引起了人们的广泛关注。为了降低特长隧道和隧道群交通灾害风险,提高营运服务水平和防灾救援能力,本文开展了高速公路特长隧道和隧道群交通灾害风险分析及控制研究。主要工作和研究成果如下：
(1)通过对浙江省59座隧道680次交通事故和5280抛锚事件的系统调查,获得了高速公路隧道交通事故形态、事故车型、百万车公里交通事故率、隧道交通事故应急救援时间以事故处置时间等隧道群交通致因分析和事故防治的关键基础数据和相关关系。
(2)基于高速公路隧道群交通事故风险是与事故处理时间有关的动态风险,提出了隧道群交通事故可划分为三个风险阶段的交通事故致因模型,并对隧道群交通事故风险进行了系统辨识。
(3)基于隧道火灾发生、发展和致害过程中火灾和人员疏散的确定性和随机性特性,建立了基于概率模型的隧道火灾量化风险评估方法,该方法综合考虑了交通事故率、火灾蔓延规律、防灾救援能力和人员逃生行为等对隧道火灾风险的定量影响。基于该方法,开展了隧道预警广播播出时间、横通道间距设置、有无消防站和排烟道设置等参数对火灾风险的影响研究。
(4)开展了毗邻隧道照明特性的现场调研和亮度测试,绘制了毗邻隧道亮度变化关系图,分析了驾驶人员在穿越毗邻隧道特殊照明环境时,产生行车安全风险的原因。
(5)提出利用虚拟现实仿真测试技术,以衡量驾驶人员穿越毗邻隧道的视觉心理主观感受为标准的毗邻隧道照明控制思路。通过构建毗邻隧道照明虚拟现实仿真测试平台,考查了不同环境亮度、行车速度以及隧道间距对驾驶人员穿越毗邻隧道的视觉心理主观感觉的影响。
(6)建立了高速公路隧道群应急救援联动控制体系,包括应急组织体系的建立、应急救援组织的响应架构、信息报送与响应机制、机电监控系统联动控制策略、应急救援事故处置流程以及应急救援的平台建设,将该应急救援联动控制体系融入到应急救援平台中,实现了营运管理公司、高速执法、消防等多机构、隧道通风、照明、交通诱导等多设备的高效协作、联动控制的应急救援。
论文依托典型公路特长隧道和隧道群为背景,开展了交通事故调研、风险因素分析、火灾风险评估、毗邻隧道照明控制以及应急救援体系等内容的系列研究,获得了一定的技术成果,希望为特长隧道及隧道群在其设计、施工和营运中的交通灾害预防、控制和防灾救援体系的构建提供理论依据和工程实际参考。
In recent years, expressway tunnel construction has got great achievements in china, with a large number of newly emerging super-long tunnel and tunnel group. Tunnel, which has obvious advantages of improving linear, shortening running distance, avoiding geological disaster, preventing ecological environment, etc., has became the important component of expressway. Due to the traffic safety brought from the special traffic condition of them, super-long tunnel and tunnel group have been paid more and more attention from the society. In order to reduce the traffic accidents in super-long tunnel and tunnel group, and enhance the operation service level and the ability of disaster prevention and rescue, this dissertation explored the traffic disaster risk analysis and control of super-long tunnel and tunnel group in expressway. The main works and research achievements include:
(1) According to the systematic investigation of680traffic accidents and5280anchorage accidents of59tunnels in Zhejiang province, the traffic accident causation analysis of tunnel group, such as the composition of traffic accidents, vehicle types, accident rate per million vehicle kilometer (MVK) and emergency rescue time, etc., the crucial basic data of accident prevention causation, and their correlation had been acquired.
(2) Based on the fact that the traffic accident risk of expressway tunnel group is a dynamic risk being connected with accident handling time, the tunnel group traffic risk has been divided into three accident causing models of different risk stages, and the systematic identification of traffic accident risk of tunnel group had been carried on.
(3) In view of the certainty and randomness of the fire and the personal evacuation in the process of fire happening, developing and disaster causing, the quantitative risk evaluation method of tunnel fire base on the probability model had been built. This method considered the quantitative influence of traffic accident rate, fire spreading law, disaster prevention and rescue ability and personal escape behavior, etc.. to tunnel fire risk. By this method, the research of the influence to the fire risk of tunnel warning time, the spacing setting of cross aisle, and the installation of the fire station and smoke vent had been carried out.
(4) From investigating on the illumination characteristics of the adjacent tunnels, the brightness variation diagram of the adjacent tunnel had been drawn. Tthe reasons of running safety risk when the driver passing through the special luminous environment of the adjacent tunnels had been analyzed.
(5) Based on the virtual reality simulation test technology, the lighting control method of the adjacent tunnels taking driver's subjective experience of vision and mentality on passing through adjacent tunnels as standard, had been proposed. By means of building the virtual reality simulation test-bench, the impact to driver's subjective experience of vision and mentality of different ambient brightness, running speed and tunnel spacing had been studied.
(6) The coordinated control system of emergency rescue of expressway tunnel group had been built up, including the establishment of emergency organization system, the response structure of emergency rescue organization, information submission and response mechanism, coordinated control strategy for mechanical and electrical control system, accident treatment procedure of emergency rescue and the construction of emergency rescue platform. Taking this system into emergency rescue platform, the emergency rescue of efficient collaboration and coordinated control between the multi-organizations (operating management, speed enforcement, and fire fighting, etc.) and the multi-equipments (tunnel ventilation, tunnel lighting, and traffic guidance, etc.)
By the development of above research contents, including traffic accident survey, risk factor analysis, fire risk evaluation, lighting control of the adjacent and the establishment of emergency rescue system of the super-long tunnel and tunnel group, this dissertation will provide some referential values to establishment of traffic accident's prevention, control and emergency rescue system in the process of the design, construction and operation of the super-long tunnel and tunnel group.
(1)通过对浙江省59座隧道680次交通事故和5280抛锚事件的系统调查,获得了高速公路隧道交通事故形态、事故车型、百万车公里交通事故率、隧道交通事故应急救援时间以事故处置时间等隧道群交通致因分析和事故防治的关键基础数据和相关关系。
(2)基于高速公路隧道群交通事故风险是与事故处理时间有关的动态风险,提出了隧道群交通事故可划分为三个风险阶段的交通事故致因模型,并对隧道群交通事故风险进行了系统辨识。
(3)基于隧道火灾发生、发展和致害过程中火灾和人员疏散的确定性和随机性特性,建立了基于概率模型的隧道火灾量化风险评估方法,该方法综合考虑了交通事故率、火灾蔓延规律、防灾救援能力和人员逃生行为等对隧道火灾风险的定量影响。基于该方法,开展了隧道预警广播播出时间、横通道间距设置、有无消防站和排烟道设置等参数对火灾风险的影响研究。
(4)开展了毗邻隧道照明特性的现场调研和亮度测试,绘制了毗邻隧道亮度变化关系图,分析了驾驶人员在穿越毗邻隧道特殊照明环境时,产生行车安全风险的原因。
(5)提出利用虚拟现实仿真测试技术,以衡量驾驶人员穿越毗邻隧道的视觉心理主观感受为标准的毗邻隧道照明控制思路。通过构建毗邻隧道照明虚拟现实仿真测试平台,考查了不同环境亮度、行车速度以及隧道间距对驾驶人员穿越毗邻隧道的视觉心理主观感觉的影响。
(6)建立了高速公路隧道群应急救援联动控制体系,包括应急组织体系的建立、应急救援组织的响应架构、信息报送与响应机制、机电监控系统联动控制策略、应急救援事故处置流程以及应急救援的平台建设,将该应急救援联动控制体系融入到应急救援平台中,实现了营运管理公司、高速执法、消防等多机构、隧道通风、照明、交通诱导等多设备的高效协作、联动控制的应急救援。
论文依托典型公路特长隧道和隧道群为背景,开展了交通事故调研、风险因素分析、火灾风险评估、毗邻隧道照明控制以及应急救援体系等内容的系列研究,获得了一定的技术成果,希望为特长隧道及隧道群在其设计、施工和营运中的交通灾害预防、控制和防灾救援体系的构建提供理论依据和工程实际参考。
In recent years, expressway tunnel construction has got great achievements in china, with a large number of newly emerging super-long tunnel and tunnel group. Tunnel, which has obvious advantages of improving linear, shortening running distance, avoiding geological disaster, preventing ecological environment, etc., has became the important component of expressway. Due to the traffic safety brought from the special traffic condition of them, super-long tunnel and tunnel group have been paid more and more attention from the society. In order to reduce the traffic accidents in super-long tunnel and tunnel group, and enhance the operation service level and the ability of disaster prevention and rescue, this dissertation explored the traffic disaster risk analysis and control of super-long tunnel and tunnel group in expressway. The main works and research achievements include:
(1) According to the systematic investigation of680traffic accidents and5280anchorage accidents of59tunnels in Zhejiang province, the traffic accident causation analysis of tunnel group, such as the composition of traffic accidents, vehicle types, accident rate per million vehicle kilometer (MVK) and emergency rescue time, etc., the crucial basic data of accident prevention causation, and their correlation had been acquired.
(2) Based on the fact that the traffic accident risk of expressway tunnel group is a dynamic risk being connected with accident handling time, the tunnel group traffic risk has been divided into three accident causing models of different risk stages, and the systematic identification of traffic accident risk of tunnel group had been carried on.
(3) In view of the certainty and randomness of the fire and the personal evacuation in the process of fire happening, developing and disaster causing, the quantitative risk evaluation method of tunnel fire base on the probability model had been built. This method considered the quantitative influence of traffic accident rate, fire spreading law, disaster prevention and rescue ability and personal escape behavior, etc.. to tunnel fire risk. By this method, the research of the influence to the fire risk of tunnel warning time, the spacing setting of cross aisle, and the installation of the fire station and smoke vent had been carried out.
(4) From investigating on the illumination characteristics of the adjacent tunnels, the brightness variation diagram of the adjacent tunnel had been drawn. Tthe reasons of running safety risk when the driver passing through the special luminous environment of the adjacent tunnels had been analyzed.
(5) Based on the virtual reality simulation test technology, the lighting control method of the adjacent tunnels taking driver's subjective experience of vision and mentality on passing through adjacent tunnels as standard, had been proposed. By means of building the virtual reality simulation test-bench, the impact to driver's subjective experience of vision and mentality of different ambient brightness, running speed and tunnel spacing had been studied.
(6) The coordinated control system of emergency rescue of expressway tunnel group had been built up, including the establishment of emergency organization system, the response structure of emergency rescue organization, information submission and response mechanism, coordinated control strategy for mechanical and electrical control system, accident treatment procedure of emergency rescue and the construction of emergency rescue platform. Taking this system into emergency rescue platform, the emergency rescue of efficient collaboration and coordinated control between the multi-organizations (operating management, speed enforcement, and fire fighting, etc.) and the multi-equipments (tunnel ventilation, tunnel lighting, and traffic guidance, etc.)
By the development of above research contents, including traffic accident survey, risk factor analysis, fire risk evaluation, lighting control of the adjacent and the establishment of emergency rescue system of the super-long tunnel and tunnel group, this dissertation will provide some referential values to establishment of traffic accident's prevention, control and emergency rescue system in the process of the design, construction and operation of the super-long tunnel and tunnel group.
引文
[1]钱七虎.城市可持续发展与地下空间开发利用[J].地下空间,1998,18(2)：69-74.
[2]陈洪凯,李明.隧道与地下工程健康研究及防治理念[J].地下空间与工程学报,2007,3(2)：213-218.
[3]Anders Lonnermark, Haukur Ingason. Gas temperatures in heavy goods vehicle fires in tunnels[J]. Fire Safety Journal,2005,40:506-527.
[4]Simo Hostikka, Olavi Keski-Rahkonen. Probabilistic simulation of fire scenarios[J]. Nuclear Engineering and Design,2003,224:301-312.
[5]H. Ingason. Correlation between temperatures and oxygen measurements in a tunnel flow[J]. Fire Safety Journal,2006,42:75-81.
[6]杨瑞新,陈雪峰.高等级公路长隧道火灾特点及消防设计初探.消防科学与技术[J],2002,9(5)：50-52.
[7]H Ingason, Fire development in catastrophic tunnel fires(CTF)[C]. Proceedings of International Symposium on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires, Boras,2003.
[8]Pucher K, Pucher R. Fire in the Tauern tunnel[C]. International Tunnel Fire & Safety Conference, Rotterdam:Organised by Brisk Events.1999.
[9]Lacroix D. Fire in the Mont Blanc tunnel:facts and lesson[C]. International Tunnel Fire & Safety Conference, Rotterdam:Organised by Brisk Events. 1999.
[10]重庆交通科研设计院.JTG/T D71-2004公路隧道交通工程设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2004.
[11]Alfred Hacck. ITA-COSUF work Programme[C]. The second international symposium on safe & reliable tunnels, Innovative European achievements. 2006.
[12]A. Hacck. Current safety issues in traffic tunnels[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2002,17:117-127.
[13]F.H. Amundsen and G. Ranes. Studies on traffic accidents in norwegian road tunnels[J]. Tunnnelling and Underground Space Technology,2000, 5(1):3-11.
[14]刘伟,袁学勘.欧洲公路隧道营运安全技术的启示[J].现代隧道技术,2001,38(1)：5-11.
[15]张志刚.道路因素、交通环境与交通事故分析[J].公路交通科技,2000,17(6)：56-59.
[16]郑安文,牛倬民,郭健忠.高速公路道路因素与道路交通安全分析[J].武汉科技大学学报(自然科学版),2002,25(2)：168-171.
[17]马壮林.高速公路隧道交通事故分析及预防对策[D].西安：长安大学,2006.
[18]裴玉龙,王炜.道路交通事故成因及预防对策[M].北京：科学出版社2004.45-46.
[19]CIE Technical Report 61-1984. Tunnel entrance lighting:a survey of fundamentals for determing the luminance on the Threshold Zone[R]. CIE, 1984.
[20]殷颖.隧道入口段亮度计算方法研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2008.
[21]CIE Technical Report.88-1990. Guide for the lighting of road tunnels and underpasses[R], CIE,1990.
[22]CIE Technical Report.88-2004. Guide for the lighting of road tunnels and underpasses[R], CIE,2004.
[23]中华人民共和国行业标准(JTJ026.1-1999),公路隧道通风照明设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2000.
[24]何世龙.公路长隧道前馈式通风控制系统原理与方法研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2004.
[25]何川,李祖伟,方勇,王明年.公路隧道通风系统的前馈式智能模糊控制[J].西南交通大学学报,2005,40(5)：575-579.
[26]陈雪.平公路隧道前馈式智能模糊通风控制系统的研究[D].广东：广东工业大学,2008.
[27]Bellasio, R. Modelling traffic air pollution in road tunnls[J]. Atmospheric Eniveroment,1997,31(10):1539-1551.
[28]Bring,A, Malmstrom, T.,Boman.C.A. Simulation and measurement of road tunnel ventilation[J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,1997, 12:417-424
[29]方勇.公路隧道前馈式通风控制系统研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2004.
[30]吴轲.长隧道火灾湍流燃烧模拟及结构防火安全研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2008.
[31]Heselden AJM. Studies of fire and smoke behavior relevant to tunnels[C]. In:Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium of Aerodynamics and Ventillation of Vehicles Tunnels, Cambridge, UK,1976.
[32]Jashon Sandzimier, Drawn Santoianni. The memorial tunnel fire ventilation program[R], PB Networ,1996.
[33]Hacck A. Fire protection in traffic tunnels:general aspects and results of the EUREKA project[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,1998, 13(4):377-381.
[34]Both C,Haack A,Lacroix D. Uprading the fire safety of existing tunnels in Europe:A 13 MEUR European research Project[A]. Proceedings of ITA World Congress 2003[C]. Amsterdam,2003:239-244.
[35]闫治国.隧道初砌结构火灾高温力学行为及耐火方法研究[D].上海：同济大学,2006.
[36]Jae Seong Roh, Hong Sun Ryou, Dong Hyeon Kim, critical velocity and burning rate in pool fire during longitudinal ventilation[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2007(22):262-271.
[37]O.Vauquelin, Y.Wu. Influence of tunnel width on longitudinal smoke control[J], Fire Safety Journal,2006(41):420-426.
[38]P.H. Thomas. The movement of buoyant fluid against a stream and the venting of underground fires, Fire Research Note No.351, Fire Research Station, Watford, UK,1958.
[39]R.O. Carvel, A.N. Beard and P.W. Jowitt. The influence of tunnel geometry and ventilation on the heat release rate of a fire[J]. Fire Technology,2004, 40:5-26.
[40]Chi-Ji Lin, Yew Khoy Chuah. A study on long tunnel smoke extraction strategies by numerical simulation[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2008,23:522-530.
[41]Scott D. Will water mist improve fire safety? [J], Word Tunnelling,2001, 14(8):384-385.
[42]Hainzl M, Reichsthaler G. Fire fighting system for tunnels-a report about the practical experience with our water mist tunnel system[C]. In:A international conference of tunnel safety and ventilation, Austria,2002.
[43]Forgtec Gmbh & Co. KG. tunnel research.〈http://www.fogtec.com〉
[44]Marioff Corporation Oy. Fire protection of tunnels,〈http:www.marioff. com〉
[45]Haukur Ingason. Model scale tunnel tests with water spray[J], Fire Safety Journal,2008,43:512-528.
[46]康晓龙,王伟,赵耀华等.公路隧道火灾事故调研与对策分析[J].中国安全科学学报,2007,17(5)：110-116.
[47]张生瑞,马壮林,石强.高速公路隧道群交通事故分布特点及预防对策[J].长安大学学报自然科学版,2007,27(1)：63-66.
[48]姚思国,刘清泉,和松等.几个高速公路隧道交通事故分析和对策[C].2000年道路工程学会学术交通流会论文集.北京：人民交通出版社,2000.26-31.
[49]胡锡岭,陈立道.城市道路隧道交通事故的分析[J].中国市政工程,2003,106(6)：5-9.
[50]叶飞,苏臣宏.公路隧道营运安全分析及对策[J].现代隧道技术,2003,40(1)：31-33.
[51]李奎,蒋文.高速公路隧道洞口的正确驾驶与洞口优化设计[J].交通与运输,2005,6：56-57.
[52]马玉成,孔令旗,郭忠印.隧道入口基于照明过渡的安全运营车速及控制对策[J].山东交通学院学报,2007,15(1)：79-84.
[53]杜志刚,潘晓东,郭雪斌.公路隧道进出口行车安全的视觉适应指标[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学报),2007,35(7)：15-19.
[54]徐忠阳.高速公路隧道水泥砼路面抗滑性能改善工程实践[J].重庆交通学院学报,2007,26(3)：69-72.
[55]林宣财,公路隧道洞口平面线形设计有关问题的探讨[J].公路,2007,3(3)：22-27.
[56]殷颖,陈仲林,崔璐璐.隧道入口段亮度计算方法比较研究[J].灯与照明,2008,32(2)：20-24.
[57]杨韬,隧道照明反射增量系数研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2008.
[58]曹智明,杨其新.秦岭隧道火灾模式下的通风组织试验方案研究[J].地下空间,2003,23(2)：196-199.
[59]王明年,杨其新,袁雪戡等.公路隧道火灾情况下风压场变化的模型试 验研究[J].公路交通科技,2004,21(3)：60-63.
[60]陶双江.竖井下对特长公路隧道火灾影响的模型试验研究[D].西南交通大学,2004.
[61]闫治国,杨其新,朱合华.特长公路隧道火灾温度场分布试验研究[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2005,35(S1)：84-88.
[62]彭伟,霍然,胡隆华.隧道火灾的全尺寸试验研究[J].火灾科学,2006,15(4)：212-217
[63]彭伟,霍然,胡隆华等。隧道内纵向风速对火源上方烟气温度影响的试验[J].中国科学技术大学学报,2006,36(10)：1063-1068.
[64]L.H. Hu, R, Huo, W. Peng. On the maximum smoke temperature under the ceiling in tunnel fires[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2006(21):650-655.
[65]王彦富,蒋军成,龚延风等.全尺寸隧道火灾实验研究与烟气逆流距离的理论预测[J].中国安全科学学报,2007,17(8)：37-41.
[66]黄志义,特长隧道沥青路面火这过程燃烧机理与安全性试验研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2007.
[67]L.H. Hu, W. Peng R. Huo. Critical wind velocity for arresting upwind gas and smoke dispersion induced by near-wall fire in a road tunnel[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008:68-75.
[68]袁建平,方正,黄海峰,唐智.水平隧道火灾通风纵向临界风速模型[J].土木建筑与环境工程.2009,32(6)：66-70.
[69]陈建忠,涂耘.控制纵向通风隧道火灾烟流的模型[J].公路隧道,2007,60(4)：68-71.
[70]周孝清,赵相相,丁云飞等.火灾时隧道截面形状对临界风速和烟气分布影响的数值研究[J].广州大学学报(自然科学版),2006,5(2)：54-58.
[71]徐琳,张旭.超大断面水平隧道纵向通风临界风速CFD分析[J].地下空间与工程学报,2007,3(1)：124-129.
[72]李颖臻,雷波.边界条件对隧道火灾模型试验临界风速的影响[J].西南交通大学学报,2009,44(2)：264-269.
[73]张玉春,何川,曾艳华,吴德兴.特长公路隧道集中排烟方式研究[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2009,29(6)：663-667.
[74]高峻,谢宝超,徐志胜.杭州过江隧道火灾时人员安全疏散研究[J],防灾 减灾工程学报,2007,27(2)：159-164.
[75]徐琳,张旭.集中排烟水平隧道排风诱导风速CFD分析[J].地下空间与工程学报,2007,3(3)：555-558.
[76]曾艳华,李永林,何川.鹧鸪山隧道防灾救援通风研究[J].现代隧道技术,2004,41(4)：55-58.
[77]王明年,杨其新,曾艳华等.终南山特长公路隧道火灾模式下网络通风研究[J].地下空间,2002,22(1)：65-72.
[78]周仁强.长大公路隧道火灾模式下通风及控制技术研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2006.
[79]David, T.Yung. Noureddine Benichou. How Design Fires Can be Used in Fire Hazard analysis[J]. Fire Technology,2002,38:231-242.
[80]范维澄,孙金华,陆守香等.火灾风险评估方法学[M].北京：科学出版社,2004.
[81]中华人民共和国建设部.地铁及地下工程建设风险管理指南[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[82]黄宏伟,陈龙,胡群芳等.隧道及地下工程的全寿命风险管理[M].北京：科学出版社,2010.
[83]中国中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司.铁路隧道风险评估与管理暂行规定[S].中华人民共和国铁道部,2007.
[84]J.Txiier, G.Dusserre, O.salvi.D.Gaston. Review of 62 Risk Analysis Methodologyes of Industrial Plants[J]. Joural of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries.2002,15:291-303
[85]戴学臻.公路隧道运营安全评价及管理系统开发研究[D],西安：长安大学,2010.
[86]M.Mola, I.J.M Trijssenar-Buhre. Risk assessment guidelines for tunnels[C]. The Second International Symposium on Safe & Reliable Tunnels, Innovative European achievements.2006
[87]Lynn Lee S.L., Bendelius A., simulation of escape from road tunnels using SIMULEX[C]. Fifth International Conference on Safety in Road and Rail Tunnel,2003.
[88]Persson M. Quantitatvie risk analysis procedure for the fire evacuation of a road tunnel-an illustrative example[R]. Lund University, Sweden, Report 5096.2002.
[89]Gu6ni I. Palsson. Risk management in Hvalfjor(?)ur tunnel[R]. Lund University, Sweden, Report 5136,2004.
[90]Marc Gandit, Dongo Remi Kouabenan, Sandrine Caroly. Road-tunnel fires: Risk perception and management strategies among users[J]. Safety Science. 2008,1:1-10.
[91]陈龙.软土地区盾构隧道施工期风险分析与评估研究[D].上海：同济大学,2004.
[92]胡群芳.基于地层变异的盾构隧道工程风险分析及其应用研究[D].上海：同济大学,2006.
[93]宫志群.地铁盾构区间隧道施工风险分析及评价[D].天津：天津大学,2006.
[94]徐上进.风险管理方法在隧道施工中的应用[J].山西建筑,2003,29(3)：176-177.
[95]雷升祥,张守同.隧道施工中的风险预测与安全技术[J].铁道建筑技术.2002,4：15-19.
[96]王慨慷.近距离铁路复线隧道施工的风险分析及对策[J].铁道建筑技术.2005,3：38-34.
[97]吴贤国,王锋.R=P×C法评价水下盾构隧道施工风险[J].华中科技大学学报(城市科学版),2005,22(4)：44-47.
[98]林志,陈杨.水下隧道施工期风险分析[J].公路,2007,3：202-205.
[99]梁昌勋.隧道工程施工招投标阶段的风险分析[J].现代隧道技术,2007,44(3)：77-80.
[100]吴波.隧道施工安全风险管理研究与实务[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2010.
[101]陶履彬,李永盛,冯紫良.工程风险分析理论与实践：上海崇明越江通道工程风险分析[M].上海：同济大学出版社,2006.
[102]陈长坤,徐志胜.长大公路隧道火灾安全疏散性能化设计与分析[J].中国工程科学,2007,9(9)：78-83.
[103]张进华,杨高尚,彭立敏.隧道火灾时人员安全疏散的模拟研究[J].隧道建设,2007,27(5)：9-13.
[104]姚聪璞,黄宏伟,袁俊.越江公路隧道逃生区段设计[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(增2)：3659-3667.
[105]范磊.公路隧道火灾对人行横通道间距设置的影响研究[D].成都：西 南交通大学,2007.
[106]冯浩.在役城市公路隧道的事故及风险识别[D].重庆：重庆大学,2007.
[107]邓芸芸.公路隧道重大危险源灾害风险评估研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2007.
[108]姜学鹏,徐志胜.危险品车辆通行公路隧道的风险控制[J].灾害学,22(2)：41-45.
[109]许宏科,王维敏,王世伟.高速公路隧道运营管理模糊综合评价[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,37(3)：381-385.
[110]施洪乾.高速公路隧道群交通事故指标体系及方法研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2009.
[111]ITA COSUF. Survey of existing regulations and recognized recommendations (road tunnel)[R],2008.
[112]H. Mashimo. State of the road tunnel safety technology in Japan[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology.2002.17:145-152.
[113]M.H. Marques. Human behaviour in tunnel accidents:users.operators and rescue teams[C]. The Second International Symposium on Safe & Reliable Tunnels, Innovative European achievements.2006.
[114]Antonio Marques, Manuel Serrano. Decission support for emergency in roads[C]. The Second International Symposium on Safe & Reliable Tunnels, Innovative European achievements.2006.
[115]姜学鹏.特长公路隧道事故灾害与应急救援研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2008.
[116]付修华.长大双洞公路隧道火灾及防灾救援安全体系研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2003.
[117]付修华,杨其新,刘化冰.对特长公路隧道火灾防灾救援安全策略的思考[J].公路交通科技,2004,21(3)：56-60.
[118]贾云.青海拉脊山特长公路隧道防灾救援[J].灭火指挥与救援,2008,27(10)：780-782.
[119]钱超.公路隧道突发事件交通控制与紧急救援预案研究[D].西安：长安大学,2009.
[120]俞宇萍,吕柱梁.高速公路隧道行车火灾事故预防对策与应急施救[J].交通与安全,2007,11：146-148.
[121]单永欣.公路隧道交通诱导与控制策略研究[D].西安：长安大学,2004.
[122]陈晓利.高速公路隧道群营运安全管理技术研究[D].重庆：重庆交通大学,2008.
[123]郑晋丽.道路隧道交通工况频率分析[J].地下工程与隧道.1996,11(4)：38-46.
[124]何学秋.安全工程学[M].徐州：中国矿业大学出版社,2000.
[125]林柏泉,周延,刘贞堂.安全系统工程[M].徐州：中国矿业大学出版社,2005.
[126]中国就业培训技术指导中心,中国安全生产协会.安全评价师(第2版)[M],北京：中国劳动社会保障出版社,2010.
[127]沈斐敏.安全系统工程理论与应用[M],北京：煤炭工业出版社,2001.
[128]邝宏柱,廖志高,柳本民.高速公路隧道路面抗滑性能评价标准研究[J],公路,2007,9(9)：85-88.
[129]屈言宾,赵永利.公路隧道路面安全性调查与分析[J].交通科技,2007,223(4)：95-97.
[130]马非.高速公路隧道路面与行驶环境关联性研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2008.
[131]重庆交通科研设计院,JTG D70-2004.公路隧道设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2004.
[132]国外道路标准规范编译组.公路隧道火灾及烟气控制[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2008.
[133]Haukur Ingason. Design fires in tunnels[C]. The Second International Symposium on Safe & Reliable Tunnels, Innovative European achievements. 2006
[134]范维澄,王清安,姜冯辉等.火灾学简明教程[M].合肥：中国科技大学出版社,1995.
[135]李引擎.建筑防火性能化设计[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.
[136]霍然,袁宏永.性能化建筑防火分析与设计[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,2003.
[137]Anders N, Joel W. Modelling crowd evacuation from road and train tunnels-data and design for faster evacuations[D]. Sweden:Department of Fire Safety Engineering,2003.
[138]Sven Erik Magnusson etc. Fire safety Design Based on Calculations: Uncertainty Analysis and Safety Verification[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 1996,27:305-334.
[139]赵国藩,金伟良等.结构可靠度理论[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[140]董聪.现代结构系统可靠性理论及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2001.
[141]肖云茹.概率统计计算方法[M].天津：南开大学开版社,1994.
[142]李继华.蒙特卡罗法[J].建筑结构,1994,11：3-9.
[143]Ohtsubo H, Sumi Y. Committee report on risk assessment[C].Proceeding of the 14th International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress. Nagsaki. Japan,2000,2:1-41.
[144]李典庆,唐文勇,张圣坤.海洋工程风险接受准则研究进展[J].海洋工程.2003,21(2)：96-102.
[145]高建明,王喜奎,曾明荣.个人风险和社会风险可接受标准研究进展及启示[J].中国安全生产科学技术.2007,3(3)：29～34.
[146]Marszal E M. Tolerable risk guidelines[J]. ISA Transactions,2001, 40 (4):391-399.
[147]Skjong R, Ekness M. Economic activity and risk acceptance[R]. DNV Reprot No-99-2050,1999.
[148]Davidsson, G. Lindgren, M., Mett, L. Evaluation of risk. SRV Rapport P21-182/97, Statens Raddningsverk, Karlstad,1997.
[149]Suzuki H. Safety target of very large floating structure used as a floating airport[J]. Marine Structure,2001,14:103～113.
[150]刘英婴.用反应时间研究道路照明光源的相对光效[D].重庆：重庆大学,2006.
[151]刘锡成.眩光对夜间驾车视觉工作影响研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2007.
[152]邱仲潘,柯渝,谢燕华Visual C++6从入门到精通[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006.
[153]苗家鸿3DS MAX实用教程[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[154]中华人民共和国国务院.国家突发公共事件总体应急预案[Z].2006.
[155]中华人民共和国交通运输部.公路交通突发事件应急预案[Z].2009.
[156]姬杨蓓蓓,张小宁,孙立军.交通事件持续时间预测方法综述[J].公路工程,33(3),2008：72-80.
[157]Giuliano Genevieve. Incident characteristics frequency and duration on a high volume urban freeway[J]. Transprotation Research-A.1989,23(5): 387-396.
[158]Goloh, Thomas F, Wilfred W. Recker and John D.Leonard. An analysis of the severity and incident duration of truck-involved freeway accidents [J]. Accident analysis & prevention,1987,19(4):375-395.
[159]Jones Bryan, Lester Janssen and Fred Mannering. Analysis of the Frequency and frequency and duration of freeway accidents in Seattle[J]. Accident Analysis & Prevention,1991,23(4):239-255.
[160]Nam, Doohee and Fred Mannering. An exploratory hazard-based analysis of highway incident duration[J].Transportation Research-A.2000, 34(2):85-102.
[161]陈家鼎,孙山泽,李东风等.数理统计学讲义[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2003.
[162]陈仲生.Matlab 7.0的统计信息处理[M].长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,2005.
[163]范维澄.突发公共事件应急信息系统总体方案构思[J].信息化建设,2005,9：专题.
[2]陈洪凯,李明.隧道与地下工程健康研究及防治理念[J].地下空间与工程学报,2007,3(2)：213-218.
[3]Anders Lonnermark, Haukur Ingason. Gas temperatures in heavy goods vehicle fires in tunnels[J]. Fire Safety Journal,2005,40:506-527.
[4]Simo Hostikka, Olavi Keski-Rahkonen. Probabilistic simulation of fire scenarios[J]. Nuclear Engineering and Design,2003,224:301-312.
[5]H. Ingason. Correlation between temperatures and oxygen measurements in a tunnel flow[J]. Fire Safety Journal,2006,42:75-81.
[6]杨瑞新,陈雪峰.高等级公路长隧道火灾特点及消防设计初探.消防科学与技术[J],2002,9(5)：50-52.
[7]H Ingason, Fire development in catastrophic tunnel fires(CTF)[C]. Proceedings of International Symposium on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires, Boras,2003.
[8]Pucher K, Pucher R. Fire in the Tauern tunnel[C]. International Tunnel Fire & Safety Conference, Rotterdam:Organised by Brisk Events.1999.
[9]Lacroix D. Fire in the Mont Blanc tunnel:facts and lesson[C]. International Tunnel Fire & Safety Conference, Rotterdam:Organised by Brisk Events. 1999.
[10]重庆交通科研设计院.JTG/T D71-2004公路隧道交通工程设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2004.
[11]Alfred Hacck. ITA-COSUF work Programme[C]. The second international symposium on safe & reliable tunnels, Innovative European achievements. 2006.
[12]A. Hacck. Current safety issues in traffic tunnels[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2002,17:117-127.
[13]F.H. Amundsen and G. Ranes. Studies on traffic accidents in norwegian road tunnels[J]. Tunnnelling and Underground Space Technology,2000, 5(1):3-11.
[14]刘伟,袁学勘.欧洲公路隧道营运安全技术的启示[J].现代隧道技术,2001,38(1)：5-11.
[15]张志刚.道路因素、交通环境与交通事故分析[J].公路交通科技,2000,17(6)：56-59.
[16]郑安文,牛倬民,郭健忠.高速公路道路因素与道路交通安全分析[J].武汉科技大学学报(自然科学版),2002,25(2)：168-171.
[17]马壮林.高速公路隧道交通事故分析及预防对策[D].西安：长安大学,2006.
[18]裴玉龙,王炜.道路交通事故成因及预防对策[M].北京：科学出版社2004.45-46.
[19]CIE Technical Report 61-1984. Tunnel entrance lighting:a survey of fundamentals for determing the luminance on the Threshold Zone[R]. CIE, 1984.
[20]殷颖.隧道入口段亮度计算方法研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2008.
[21]CIE Technical Report.88-1990. Guide for the lighting of road tunnels and underpasses[R], CIE,1990.
[22]CIE Technical Report.88-2004. Guide for the lighting of road tunnels and underpasses[R], CIE,2004.
[23]中华人民共和国行业标准(JTJ026.1-1999),公路隧道通风照明设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2000.
[24]何世龙.公路长隧道前馈式通风控制系统原理与方法研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2004.
[25]何川,李祖伟,方勇,王明年.公路隧道通风系统的前馈式智能模糊控制[J].西南交通大学学报,2005,40(5)：575-579.
[26]陈雪.平公路隧道前馈式智能模糊通风控制系统的研究[D].广东：广东工业大学,2008.
[27]Bellasio, R. Modelling traffic air pollution in road tunnls[J]. Atmospheric Eniveroment,1997,31(10):1539-1551.
[28]Bring,A, Malmstrom, T.,Boman.C.A. Simulation and measurement of road tunnel ventilation[J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,1997, 12:417-424
[29]方勇.公路隧道前馈式通风控制系统研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2004.
[30]吴轲.长隧道火灾湍流燃烧模拟及结构防火安全研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2008.
[31]Heselden AJM. Studies of fire and smoke behavior relevant to tunnels[C]. In:Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium of Aerodynamics and Ventillation of Vehicles Tunnels, Cambridge, UK,1976.
[32]Jashon Sandzimier, Drawn Santoianni. The memorial tunnel fire ventilation program[R], PB Networ,1996.
[33]Hacck A. Fire protection in traffic tunnels:general aspects and results of the EUREKA project[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,1998, 13(4):377-381.
[34]Both C,Haack A,Lacroix D. Uprading the fire safety of existing tunnels in Europe:A 13 MEUR European research Project[A]. Proceedings of ITA World Congress 2003[C]. Amsterdam,2003:239-244.
[35]闫治国.隧道初砌结构火灾高温力学行为及耐火方法研究[D].上海：同济大学,2006.
[36]Jae Seong Roh, Hong Sun Ryou, Dong Hyeon Kim, critical velocity and burning rate in pool fire during longitudinal ventilation[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2007(22):262-271.
[37]O.Vauquelin, Y.Wu. Influence of tunnel width on longitudinal smoke control[J], Fire Safety Journal,2006(41):420-426.
[38]P.H. Thomas. The movement of buoyant fluid against a stream and the venting of underground fires, Fire Research Note No.351, Fire Research Station, Watford, UK,1958.
[39]R.O. Carvel, A.N. Beard and P.W. Jowitt. The influence of tunnel geometry and ventilation on the heat release rate of a fire[J]. Fire Technology,2004, 40:5-26.
[40]Chi-Ji Lin, Yew Khoy Chuah. A study on long tunnel smoke extraction strategies by numerical simulation[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2008,23:522-530.
[41]Scott D. Will water mist improve fire safety? [J], Word Tunnelling,2001, 14(8):384-385.
[42]Hainzl M, Reichsthaler G. Fire fighting system for tunnels-a report about the practical experience with our water mist tunnel system[C]. In:A international conference of tunnel safety and ventilation, Austria,2002.
[43]Forgtec Gmbh & Co. KG. tunnel research.〈http://www.fogtec.com〉
[44]Marioff Corporation Oy. Fire protection of tunnels,〈http:www.marioff. com〉
[45]Haukur Ingason. Model scale tunnel tests with water spray[J], Fire Safety Journal,2008,43:512-528.
[46]康晓龙,王伟,赵耀华等.公路隧道火灾事故调研与对策分析[J].中国安全科学学报,2007,17(5)：110-116.
[47]张生瑞,马壮林,石强.高速公路隧道群交通事故分布特点及预防对策[J].长安大学学报自然科学版,2007,27(1)：63-66.
[48]姚思国,刘清泉,和松等.几个高速公路隧道交通事故分析和对策[C].2000年道路工程学会学术交通流会论文集.北京：人民交通出版社,2000.26-31.
[49]胡锡岭,陈立道.城市道路隧道交通事故的分析[J].中国市政工程,2003,106(6)：5-9.
[50]叶飞,苏臣宏.公路隧道营运安全分析及对策[J].现代隧道技术,2003,40(1)：31-33.
[51]李奎,蒋文.高速公路隧道洞口的正确驾驶与洞口优化设计[J].交通与运输,2005,6：56-57.
[52]马玉成,孔令旗,郭忠印.隧道入口基于照明过渡的安全运营车速及控制对策[J].山东交通学院学报,2007,15(1)：79-84.
[53]杜志刚,潘晓东,郭雪斌.公路隧道进出口行车安全的视觉适应指标[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学报),2007,35(7)：15-19.
[54]徐忠阳.高速公路隧道水泥砼路面抗滑性能改善工程实践[J].重庆交通学院学报,2007,26(3)：69-72.
[55]林宣财,公路隧道洞口平面线形设计有关问题的探讨[J].公路,2007,3(3)：22-27.
[56]殷颖,陈仲林,崔璐璐.隧道入口段亮度计算方法比较研究[J].灯与照明,2008,32(2)：20-24.
[57]杨韬,隧道照明反射增量系数研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2008.
[58]曹智明,杨其新.秦岭隧道火灾模式下的通风组织试验方案研究[J].地下空间,2003,23(2)：196-199.
[59]王明年,杨其新,袁雪戡等.公路隧道火灾情况下风压场变化的模型试 验研究[J].公路交通科技,2004,21(3)：60-63.
[60]陶双江.竖井下对特长公路隧道火灾影响的模型试验研究[D].西南交通大学,2004.
[61]闫治国,杨其新,朱合华.特长公路隧道火灾温度场分布试验研究[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2005,35(S1)：84-88.
[62]彭伟,霍然,胡隆华.隧道火灾的全尺寸试验研究[J].火灾科学,2006,15(4)：212-217
[63]彭伟,霍然,胡隆华等。隧道内纵向风速对火源上方烟气温度影响的试验[J].中国科学技术大学学报,2006,36(10)：1063-1068.
[64]L.H. Hu, R, Huo, W. Peng. On the maximum smoke temperature under the ceiling in tunnel fires[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2006(21):650-655.
[65]王彦富,蒋军成,龚延风等.全尺寸隧道火灾实验研究与烟气逆流距离的理论预测[J].中国安全科学学报,2007,17(8)：37-41.
[66]黄志义,特长隧道沥青路面火这过程燃烧机理与安全性试验研究[D].杭州：浙江大学,2007.
[67]L.H. Hu, W. Peng R. Huo. Critical wind velocity for arresting upwind gas and smoke dispersion induced by near-wall fire in a road tunnel[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008:68-75.
[68]袁建平,方正,黄海峰,唐智.水平隧道火灾通风纵向临界风速模型[J].土木建筑与环境工程.2009,32(6)：66-70.
[69]陈建忠,涂耘.控制纵向通风隧道火灾烟流的模型[J].公路隧道,2007,60(4)：68-71.
[70]周孝清,赵相相,丁云飞等.火灾时隧道截面形状对临界风速和烟气分布影响的数值研究[J].广州大学学报(自然科学版),2006,5(2)：54-58.
[71]徐琳,张旭.超大断面水平隧道纵向通风临界风速CFD分析[J].地下空间与工程学报,2007,3(1)：124-129.
[72]李颖臻,雷波.边界条件对隧道火灾模型试验临界风速的影响[J].西南交通大学学报,2009,44(2)：264-269.
[73]张玉春,何川,曾艳华,吴德兴.特长公路隧道集中排烟方式研究[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2009,29(6)：663-667.
[74]高峻,谢宝超,徐志胜.杭州过江隧道火灾时人员安全疏散研究[J],防灾 减灾工程学报,2007,27(2)：159-164.
[75]徐琳,张旭.集中排烟水平隧道排风诱导风速CFD分析[J].地下空间与工程学报,2007,3(3)：555-558.
[76]曾艳华,李永林,何川.鹧鸪山隧道防灾救援通风研究[J].现代隧道技术,2004,41(4)：55-58.
[77]王明年,杨其新,曾艳华等.终南山特长公路隧道火灾模式下网络通风研究[J].地下空间,2002,22(1)：65-72.
[78]周仁强.长大公路隧道火灾模式下通风及控制技术研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2006.
[79]David, T.Yung. Noureddine Benichou. How Design Fires Can be Used in Fire Hazard analysis[J]. Fire Technology,2002,38:231-242.
[80]范维澄,孙金华,陆守香等.火灾风险评估方法学[M].北京：科学出版社,2004.
[81]中华人民共和国建设部.地铁及地下工程建设风险管理指南[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[82]黄宏伟,陈龙,胡群芳等.隧道及地下工程的全寿命风险管理[M].北京：科学出版社,2010.
[83]中国中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司.铁路隧道风险评估与管理暂行规定[S].中华人民共和国铁道部,2007.
[84]J.Txiier, G.Dusserre, O.salvi.D.Gaston. Review of 62 Risk Analysis Methodologyes of Industrial Plants[J]. Joural of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries.2002,15:291-303
[85]戴学臻.公路隧道运营安全评价及管理系统开发研究[D],西安：长安大学,2010.
[86]M.Mola, I.J.M Trijssenar-Buhre. Risk assessment guidelines for tunnels[C]. The Second International Symposium on Safe & Reliable Tunnels, Innovative European achievements.2006
[87]Lynn Lee S.L., Bendelius A., simulation of escape from road tunnels using SIMULEX[C]. Fifth International Conference on Safety in Road and Rail Tunnel,2003.
[88]Persson M. Quantitatvie risk analysis procedure for the fire evacuation of a road tunnel-an illustrative example[R]. Lund University, Sweden, Report 5096.2002.
[89]Gu6ni I. Palsson. Risk management in Hvalfjor(?)ur tunnel[R]. Lund University, Sweden, Report 5136,2004.
[90]Marc Gandit, Dongo Remi Kouabenan, Sandrine Caroly. Road-tunnel fires: Risk perception and management strategies among users[J]. Safety Science. 2008,1:1-10.
[91]陈龙.软土地区盾构隧道施工期风险分析与评估研究[D].上海：同济大学,2004.
[92]胡群芳.基于地层变异的盾构隧道工程风险分析及其应用研究[D].上海：同济大学,2006.
[93]宫志群.地铁盾构区间隧道施工风险分析及评价[D].天津：天津大学,2006.
[94]徐上进.风险管理方法在隧道施工中的应用[J].山西建筑,2003,29(3)：176-177.
[95]雷升祥,张守同.隧道施工中的风险预测与安全技术[J].铁道建筑技术.2002,4：15-19.
[96]王慨慷.近距离铁路复线隧道施工的风险分析及对策[J].铁道建筑技术.2005,3：38-34.
[97]吴贤国,王锋.R=P×C法评价水下盾构隧道施工风险[J].华中科技大学学报(城市科学版),2005,22(4)：44-47.
[98]林志,陈杨.水下隧道施工期风险分析[J].公路,2007,3：202-205.
[99]梁昌勋.隧道工程施工招投标阶段的风险分析[J].现代隧道技术,2007,44(3)：77-80.
[100]吴波.隧道施工安全风险管理研究与实务[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2010.
[101]陶履彬,李永盛,冯紫良.工程风险分析理论与实践：上海崇明越江通道工程风险分析[M].上海：同济大学出版社,2006.
[102]陈长坤,徐志胜.长大公路隧道火灾安全疏散性能化设计与分析[J].中国工程科学,2007,9(9)：78-83.
[103]张进华,杨高尚,彭立敏.隧道火灾时人员安全疏散的模拟研究[J].隧道建设,2007,27(5)：9-13.
[104]姚聪璞,黄宏伟,袁俊.越江公路隧道逃生区段设计[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(增2)：3659-3667.
[105]范磊.公路隧道火灾对人行横通道间距设置的影响研究[D].成都：西 南交通大学,2007.
[106]冯浩.在役城市公路隧道的事故及风险识别[D].重庆：重庆大学,2007.
[107]邓芸芸.公路隧道重大危险源灾害风险评估研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2007.
[108]姜学鹏,徐志胜.危险品车辆通行公路隧道的风险控制[J].灾害学,22(2)：41-45.
[109]许宏科,王维敏,王世伟.高速公路隧道运营管理模糊综合评价[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,37(3)：381-385.
[110]施洪乾.高速公路隧道群交通事故指标体系及方法研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2009.
[111]ITA COSUF. Survey of existing regulations and recognized recommendations (road tunnel)[R],2008.
[112]H. Mashimo. State of the road tunnel safety technology in Japan[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology.2002.17:145-152.
[113]M.H. Marques. Human behaviour in tunnel accidents:users.operators and rescue teams[C]. The Second International Symposium on Safe & Reliable Tunnels, Innovative European achievements.2006.
[114]Antonio Marques, Manuel Serrano. Decission support for emergency in roads[C]. The Second International Symposium on Safe & Reliable Tunnels, Innovative European achievements.2006.
[115]姜学鹏.特长公路隧道事故灾害与应急救援研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2008.
[116]付修华.长大双洞公路隧道火灾及防灾救援安全体系研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2003.
[117]付修华,杨其新,刘化冰.对特长公路隧道火灾防灾救援安全策略的思考[J].公路交通科技,2004,21(3)：56-60.
[118]贾云.青海拉脊山特长公路隧道防灾救援[J].灭火指挥与救援,2008,27(10)：780-782.
[119]钱超.公路隧道突发事件交通控制与紧急救援预案研究[D].西安：长安大学,2009.
[120]俞宇萍,吕柱梁.高速公路隧道行车火灾事故预防对策与应急施救[J].交通与安全,2007,11：146-148.
[121]单永欣.公路隧道交通诱导与控制策略研究[D].西安：长安大学,2004.
[122]陈晓利.高速公路隧道群营运安全管理技术研究[D].重庆：重庆交通大学,2008.
[123]郑晋丽.道路隧道交通工况频率分析[J].地下工程与隧道.1996,11(4)：38-46.
[124]何学秋.安全工程学[M].徐州：中国矿业大学出版社,2000.
[125]林柏泉,周延,刘贞堂.安全系统工程[M].徐州：中国矿业大学出版社,2005.
[126]中国就业培训技术指导中心,中国安全生产协会.安全评价师(第2版)[M],北京：中国劳动社会保障出版社,2010.
[127]沈斐敏.安全系统工程理论与应用[M],北京：煤炭工业出版社,2001.
[128]邝宏柱,廖志高,柳本民.高速公路隧道路面抗滑性能评价标准研究[J],公路,2007,9(9)：85-88.
[129]屈言宾,赵永利.公路隧道路面安全性调查与分析[J].交通科技,2007,223(4)：95-97.
[130]马非.高速公路隧道路面与行驶环境关联性研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2008.
[131]重庆交通科研设计院,JTG D70-2004.公路隧道设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2004.
[132]国外道路标准规范编译组.公路隧道火灾及烟气控制[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2008.
[133]Haukur Ingason. Design fires in tunnels[C]. The Second International Symposium on Safe & Reliable Tunnels, Innovative European achievements. 2006
[134]范维澄,王清安,姜冯辉等.火灾学简明教程[M].合肥：中国科技大学出版社,1995.
[135]李引擎.建筑防火性能化设计[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.
[136]霍然,袁宏永.性能化建筑防火分析与设计[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,2003.
[137]Anders N, Joel W. Modelling crowd evacuation from road and train tunnels-data and design for faster evacuations[D]. Sweden:Department of Fire Safety Engineering,2003.
[138]Sven Erik Magnusson etc. Fire safety Design Based on Calculations: Uncertainty Analysis and Safety Verification[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 1996,27:305-334.
[139]赵国藩,金伟良等.结构可靠度理论[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[140]董聪.现代结构系统可靠性理论及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2001.
[141]肖云茹.概率统计计算方法[M].天津：南开大学开版社,1994.
[142]李继华.蒙特卡罗法[J].建筑结构,1994,11：3-9.
[143]Ohtsubo H, Sumi Y. Committee report on risk assessment[C].Proceeding of the 14th International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress. Nagsaki. Japan,2000,2:1-41.
[144]李典庆,唐文勇,张圣坤.海洋工程风险接受准则研究进展[J].海洋工程.2003,21(2)：96-102.
[145]高建明,王喜奎,曾明荣.个人风险和社会风险可接受标准研究进展及启示[J].中国安全生产科学技术.2007,3(3)：29～34.
[146]Marszal E M. Tolerable risk guidelines[J]. ISA Transactions,2001, 40 (4):391-399.
[147]Skjong R, Ekness M. Economic activity and risk acceptance[R]. DNV Reprot No-99-2050,1999.
[148]Davidsson, G. Lindgren, M., Mett, L. Evaluation of risk. SRV Rapport P21-182/97, Statens Raddningsverk, Karlstad,1997.
[149]Suzuki H. Safety target of very large floating structure used as a floating airport[J]. Marine Structure,2001,14:103～113.
[150]刘英婴.用反应时间研究道路照明光源的相对光效[D].重庆：重庆大学,2006.
[151]刘锡成.眩光对夜间驾车视觉工作影响研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2007.
[152]邱仲潘,柯渝,谢燕华Visual C++6从入门到精通[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006.
[153]苗家鸿3DS MAX实用教程[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[154]中华人民共和国国务院.国家突发公共事件总体应急预案[Z].2006.
[155]中华人民共和国交通运输部.公路交通突发事件应急预案[Z].2009.
[156]姬杨蓓蓓,张小宁,孙立军.交通事件持续时间预测方法综述[J].公路工程,33(3),2008：72-80.
[157]Giuliano Genevieve. Incident characteristics frequency and duration on a high volume urban freeway[J]. Transprotation Research-A.1989,23(5): 387-396.
[158]Goloh, Thomas F, Wilfred W. Recker and John D.Leonard. An analysis of the severity and incident duration of truck-involved freeway accidents [J]. Accident analysis & prevention,1987,19(4):375-395.
[159]Jones Bryan, Lester Janssen and Fred Mannering. Analysis of the Frequency and frequency and duration of freeway accidents in Seattle[J]. Accident Analysis & Prevention,1991,23(4):239-255.
[160]Nam, Doohee and Fred Mannering. An exploratory hazard-based analysis of highway incident duration[J].Transportation Research-A.2000, 34(2):85-102.
[161]陈家鼎,孙山泽,李东风等.数理统计学讲义[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2003.
[162]陈仲生.Matlab 7.0的统计信息处理[M].长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,2005.
[163]范维澄.突发公共事件应急信息系统总体方案构思[J].信息化建设,2005,9：专题.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |