无线终端设备天线及其解耦技术的研究
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摘要
随着无线通信技术的发展，要求天线能够同时实现尽量多的功能。出于对天线小型化的考虑，多频段天线无疑是最佳的选择。因此，开发高性能小型多频段天线是无线终端天线技术发展的迫切需求。各种无线通信业务和宽带数据业务的不断发展，多天线技术应运而生。由于受到尺寸的限制，如何降低无线终端设备天线单元之间的互耦是多天线技术的核心问题之一。本论文结合科研课题和各种无线通信系统的需求，对无线终端设备天线及其解耦技术等问题展开研究。作者的主要工作和创造性成果可以概括为：
1.对无线终端设备天线进行了研究。（1）针对无线设备要求天线具有多频段、宽频带、小型化等性能，采用下面几种方法加以实现：天线形式主要采用单极天线和PIFA天线形式；分别利用谐振枝节法、多缝隙法、曲折线法很好地实现了天线的多频段特性；并且主要通过对馈电形式进行改进，将一般的微带馈电形式改进为耦合馈电和平面套筒馈电形式，将PIFA中的探针馈电形式改进为梯形平板馈电形式，在实现多频段的基础上进一步展宽天线的阻抗带宽；在此基础上，利用顶加载技术以及弯折枝节法实现了天线的小型化。（2）在DVB-H单极天线的设计中，分析载体金属盒对天线性能影响。根据手机实际使用情况，设置最佳角度为150度。（3）在3G PIFA天线的设计中，采用双枝节激励PIFA天线的1/8波长和1/4波长双谐振模式，实现了双宽频带特性。
2.研究了无线终端设备多天线地支解耦技术。分析在无线终端设备中双天线位置对耦合的影响：当双天线并列放置时，由于天线单元处于另一个天线单元较强的近场区域，因此发生强耦合。在地板上引入另一条耦合路径，控制其幅度和相位与原来的耦合场相抵消，也就是地支解耦技术。根据上述方法设计一款无线设备单频工作双天线系统，设计由三个垂直枝节和一个水平枝节组成的耦合元倒E形地支结构。调节中间最长的垂直枝节控制耦合场的幅度和相位；水平枝节和两端较短的垂直枝节主要调节耦合元的谐振频率。天线元之间的互耦明显减小，在2.45GHz处耦合为-46.7dB,与不加地支结构相比改善大约20dB。同样设计了一款双频工作双天线系统，由五个垂直枝节和两条水平枝节组成的耦合元双倒E形地支结构，上下两条水平枝节分别影响两个频段的互耦。在整个工作频段，天线双端口之间的隔离度均小于-30dB。地支结构易于设计，并且采用弯折技术，地支结构通常尺寸较小，适用于小型移动终端多天线单元之间进行解耦。
3.研究了无线终端设备多天线地缝解耦技术。缝隙长度约为谐振频率四分之一波长时，得到最小的互耦。缝隙数目增加，阻抗特性变差，互耦减小，因此合理选择缝隙的数目，获得较好的阻抗特性和互耦特性。提出倒T形及双L形缝隙结构，设计了一款双频高隔离度两单元天线。加入T形缝隙结构之后，两天线单元在低频段的互耦明显减小，加入双L形缝隙之后，两天线单元在高频段的互耦降低，在整个工作频带范围内基本上均小于-20dB。与四分之一波长缝隙相比，两节谐振器尺寸明显减小，其高度由14.6mm减小到4mm，尺寸减小了72.6%。利用多节谐振器地缝结构可以有效的降低缝隙尺寸，同样可用于小型移动终端多天线单元解耦。
4.研究了无线终端设备多天线解耦网络技术。提出两种解耦网络的设计方法：（1）微带线解耦网络（2）本征模解耦网络；为避免集总元件调试的敏感性，利用微带线解耦网络对两单元天线解耦，天线系统的互耦在整个阻抗带宽内低于-15dB；提出180o耦合器作为本征模解耦网络对两单元环天线解耦，天线系统的互耦在整个阻抗带宽内低于-20dB；提出由四个3dB电桥与移相线组成的混合网络作为本征模解耦网络对四单元环天线解耦。天线系统的互耦在整个阻抗带宽内低于-15dB。利用网络解耦，天线单元的设计和网络的设计可以分开进行，简化了联合优化的复杂性，其尺寸较大，一般适用于尺寸限制不太严格的多天线系统。
With the development of wireless communication technology, antennas are required torealize various functions at the same time. For the purpose of the miniature design, themulti-band antenna as a good candidate is often adopted to meet the above requirements Thedemand for the design of an antenna with compact size and multiband operation has increased,because of the rapid development of high performance compact multi-band wireless terminal.Along with the up-growth of various wireless communication services and broadband dataservices, the multiple antenna technology emerges as the times require. Duo to the limitedspace of the wireless terminal device, how to reduce the mutual coupling between arrayelements is one of the core problems of multiple antenna technology. In this paper, combinedwith the scientific researches and the requirements of all kinds of wireless communicationsystem, wireless terminal antenna and its decoupling technology are researched. The author’smajor contributions are as follows:
1. The wireless terminal antennas were studied.(1) For wireless devices antenna with thecharacteristics of multiple frequency band, broadband, miniaturization as so on, using thefollowing method: antenna form mainly adopts monopole antenna and PIFA antenna; resonantstrips method, multiple slit method and meander line method are adopted to achieve a goodantenna for multi-band characteristics; And mainly through improvement of the feeding mode,the common microstrip feed is modified to coupling feed and planar sleeve feed. In PIFA,probe feed is improved to a trapezoidal flat feed, to further extend antenna impedancebandwidth on the basis of the realization of multi band operating.; On this basis, the toploading and bending branches section method are employed to achieve the miniaturization ofantenna.(2) In the DVB-H monopole antenna design, the effect on the performance of theantenna carrier metal box is analyzed. According to the practical application of mobile phone,the optimum angle is fixed as150degree.(3) In the3G PIFA antenna design, the PIFAantenna excited double strips has1/8and1/4wavelength dual resonant modes, realizing thedouble broadband characteristics.
2. The ground branches decoupling technique of the wireless terminal equipment formultiple antennas was investigated. Careful analysis of the coupling effect on the positionbetween the double antennas in the wireless terminal device: when the dual-antenna placed injuxtaposition, it results in strong coupling that the antenna unit in the strong near field regionof the other antenna unit,. By introducing another coupling path on the ground plane, controlling the amplitude and phase of the coupling field to offset the original field is groundbranches decoupling technique. According to the method mentioned above, a singlefrequency dual-antenna wireless device system is proposed. A coupling element of inverted Eshape ground branches structure is composed of the three vertical strips and a horizontal strip.Adjusting the longest vertical branch in the middle can control the amplitude and phase ofcoupling field; Adjusting the horizontal branch and two shorter vertical branches can changethe resonant frequency of the coupling element. The mutual coupling between antennaelements is obviously reduced, coupling coefficient S21=-46.7dB at2.45GHz, improvingabout20dB comparing with the antenna elements without the ground branches structure.Similarly, a dual-band dual-antenna system is proposed. A dual inverted E shape groundbranches structure is composed of five vertical branches and two horizontal branches. Twoupper and two lower branches effect on mutual coupling in two frequency bands (2.45/5.2GHz) respectively. In the working bands, the isolation between the two ports is less than-30dB. Ground branches structure is easy to realize. And adopting the bending technology, theground branches structure is generally small in size, suitable for decoupling between theantenna elements in small mobile terminals.
3. The slot decoupling technique for wireless terminal antennas was researched. Whenslot length is about1/4wavelength at resonant frequency, the mutual coupling is theminimum. As the slot number increases, the impedance bandwidth is mismatch and themutual coupling decreases. When the slot number is reasonable, impedance characteristicsand mutual coupling characteristics are obtained better. A dual-frequency high isolation twoelements antenna is designed using the inverted T shape and double L shaped slot structures.After adding T slot structure, two antenna coupling decreases in the lower band. And afteradding a double L shaped slot, two antenna coupling is reduced in upper band. The totalfrequency range basically is less than-20dB. And compared with the1/4wavelength slot,section2resonator size decreases. The height reduced from14.6mm to4mm and reduced72.6%. Using a plurality of resonator slot structure can effectively reduce the slot size. It canalso be used for decoupling of small mobile terminal antenna element.
4. The decoupling network technology for the wireless terminal device was studied. Putforward two kinds of decoupling network design method:(1) the microstrip line decouplingnetwork (2) eigenmode decoupling network. In order to avoid lumped element testingsensitivity, using microstrip decoupling network decouples two elements antenna system. Themutual coupling in the impedance bandwidth is less than-15dB. Put forward180ocoupler to work in two units loop antenna system decoupling. Mutual coupling in the impedancebandwidth is less than-20dB. Put forward four3dB bridge and shift phase composition of themixed network to work in four units antenna loop decoupling. The mutual coupling ofantenna system is less than-15dB in the impedance bandwidth. Using network decoupling,antenna unit design and network design can be done separately, which simplifies thecomplexity of joint optimization. Because of its larger size, it generally applicable tolimitation of size less rigorous multiple antenna system.
1.对无线终端设备天线进行了研究。（1）针对无线设备要求天线具有多频段、宽频带、小型化等性能，采用下面几种方法加以实现：天线形式主要采用单极天线和PIFA天线形式；分别利用谐振枝节法、多缝隙法、曲折线法很好地实现了天线的多频段特性；并且主要通过对馈电形式进行改进，将一般的微带馈电形式改进为耦合馈电和平面套筒馈电形式，将PIFA中的探针馈电形式改进为梯形平板馈电形式，在实现多频段的基础上进一步展宽天线的阻抗带宽；在此基础上，利用顶加载技术以及弯折枝节法实现了天线的小型化。（2）在DVB-H单极天线的设计中，分析载体金属盒对天线性能影响。根据手机实际使用情况，设置最佳角度为150度。（3）在3G PIFA天线的设计中，采用双枝节激励PIFA天线的1/8波长和1/4波长双谐振模式，实现了双宽频带特性。
2.研究了无线终端设备多天线地支解耦技术。分析在无线终端设备中双天线位置对耦合的影响：当双天线并列放置时，由于天线单元处于另一个天线单元较强的近场区域，因此发生强耦合。在地板上引入另一条耦合路径，控制其幅度和相位与原来的耦合场相抵消，也就是地支解耦技术。根据上述方法设计一款无线设备单频工作双天线系统，设计由三个垂直枝节和一个水平枝节组成的耦合元倒E形地支结构。调节中间最长的垂直枝节控制耦合场的幅度和相位；水平枝节和两端较短的垂直枝节主要调节耦合元的谐振频率。天线元之间的互耦明显减小，在2.45GHz处耦合为-46.7dB,与不加地支结构相比改善大约20dB。同样设计了一款双频工作双天线系统，由五个垂直枝节和两条水平枝节组成的耦合元双倒E形地支结构，上下两条水平枝节分别影响两个频段的互耦。在整个工作频段，天线双端口之间的隔离度均小于-30dB。地支结构易于设计，并且采用弯折技术，地支结构通常尺寸较小，适用于小型移动终端多天线单元之间进行解耦。
3.研究了无线终端设备多天线地缝解耦技术。缝隙长度约为谐振频率四分之一波长时，得到最小的互耦。缝隙数目增加，阻抗特性变差，互耦减小，因此合理选择缝隙的数目，获得较好的阻抗特性和互耦特性。提出倒T形及双L形缝隙结构，设计了一款双频高隔离度两单元天线。加入T形缝隙结构之后，两天线单元在低频段的互耦明显减小，加入双L形缝隙之后，两天线单元在高频段的互耦降低，在整个工作频带范围内基本上均小于-20dB。与四分之一波长缝隙相比，两节谐振器尺寸明显减小，其高度由14.6mm减小到4mm，尺寸减小了72.6%。利用多节谐振器地缝结构可以有效的降低缝隙尺寸，同样可用于小型移动终端多天线单元解耦。
4.研究了无线终端设备多天线解耦网络技术。提出两种解耦网络的设计方法：（1）微带线解耦网络（2）本征模解耦网络；为避免集总元件调试的敏感性，利用微带线解耦网络对两单元天线解耦，天线系统的互耦在整个阻抗带宽内低于-15dB；提出180o耦合器作为本征模解耦网络对两单元环天线解耦，天线系统的互耦在整个阻抗带宽内低于-20dB；提出由四个3dB电桥与移相线组成的混合网络作为本征模解耦网络对四单元环天线解耦。天线系统的互耦在整个阻抗带宽内低于-15dB。利用网络解耦，天线单元的设计和网络的设计可以分开进行，简化了联合优化的复杂性，其尺寸较大，一般适用于尺寸限制不太严格的多天线系统。
With the development of wireless communication technology, antennas are required torealize various functions at the same time. For the purpose of the miniature design, themulti-band antenna as a good candidate is often adopted to meet the above requirements Thedemand for the design of an antenna with compact size and multiband operation has increased,because of the rapid development of high performance compact multi-band wireless terminal.Along with the up-growth of various wireless communication services and broadband dataservices, the multiple antenna technology emerges as the times require. Duo to the limitedspace of the wireless terminal device, how to reduce the mutual coupling between arrayelements is one of the core problems of multiple antenna technology. In this paper, combinedwith the scientific researches and the requirements of all kinds of wireless communicationsystem, wireless terminal antenna and its decoupling technology are researched. The author’smajor contributions are as follows:
1. The wireless terminal antennas were studied.(1) For wireless devices antenna with thecharacteristics of multiple frequency band, broadband, miniaturization as so on, using thefollowing method: antenna form mainly adopts monopole antenna and PIFA antenna; resonantstrips method, multiple slit method and meander line method are adopted to achieve a goodantenna for multi-band characteristics; And mainly through improvement of the feeding mode,the common microstrip feed is modified to coupling feed and planar sleeve feed. In PIFA,probe feed is improved to a trapezoidal flat feed, to further extend antenna impedancebandwidth on the basis of the realization of multi band operating.; On this basis, the toploading and bending branches section method are employed to achieve the miniaturization ofantenna.(2) In the DVB-H monopole antenna design, the effect on the performance of theantenna carrier metal box is analyzed. According to the practical application of mobile phone,the optimum angle is fixed as150degree.(3) In the3G PIFA antenna design, the PIFAantenna excited double strips has1/8and1/4wavelength dual resonant modes, realizing thedouble broadband characteristics.
2. The ground branches decoupling technique of the wireless terminal equipment formultiple antennas was investigated. Careful analysis of the coupling effect on the positionbetween the double antennas in the wireless terminal device: when the dual-antenna placed injuxtaposition, it results in strong coupling that the antenna unit in the strong near field regionof the other antenna unit,. By introducing another coupling path on the ground plane, controlling the amplitude and phase of the coupling field to offset the original field is groundbranches decoupling technique. According to the method mentioned above, a singlefrequency dual-antenna wireless device system is proposed. A coupling element of inverted Eshape ground branches structure is composed of the three vertical strips and a horizontal strip.Adjusting the longest vertical branch in the middle can control the amplitude and phase ofcoupling field; Adjusting the horizontal branch and two shorter vertical branches can changethe resonant frequency of the coupling element. The mutual coupling between antennaelements is obviously reduced, coupling coefficient S21=-46.7dB at2.45GHz, improvingabout20dB comparing with the antenna elements without the ground branches structure.Similarly, a dual-band dual-antenna system is proposed. A dual inverted E shape groundbranches structure is composed of five vertical branches and two horizontal branches. Twoupper and two lower branches effect on mutual coupling in two frequency bands (2.45/5.2GHz) respectively. In the working bands, the isolation between the two ports is less than-30dB. Ground branches structure is easy to realize. And adopting the bending technology, theground branches structure is generally small in size, suitable for decoupling between theantenna elements in small mobile terminals.
3. The slot decoupling technique for wireless terminal antennas was researched. Whenslot length is about1/4wavelength at resonant frequency, the mutual coupling is theminimum. As the slot number increases, the impedance bandwidth is mismatch and themutual coupling decreases. When the slot number is reasonable, impedance characteristicsand mutual coupling characteristics are obtained better. A dual-frequency high isolation twoelements antenna is designed using the inverted T shape and double L shaped slot structures.After adding T slot structure, two antenna coupling decreases in the lower band. And afteradding a double L shaped slot, two antenna coupling is reduced in upper band. The totalfrequency range basically is less than-20dB. And compared with the1/4wavelength slot,section2resonator size decreases. The height reduced from14.6mm to4mm and reduced72.6%. Using a plurality of resonator slot structure can effectively reduce the slot size. It canalso be used for decoupling of small mobile terminal antenna element.
4. The decoupling network technology for the wireless terminal device was studied. Putforward two kinds of decoupling network design method:(1) the microstrip line decouplingnetwork (2) eigenmode decoupling network. In order to avoid lumped element testingsensitivity, using microstrip decoupling network decouples two elements antenna system. Themutual coupling in the impedance bandwidth is less than-15dB. Put forward180ocoupler to work in two units loop antenna system decoupling. Mutual coupling in the impedancebandwidth is less than-20dB. Put forward four3dB bridge and shift phase composition of themixed network to work in four units antenna loop decoupling. The mutual coupling ofantenna system is less than-15dB in the impedance bandwidth. Using network decoupling,antenna unit design and network design can be done separately, which simplifies thecomplexity of joint optimization. Because of its larger size, it generally applicable tolimitation of size less rigorous multiple antenna system.
引文
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