人类活动对季节性积雪融化的影响
摘要
本论文是在“3S”技术支持下积雪融水洪水预警决策支持系统项目研究基础上延伸而来。通过了解人类活动影响涵义、积雪特征,以及建立指标的原则,构建了人类活动影响定量评价方法。根据评价方法,得到研究区人类活动对季节性积雪融化的影响指数。论文取得如下主要研究成果:
(1)通过分析MODIS数据监测得到融雪期的积雪分布图、仪器测量所得和遥感影像提取的积雪表面反射率的规律和雪面反照率的规律,得出人类活动对积雪存在影响的结论。
(2)根据积雪融化特性和建立指标体系的原则,构建了以地表温度、反照率、人口密度为因子的人类活动影响定量评价方法。
(3)根据新疆春季融雪季节地表温度的特性,将研究反演地表温度的反演区间(0～50℃)拓展为(-30～50℃)。然后根据学者研究提出的plank函数的线性简化方法,对MODIS的第31和32热红外波段分别简化为: B31(T)=0.1088T31-23.349 ,B32(T)=0.097T32-20.364
(4)根据建立的评价方法,计算出了研究区人类活动对积雪融化的影响指数。
This research is from the Snowmelt Flood Early Warning Decision Support System Based on 3S Technology Project. Through learning the human activity meaning, the snow characteristic, as well as the principle of establishing index, we construct the quantificational assessment method of human activity influence. From this, we have gained the influence index, which to the snowmelt in research area. And we obtain the following main research results:
(1) After analyzing the rules which are for the snow distributing map in thaw time obtained by MODIS data, the snow surface reflection surveyed by the instrument and retrieved by the remote sensing image, we gain the conclusion which snow first melts in region where is human activity relatively intense.
(2) According to the snow characteristic and the principle of establishing index, we construct the quantificational assessment method of human activity influence, which takes the surface temperature, the albedo, and the population density as factors.
(3) According to the thaw season characteristic in Xinjiang spring, we change the limit of retrieving surface temperature from (0～50℃) to (-30～50℃). In this research, many discussions have been done to linearization of Plank’s function. We propose the following methods for MODIS band 31 and 32: B31(T)=0.1088T31-23.349 and B32(T)=0.097T32-20.364.
(4) By the assessment method, we calculate the human activity influence index in research area.
(1)通过分析MODIS数据监测得到融雪期的积雪分布图、仪器测量所得和遥感影像提取的积雪表面反射率的规律和雪面反照率的规律,得出人类活动对积雪存在影响的结论。
(2)根据积雪融化特性和建立指标体系的原则,构建了以地表温度、反照率、人口密度为因子的人类活动影响定量评价方法。
(3)根据新疆春季融雪季节地表温度的特性,将研究反演地表温度的反演区间(0～50℃)拓展为(-30～50℃)。然后根据学者研究提出的plank函数的线性简化方法,对MODIS的第31和32热红外波段分别简化为: B31(T)=0.1088T31-23.349 ,B32(T)=0.097T32-20.364
(4)根据建立的评价方法,计算出了研究区人类活动对积雪融化的影响指数。
This research is from the Snowmelt Flood Early Warning Decision Support System Based on 3S Technology Project. Through learning the human activity meaning, the snow characteristic, as well as the principle of establishing index, we construct the quantificational assessment method of human activity influence. From this, we have gained the influence index, which to the snowmelt in research area. And we obtain the following main research results:
(1) After analyzing the rules which are for the snow distributing map in thaw time obtained by MODIS data, the snow surface reflection surveyed by the instrument and retrieved by the remote sensing image, we gain the conclusion which snow first melts in region where is human activity relatively intense.
(2) According to the snow characteristic and the principle of establishing index, we construct the quantificational assessment method of human activity influence, which takes the surface temperature, the albedo, and the population density as factors.
(3) According to the thaw season characteristic in Xinjiang spring, we change the limit of retrieving surface temperature from (0～50℃) to (-30～50℃). In this research, many discussions have been done to linearization of Plank’s function. We propose the following methods for MODIS band 31 and 32: B31(T)=0.1088T31-23.349 and B32(T)=0.097T32-20.364.
(4) By the assessment method, we calculate the human activity influence index in research area.
引文
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[5] 王祖伟,徐利淼,张文具.土壤微量元素与人类活动强度的对应关系[J].土壤通报,2002, 33( 4):303-305.
[6] 杨建强,罗先香.GIS 支持下人类活动对地下水动态影响的定量分析[J].水科学进展,2003,14(3):358-362.
[7] 李香云,王立新,章予舒.干旱区人类活动指数的动态研究[J]. 兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2004,40(4):106-111.
[8] 李香云,王立新,章予舒等.西北干旱区土地荒漠化中人类活动作用及其指标选择[J].地理科学,2004,24(1):68-75.
[9] 张翠云,王昭.黑河流域人类活动强度的定量评价[J].地球科学进展,2004,19:386-391.
[10] 魏建兵,肖笃宁.人类活动对生态环境的影响评价与调控原则[J].地理科学进展,2006,25(2):36-45.
[11] 田建文,赵旭阳.滹沱河岗黄段湿地人类活动影响评价研究[J].中国水土保持,2007,2:19-22.
[12] 蓝水超,曾群柱.河西地区融雪径流的灰色顶测方法[J].冰川冻土,1997, 19(02):154- 160.
[13] 冯学智,李文君,史正涛,王丽红. 卫星雪盖监测与玛纳斯河融雪径流模拟[J].遥感技术与应用,2000,15(1):18-21.
[14] 王建,马明国,Paolo Fedcricis.基于遥感与地理信息系统的 SRM 融雪径流模型在ALPS 山区流域的应用[J].冰川冻土,2001, 23( 4):436- 441.
[15] 马虹,程国栋.SRM 融雪径流模型在西天山巩乃斯河流域的应用实验[J].科学通报,2003, 48( 19):2088- 2093.
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[17] Tarboton, D.G., Chowdhury, T.G. and Jackson, T.H. A spatially distributed energy balance snowmelt model [J].Working Paper WP-94-HWR-DGT/009. UtaA Water Research Laboratorty, Utah State University, 1994.
[18] 陈晓飞,田静,刘小洲,都洋. 研究冻融侵蚀的融雪/积雪水量模型[J].水土保持科技情报,2003,6:13-16.
[19] 张勇,刘时银.度日模型在冰川与积雪研究中的应用进展[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(1):101-107.
[20] 辞海编辑委员会(编).辞海[M],上海:上海辞书出版社,1999:2602.
[21] 中国人百科辞典编委会(编).中国百科大辞典[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社, 1999:2404.
[22] 曹克.人类的活动方式与自然环境的可持续发展[J].学海,2001, 4: 119-122.
[23] 刘明哲,魏文寿,姜逢清.天山西部山地冬季积雪能量交换特征分析[J].干旱区地理,1997,20(4):68-73.
[24] S. A. Sokratov and N. Maeno. Heat and mass transport in snow under a Temperature gradient. Snow Engineering:recent advances. Izumi Nakamura and Sack,1997:49-54.
[25] 马虹,刘一峰,胡汝骥.天山季节性积雪的能量平衡研究和融雪速率模拟[J].地理研究,1993,12(1):87-92.
[26] 杨大庆,张寅生,张志忠.乌鲁木齐河源密度观测研究[J].地理学报报,1992,47(3):260-266.
[27] 杨针娘,刘新仁,曾群柱,陈赞廷.中国寒区水文[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[28] 毛克彪.用于 MODIS 数据的地表温度反演方法研究.南京:南京大学出版社, 2004. 26-31.
[29] 陆殿梅.天山北坡 LST 反演与植被盖度关联分析研究.新疆:新疆大学出版社, 2006. 28.
[30] 乌鲁木齐之窗.乌鲁木齐市概况:http://www.urumqi.gov.cn
[31] 杨志强.乌鲁木齐大气污染空间模型研究和管理信息系统开发.新疆:新疆大 学出版社, 2006. 30-32.
[32] 编辑委员会.乌鲁木齐市统计年鉴 2005[M].中国统计出版社,2005.
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