方形钝体绕流湍流场特征参数研究
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摘要
钝体绕流广泛存在于航天、建筑、交通、环境等许多研究领域，因流体在钝体表面产生大范围的分离并形成宽阔的伴有旋涡脱落现象的尾流，使得具有简单几何边界的方形钝体周围的湍流场的模拟变得非常复杂。不仅为考察数学模型的计算能力，更为了保证建筑结构安全、减弱热岛现象、强化换热、促进污染物的扩散，对这种流动现象进行深入研究是十分必要和有意义的。
本文通过分析国内外研究现状及存在问题基础上，结合理论分析、数值研究和实验方法主要完成了以下工作：
首先研究了边界条件对钝体湍流场数值模拟计算结果的影响，通过对不同入口流速与湍流强度的多种工况的数值计算，考察了入流速度变化对流场中方形钝体顶部回流区分离长度及是否会产生附着的影响，分析了影响机理，确定了不同条件下速度函数中指数m的适用值，从而提高模型对绕流湍流场的预测的能力。分析了湍流强度对方形钝体顶面压力分布的影响，当湍流强度逐渐增大时，最大湍流动能kmax会向前移动并开始靠近钝体前缘拐点。
通过对标准k-ε模型在研究方形钝体绕流运动中产生的问题，特别是钝体尖角处模拟计算值过高估算的问题深入分析发现，不能准确计算钝体顶部回流涡及湍流动能最大值kmax位置的原因，并不是完全由标准k-ε模型本身造成，更要考虑如何处理钝体边界处的壁面处理方法，通过对尖角处w和v相交过程的详细分析，明确了问题的原因，提出通过限制流体在钝体尖角转弯处来流方向的速度的方法，降低数值离散中控制体内数据传递的误差，消除横向速度在尖角处出现比实际值大的现象，从而达到准确预测钝体湍流场特征参数的目的。
采用限定边界条件的方法，使用标准k-ε模型和LES模型对风洞内贴壁方形钝体绕流进行模拟计算，与经典实验结果进行比较，验证了标准k-ε模型的精度和适用性。同时分析了网格精度和计算域敏感度对LES模型模拟的影响，提出网格加密不会自动导致更好的结果，标准网格模拟的结果与实验的吻合度比细网格的更好。
本文利用粒子成像PIV测速技术测量了通道内矩形截面贴壁方柱钝体模型的速度场，与模拟结果进行对比分析，除尾部回流区高于实验结果，其他位置结果较吻合，验证了限定迎风尖角壁面条件的基础上的标准k-ε模型的预测能力。
选用德克萨斯州技术大学校园内的一栋测试建筑物（TTU）和玻璃屋（GLH）两种全尺寸建筑模型，考察了在大气边界层内标准k-ε模型的适用性，通过模拟风场的数值计算，在确定合适的入口边界后获得与实验数据较吻合的压力场结果，进一步验证了RANS法可用于大型工程流场研究，并研究明确了网格尺寸和分布、计算域尺寸、计算维数等的影响。并研究了LES法适用的入流边界条件。从计算精度和计算成本分析确定了RANS的适用性，并对复杂实体建筑物模型进行了模拟计算，考察了三种流速和两种流动方向的流场情况，分析了风速对建筑周围分离涡的影响及屋面压力的变化。
本文的研究结果为加深流体问题物理现象的理解提供了理论依据，同时对钝体绕流场的研究可为相关工程领域设计提供参考，为以后更深入的研究打下基础。
The phenomena of turbulent flow over a blunt body exists widely in research fieldscovered aerospace, construction, transportation, environment, etc.. Because the fluid produceslarge-scale separation on the surface and forms wide wake flow accompanied withvortex-shedding, it is very complex to simulate the turbulence fluid fields around squarecross-sectioned bluff body with simple boundary. The study of such phenomena aims toinvestigate the numerical model’s computing capacity and ensure the safety of buildingstructures, as well as to weaken the heat island, enhance the heat exchanges and promotepollutants spread. In this case, it is necessary and significant to conduct the study in depth.
Based on internal and external previous researches and existing problems, this paperaccomplished followed research works through theoretical analysis and numerical studycombined with experiments.
The effect of boundary conditions on numerical simulation results of turbulence fluidfields around blunt body was studied. Through numerical calculations of the inlet velocity andturbulence intensity under varies operating conditions, the influent velocity variations’ impacton separated length of top recirculation zone over square cross-sectioned bluff body in fluidfield and reattachment emergence possibility was investigated. The effect mechanism wasanalyzed and the values of exponent m in velocity functions under different conditions wereidentified, so as to enhance the model’s predication ability to turbulence fluid fields over ablunt body. And the effect of turbulence fluid intensity on top surface pressure distribution ofsquare blunt body was analyzed, the results indicates that the maximum turbulent kineticenergy kmaxmay moving forward to front edge inflection point of bluff body with increasingturbulence intensity.
Through the analysis to problems from the study of turbulent flow over square bluffbody by standard k-ε model, especially the over-estimated value computed by bluff body’sclosed angle simulation, it was found that the inaccurate representation of top backflow vortexand the position of kmaxwas not due to the imperfection of standard k-ε model completely, butunreasonable surface wall treatment of boundary conditions around the cube. The problemswere explained clearly by detailed analysis to the momentum wand v in the intersecting process. In order to predict the characteristics of turbulent flow field around thecube correctly, we proposed to limit the velocity at upwind sharp convex corner, so as toreduce the data transmission error in the control volume during the numerical discretizationprocess and to remove the amplification phenomenon of horizontal velocity in sharp corner.
Simulations to wall turbulent flow over square bluff body in wind tunnel wereconducted by modified standard k-ε model and LES model. Compared with classicexperimental values, modeling results validated the accuracy and applicability of modifiedstandard k-ε model. And the impact of the grid size and computational domain sensitivity onLES simulating results was also analyzed. It is expressed that grid refinement cannot bringbetter results automatically, and some simulating results obtained by standard grid performedgreater than refined grid on percent of contact area to experimental values.
The technology of particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used for velocity fieldmeasurement of square cross-sectioned wall-mounted cube in a channel. The comparison withsimulated results further validated accuracy of modified standard k-ε model based on wallsurface of limited windward sharp corner. Except that the recirculation region behind the cubeis greater than experimental results, other results matched well with experiment.
Standard k-ε model was adopted in atmospheric boundary layer. Wind field simulationwas carried out for full-scale building models named TTU and GLH in campus of TechnologyUniversity of Texas. Under the condition of certain inlet boundary, obtained pressuredistribution results agree well with experimental results, it was further improved that themethod can be applied to large engineering fluid filed research. The study identified theimpact of the grid size and distribution, domain size, computational dimensionality, inflowboundary conditions is research for LES. Based on calculation accuracy and costing analysis,mulation was carried out for a substantially complex building model by RANS model usinglimited wall surface. The fluid filed with three velocity values and two flow directions wereinvestigated, and the impact of wind velocity on the detached vortexes around the buildingand the roof pressure variation were analyzed.
The research results of this paper provide theoretical bases for further understanding thephysical phenomena of flow problems, and the study of turbulent flow flied over blunt bodyalso references for related engineering designs, which may set stage for future researches.
本文通过分析国内外研究现状及存在问题基础上，结合理论分析、数值研究和实验方法主要完成了以下工作：
首先研究了边界条件对钝体湍流场数值模拟计算结果的影响，通过对不同入口流速与湍流强度的多种工况的数值计算，考察了入流速度变化对流场中方形钝体顶部回流区分离长度及是否会产生附着的影响，分析了影响机理，确定了不同条件下速度函数中指数m的适用值，从而提高模型对绕流湍流场的预测的能力。分析了湍流强度对方形钝体顶面压力分布的影响，当湍流强度逐渐增大时，最大湍流动能kmax会向前移动并开始靠近钝体前缘拐点。
通过对标准k-ε模型在研究方形钝体绕流运动中产生的问题，特别是钝体尖角处模拟计算值过高估算的问题深入分析发现，不能准确计算钝体顶部回流涡及湍流动能最大值kmax位置的原因，并不是完全由标准k-ε模型本身造成，更要考虑如何处理钝体边界处的壁面处理方法，通过对尖角处w和v相交过程的详细分析，明确了问题的原因，提出通过限制流体在钝体尖角转弯处来流方向的速度的方法，降低数值离散中控制体内数据传递的误差，消除横向速度在尖角处出现比实际值大的现象，从而达到准确预测钝体湍流场特征参数的目的。
采用限定边界条件的方法，使用标准k-ε模型和LES模型对风洞内贴壁方形钝体绕流进行模拟计算，与经典实验结果进行比较，验证了标准k-ε模型的精度和适用性。同时分析了网格精度和计算域敏感度对LES模型模拟的影响，提出网格加密不会自动导致更好的结果，标准网格模拟的结果与实验的吻合度比细网格的更好。
本文利用粒子成像PIV测速技术测量了通道内矩形截面贴壁方柱钝体模型的速度场，与模拟结果进行对比分析，除尾部回流区高于实验结果，其他位置结果较吻合，验证了限定迎风尖角壁面条件的基础上的标准k-ε模型的预测能力。
选用德克萨斯州技术大学校园内的一栋测试建筑物（TTU）和玻璃屋（GLH）两种全尺寸建筑模型，考察了在大气边界层内标准k-ε模型的适用性，通过模拟风场的数值计算，在确定合适的入口边界后获得与实验数据较吻合的压力场结果，进一步验证了RANS法可用于大型工程流场研究，并研究明确了网格尺寸和分布、计算域尺寸、计算维数等的影响。并研究了LES法适用的入流边界条件。从计算精度和计算成本分析确定了RANS的适用性，并对复杂实体建筑物模型进行了模拟计算，考察了三种流速和两种流动方向的流场情况，分析了风速对建筑周围分离涡的影响及屋面压力的变化。
本文的研究结果为加深流体问题物理现象的理解提供了理论依据，同时对钝体绕流场的研究可为相关工程领域设计提供参考，为以后更深入的研究打下基础。
The phenomena of turbulent flow over a blunt body exists widely in research fieldscovered aerospace, construction, transportation, environment, etc.. Because the fluid produceslarge-scale separation on the surface and forms wide wake flow accompanied withvortex-shedding, it is very complex to simulate the turbulence fluid fields around squarecross-sectioned bluff body with simple boundary. The study of such phenomena aims toinvestigate the numerical model’s computing capacity and ensure the safety of buildingstructures, as well as to weaken the heat island, enhance the heat exchanges and promotepollutants spread. In this case, it is necessary and significant to conduct the study in depth.
Based on internal and external previous researches and existing problems, this paperaccomplished followed research works through theoretical analysis and numerical studycombined with experiments.
The effect of boundary conditions on numerical simulation results of turbulence fluidfields around blunt body was studied. Through numerical calculations of the inlet velocity andturbulence intensity under varies operating conditions, the influent velocity variations’ impacton separated length of top recirculation zone over square cross-sectioned bluff body in fluidfield and reattachment emergence possibility was investigated. The effect mechanism wasanalyzed and the values of exponent m in velocity functions under different conditions wereidentified, so as to enhance the model’s predication ability to turbulence fluid fields over ablunt body. And the effect of turbulence fluid intensity on top surface pressure distribution ofsquare blunt body was analyzed, the results indicates that the maximum turbulent kineticenergy kmaxmay moving forward to front edge inflection point of bluff body with increasingturbulence intensity.
Through the analysis to problems from the study of turbulent flow over square bluffbody by standard k-ε model, especially the over-estimated value computed by bluff body’sclosed angle simulation, it was found that the inaccurate representation of top backflow vortexand the position of kmaxwas not due to the imperfection of standard k-ε model completely, butunreasonable surface wall treatment of boundary conditions around the cube. The problemswere explained clearly by detailed analysis to the momentum wand v in the intersecting process. In order to predict the characteristics of turbulent flow field around thecube correctly, we proposed to limit the velocity at upwind sharp convex corner, so as toreduce the data transmission error in the control volume during the numerical discretizationprocess and to remove the amplification phenomenon of horizontal velocity in sharp corner.
Simulations to wall turbulent flow over square bluff body in wind tunnel wereconducted by modified standard k-ε model and LES model. Compared with classicexperimental values, modeling results validated the accuracy and applicability of modifiedstandard k-ε model. And the impact of the grid size and computational domain sensitivity onLES simulating results was also analyzed. It is expressed that grid refinement cannot bringbetter results automatically, and some simulating results obtained by standard grid performedgreater than refined grid on percent of contact area to experimental values.
The technology of particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used for velocity fieldmeasurement of square cross-sectioned wall-mounted cube in a channel. The comparison withsimulated results further validated accuracy of modified standard k-ε model based on wallsurface of limited windward sharp corner. Except that the recirculation region behind the cubeis greater than experimental results, other results matched well with experiment.
Standard k-ε model was adopted in atmospheric boundary layer. Wind field simulationwas carried out for full-scale building models named TTU and GLH in campus of TechnologyUniversity of Texas. Under the condition of certain inlet boundary, obtained pressuredistribution results agree well with experimental results, it was further improved that themethod can be applied to large engineering fluid filed research. The study identified theimpact of the grid size and distribution, domain size, computational dimensionality, inflowboundary conditions is research for LES. Based on calculation accuracy and costing analysis,mulation was carried out for a substantially complex building model by RANS model usinglimited wall surface. The fluid filed with three velocity values and two flow directions wereinvestigated, and the impact of wind velocity on the detached vortexes around the buildingand the roof pressure variation were analyzed.
The research results of this paper provide theoretical bases for further understanding thephysical phenomena of flow problems, and the study of turbulent flow flied over blunt bodyalso references for related engineering designs, which may set stage for future researches.
引文
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