液体地膜的研制与应用
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摘要
鉴于农田覆盖具有良好的生态与生物学效应，以及现有覆盖材料存在的种种问题，作者借鉴前人的经验，依据材料成膜学原理，通过反复试验筛选，以M1、M2、M3、M4和M5 五种可降解材料为主要原料，采用合理的配方，在一定工艺流程下研制成功液体地膜。采取室内与大田试验相结合的方法，对液体地膜的理化特性进行了表征，开展了液体地膜覆盖对农田土壤理化性质以及棉花生长发育的影响研究，并与塑料地膜覆盖农田的生态和生物学效应进行了比较。其主要研究结果如下：
1 液体地膜具有良好的理化性能 表征结果表明，液体地膜常温下呈胶体状态，兑水稀释喷洒在土壤、叶片表面后成膜；该产品为不透明材料，外观颜色为棕褐色，粘度14.76 s(稀释5倍)，比重0.9924 g/cm3， pH值为7，稳定稀释倍数20～30倍，覆盖有效期60 d左右，贮藏环境以阴凉处为佳，贮藏期一般为2年。
2 液体地膜覆盖改良土壤理化性状 液体地膜是高分子混合物，兑水喷施于土壤表面后，这些高分子与土壤颗粒相结合，在土壤表层形成一层黑色的固化膜。该膜抑制土壤水分蒸发，利于吸收较多的太阳能，从而改善土壤中的热状况。同时，高分子经过自然降解转化为有机物质，可在较短时间内改善土壤结构。研究结果表明，适量液体地膜覆盖农田显著增加土壤含水量，提高土壤温度，降低土壤容重，增大土壤孔隙度。土壤物理性状的改善导致土壤化学性状发生变化。研究结果指出，液体地膜和塑料地膜覆盖均显著增加棉田土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量，且这种效应以液体地膜覆盖更明显。液体地膜覆盖棉田土壤中过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶、中性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶的活性均显著增强，而塑料地膜覆盖增强棉田土壤中转化酶、中
性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶的活性，但对脲酶活性影响不明显，降低过氧化氢酶活性，且这种效应与棉花生长发育进程有关。表明液体地膜覆盖不但对棉田土壤理化特性无不良影响，而且更有益于物质的转化、累积，提高土壤肥力。
3 液体地膜促进棉花生长发育，增产效果显著 土壤物理性质、棉花生长发育、土壤生物活性之间存在着必然的内在联系。良好的土壤物理性状促进棉花生长发育，而棉花健壮发育又提高土壤微生物数量，增强土壤中有关酶的活性。与露地对照相比，覆盖显著增加棉花产量（ａ＝0.01）。其中，塑料地膜覆盖棉花产量最高，增产率为34.0%；液体地膜处理（用量112.5 kg/hm2）次之，增产率为21.7%。覆盖棉花显著提高产量，是由于覆盖促进棉花早发，增强根系活力，改善叶片光化学特性，提高棉铃转化酶活性，成铃时空分布合理，优质铃数增加，铃重提高。从不同育苗方式对棉花生长发育影响的比较来看，与塑料弓棚育苗相比，适量液体地膜（用量750kg/hm2）育苗棉花增产显著，增产率为10.7%。其增产机理主要是棉苗质量高，移栽后缓苗快；叶面积大，生育前期增加快，后期下降幅度小。因此，可以认为，棉花生产中采用液体地膜大田覆盖或育苗是一项可行技术。
4 液体地膜叶面施用显著降低棉花叶片蒸腾速率，提高水分利用效率 研究结果表明，液体地膜不同浓度均能降低叶片的蒸腾速率和气孔导度。较高浓度液膜增大叶片qN值，降低叶片净光合速率。适宜浓度液膜(40～50倍)显著提高叶片水分利用效率20.0～37.1%，但对净光合速率无明显影响。由于植物根系吸收的水分经蒸腾而大量散失掉。因此，利用液体地膜抑制植物叶片蒸腾，为农业节水开辟了一条有效途径。
Considering favorable ecological and biological effects of film mulching and problems existing in now-used mulching materials, a new liquid film was prepared after many attempts according to the theory of material membrane and previous experience. By rational formula and technological process, 5 degradable compounds M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5 were used as the main raw materials of the product. With laboratory and field experiments, physical and chemical characters of liquid film were described. Effects of liquid film mulching were specified on temperature, moisture, and physical and chemical properties of soil, and cotton growth and development. Also, these ecological and biological effects of the liquid film were compared with those of plastic film mulching. The main results were as follows:
1. The liquid film had good physical and chemical properties. The liquid film assumed colloidal phase under normal temperature. Diluted with water and sprayed on the surface of soil or leaf, it became membraneous. This light-brown product was opaque with viscidity of 14.76 s (diluted by 5 times), special weight of 0.9924 g/cm3, PH-value of 7, stable diluting times of 20-30, functional time period of about 60 d in the field, and shelf life of 2 yr. It is suggested to preserve the product in shady and cool stores.
2. Liquid film mulching improved physical and chemical properties of soil. Liquid film was a kind of polymer mixture. It combined with soil particles and formed a black solidified membrane on the soil surface after adding water and spraying on the soil. The formed membrane improved heat energy status of the soil by restraining soil water to evaporate and absorbing more solar energy. It improved the soil granular structure in a short time, since high molecular compounds naturally degraded into organic matters. Soil moisture, temperature, and porosity increased while bulk weight decreased in mulched cotton fields with the liquid film. Improvement in soil physical
properties resulted in changes of chemical properties. The number of bacteria, actinomyces, and fungi in the soil significantly increased when mulched either with liquid film or plastic film. Especially, such effects of the former were greater than the latter. Soil enzyme activities were different in liquid film and plastic film mulched cotton fields. The activities of peroxidase, urease, neutral phosphatase, invertase and polyphenoloxidase were markedly heightened with liquid-film covering, while with plastic-film mulching, the activities of soil neutral phosphatase, invertase and polyphenoloxidase was enhanced, but activities of peroxidase was lowered, and no obvious influence was observed on the activities of soil urease. Soil ecological effects in areas of microorganism number and enzyme activities varied with stages of cotton growth and development. The above results and analyses showed that liquid film not only had no negative influence on soil chemical properties, but also was beneficial to conversion and accumulation of soil nutrients and organic matters, and hence increased soil fertility, which provided a scientific basis for evaluating effects of liquid film mulching on soil environmental factors.
3. Liquid film improved cotton growth and development, and significantly increased yield. There must be inherent relationships among soil physical properties, activities of soil microbes, and cotton growth and development. Favorable soil physical properties improved cotton growth. In turn, robust cotton increased the quantity of soil microorganisms and strengthened activities of soil enzymes. Film mulched cotton significantly increased yield (α=0.01), compared with yield of open-ground cotton. Yield increment of plastic film mulched cotton, 34.0%, ranked the first among various treatments. Next to it was liquid film mulched cotton (112.5 kg/hm2) by 21.7% increment. Reasons why cotton yield was significantly increased were that robust seedlings in early developmental stages, enhanced root vigor, improved leaf photochemical chara
1 液体地膜具有良好的理化性能 表征结果表明，液体地膜常温下呈胶体状态，兑水稀释喷洒在土壤、叶片表面后成膜；该产品为不透明材料，外观颜色为棕褐色，粘度14.76 s(稀释5倍)，比重0.9924 g/cm3， pH值为7，稳定稀释倍数20～30倍，覆盖有效期60 d左右，贮藏环境以阴凉处为佳，贮藏期一般为2年。
2 液体地膜覆盖改良土壤理化性状 液体地膜是高分子混合物，兑水喷施于土壤表面后，这些高分子与土壤颗粒相结合，在土壤表层形成一层黑色的固化膜。该膜抑制土壤水分蒸发，利于吸收较多的太阳能，从而改善土壤中的热状况。同时，高分子经过自然降解转化为有机物质，可在较短时间内改善土壤结构。研究结果表明，适量液体地膜覆盖农田显著增加土壤含水量，提高土壤温度，降低土壤容重，增大土壤孔隙度。土壤物理性状的改善导致土壤化学性状发生变化。研究结果指出，液体地膜和塑料地膜覆盖均显著增加棉田土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量，且这种效应以液体地膜覆盖更明显。液体地膜覆盖棉田土壤中过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶、中性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶的活性均显著增强，而塑料地膜覆盖增强棉田土壤中转化酶、中
性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶的活性，但对脲酶活性影响不明显，降低过氧化氢酶活性，且这种效应与棉花生长发育进程有关。表明液体地膜覆盖不但对棉田土壤理化特性无不良影响，而且更有益于物质的转化、累积，提高土壤肥力。
3 液体地膜促进棉花生长发育，增产效果显著 土壤物理性质、棉花生长发育、土壤生物活性之间存在着必然的内在联系。良好的土壤物理性状促进棉花生长发育，而棉花健壮发育又提高土壤微生物数量，增强土壤中有关酶的活性。与露地对照相比，覆盖显著增加棉花产量（ａ＝0.01）。其中，塑料地膜覆盖棉花产量最高，增产率为34.0%；液体地膜处理（用量112.5 kg/hm2）次之，增产率为21.7%。覆盖棉花显著提高产量，是由于覆盖促进棉花早发，增强根系活力，改善叶片光化学特性，提高棉铃转化酶活性，成铃时空分布合理，优质铃数增加，铃重提高。从不同育苗方式对棉花生长发育影响的比较来看，与塑料弓棚育苗相比，适量液体地膜（用量750kg/hm2）育苗棉花增产显著，增产率为10.7%。其增产机理主要是棉苗质量高，移栽后缓苗快；叶面积大，生育前期增加快，后期下降幅度小。因此，可以认为，棉花生产中采用液体地膜大田覆盖或育苗是一项可行技术。
4 液体地膜叶面施用显著降低棉花叶片蒸腾速率，提高水分利用效率 研究结果表明，液体地膜不同浓度均能降低叶片的蒸腾速率和气孔导度。较高浓度液膜增大叶片qN值，降低叶片净光合速率。适宜浓度液膜(40～50倍)显著提高叶片水分利用效率20.0～37.1%，但对净光合速率无明显影响。由于植物根系吸收的水分经蒸腾而大量散失掉。因此，利用液体地膜抑制植物叶片蒸腾，为农业节水开辟了一条有效途径。
Considering favorable ecological and biological effects of film mulching and problems existing in now-used mulching materials, a new liquid film was prepared after many attempts according to the theory of material membrane and previous experience. By rational formula and technological process, 5 degradable compounds M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5 were used as the main raw materials of the product. With laboratory and field experiments, physical and chemical characters of liquid film were described. Effects of liquid film mulching were specified on temperature, moisture, and physical and chemical properties of soil, and cotton growth and development. Also, these ecological and biological effects of the liquid film were compared with those of plastic film mulching. The main results were as follows:
1. The liquid film had good physical and chemical properties. The liquid film assumed colloidal phase under normal temperature. Diluted with water and sprayed on the surface of soil or leaf, it became membraneous. This light-brown product was opaque with viscidity of 14.76 s (diluted by 5 times), special weight of 0.9924 g/cm3, PH-value of 7, stable diluting times of 20-30, functional time period of about 60 d in the field, and shelf life of 2 yr. It is suggested to preserve the product in shady and cool stores.
2. Liquid film mulching improved physical and chemical properties of soil. Liquid film was a kind of polymer mixture. It combined with soil particles and formed a black solidified membrane on the soil surface after adding water and spraying on the soil. The formed membrane improved heat energy status of the soil by restraining soil water to evaporate and absorbing more solar energy. It improved the soil granular structure in a short time, since high molecular compounds naturally degraded into organic matters. Soil moisture, temperature, and porosity increased while bulk weight decreased in mulched cotton fields with the liquid film. Improvement in soil physical
properties resulted in changes of chemical properties. The number of bacteria, actinomyces, and fungi in the soil significantly increased when mulched either with liquid film or plastic film. Especially, such effects of the former were greater than the latter. Soil enzyme activities were different in liquid film and plastic film mulched cotton fields. The activities of peroxidase, urease, neutral phosphatase, invertase and polyphenoloxidase were markedly heightened with liquid-film covering, while with plastic-film mulching, the activities of soil neutral phosphatase, invertase and polyphenoloxidase was enhanced, but activities of peroxidase was lowered, and no obvious influence was observed on the activities of soil urease. Soil ecological effects in areas of microorganism number and enzyme activities varied with stages of cotton growth and development. The above results and analyses showed that liquid film not only had no negative influence on soil chemical properties, but also was beneficial to conversion and accumulation of soil nutrients and organic matters, and hence increased soil fertility, which provided a scientific basis for evaluating effects of liquid film mulching on soil environmental factors.
3. Liquid film improved cotton growth and development, and significantly increased yield. There must be inherent relationships among soil physical properties, activities of soil microbes, and cotton growth and development. Favorable soil physical properties improved cotton growth. In turn, robust cotton increased the quantity of soil microorganisms and strengthened activities of soil enzymes. Film mulched cotton significantly increased yield (α=0.01), compared with yield of open-ground cotton. Yield increment of plastic film mulched cotton, 34.0%, ranked the first among various treatments. Next to it was liquid film mulched cotton (112.5 kg/hm2) by 21.7% increment. Reasons why cotton yield was significantly increased were that robust seedlings in early developmental stages, enhanced root vigor, improved leaf photochemical chara
引文
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