供应链环境下制造商和供应商运作协调研究
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摘要
本论文就制造商和供应商在物料供应运作环节的协调和优化进行了深入的研究。物料供应运作的起点是制造企业的生产对物料的需求,制造商是物料补货流程运作协调的主体。物料补货流程中的决策包括三个方面:一、物料补货流程的基本框架和规模----由制造商决定的以供应商数量的决策为核心的供应基础规模问题和采购方式问题;二、以补货量的确定为核心的物料补货批量和频率的补货优化问题;三、物料补货流程的协调和优化问题。
供应基础规模的大小取决于减少供应商数量带来的利益增加和风险增加之间的平衡。论文构建了基于利益和风险平衡的供应商数量优化模型。对最优供应商数量的分析表明:零部件的标准化程度,供应商的生产规模效应和正激励反馈程度及其对制造商的影响和供应商数量之间呈反向关系,供应商数量和供应风险之间的关系是正向的,因此供应基础决策和制造商的风险规避战略有关。JIT采购和EOQ采购模式的成本优势分别在于前者的低库存、低空间占用和后者的生产、运输规模效应。论文分析了两种模式下的生产启动成本、存储空间成本、单位库存成本、订购成本、信息投入成本、运输成本,给出了选择JIT或者EOQ采购的成本差异模型。
论文分别构建了单产品-单供应商,单产品-多供应商和多产品-单供应商情况下的补货批量优化模型。在补货优化模型中,为了更准确的反映订货成本的构成,论文区分了订单成本中的固定成本和可变成本,订货成本中固定成本分离的订货量比未分离时小;模型从制造商和供应商整体角度考虑的订货决策优化,优于买卖各方的单独决策;模型完整的考虑了补货运作中的订单成本、库存成本、运输成本,物料处理能本;和传统模式的经济订购批量相比,模型得到的最优订货批量比制造商单独决策时的订购批量要大,这是因为考虑到了供应商的库存成本和订货成本。考虑到运输成本的规模效益,这个订购批量变得更大;论文细分了不同生产模式的补货特点,进一步深入研究MTP、MTO、ATO模式下的补货批量优化。MTO模式中需要满足生产规模和时间的约束,采购成本优化不再是唯一目的。在考虑多产品、单供应商时,补货决策包含两个层次的优化:订货批量优化和订单合并优化,论文构建了基于0-1规划的JOP模型来解决订单合并的优化问题,JOP模型的研究方法和研究思路和传统的JRP模型完全不同,能更直观、准确的解决一般订单合并问题,具有普适性。
在对订货流程的协调上,信息协调成为重要的协调方式。信息技术直接促进了交易效率和运作效率的提高,以信息技术为基础的信息共享和沟通起着减少库存和支持决策的作用,以预测、计划和共同安排的更高层次的战略信息合作对全局起着指导作用。从流程协调的另一方面而言,以流程作业的价值增值出发的作业成本分析成为作业流程平衡、改进的协调依据。
The paper studies the coordination and optimization of materials supply between manufacturer and the suppliers. Driven by materials demand of production for manufacturer, materials supply and its operation coordination is decided to more manufacturers rather than suppliers. Decisions of materials supply includes:1 fundamental framework and scale of materials supply --- supply base decision revolve about supplier number decision and purchasing style; 2 materials replenishment quantity and frequency decision revolve about order quantity decision; 3 process optimization decisions of materials replenishment.
The most important factors affecting supply base scale are the added profit and supply risk deduced by supplier number reduction. The paper presents a supplier number optimized model which shows Standardization of parts, production scale, positive incentive for suppliers and its effective to manufacturer is increased with supplier number reduction, but the supply risk is also increased with supplier number reduction. So supply base decision is relevant with risk strategy of an enterprise and added-profit. Whether to choose JIT purchasing or EOQ purchasing decided on purchasing cost. JIT purchasing has advantages such as low inventory, low space occupation for stocks while EOQ purchasing has production and transportation scales. About which one is better is a decision in comprehensive consideration of production set up cost, storage cost, inventory cost, order cost, information cost, transportation cost et al, a different cost model is addressed for choosing JIT or EOQ purchasing.
The paper presents order quantity models respectively in single product-single supplier, single product-multi-supplier and multi-product- single supplier situations. Order cost has two forms of fixed order cost and variable order costs. EOQ moder is revised based on the fact that variable rather than fixed cost has impact of order volume. For the total operation cost, it is better for system optimization of manufacturer and the suppliers than optimizing by manufacturer and the suppliers respectively. All the operation costs of order, inventory, transportation and materials handling is involved in the model. The order quantity is bigger than the tradition EOQ because suppliers inventory cost is involved. As transportation cost is concerned, the order quantity is much bigger. When considering the different production methods, the order quantity model is expanded and detailed in MTP, MTO and ATO model respectively. In MTO, besides considering objective of minimizing the total cost, production scale and time constraint are vital concern. A 0-1integer programming is presented to solve the problem of order joint in multi-product, single supplier which has a cost saving objective different form the traditional JRP model.
Information is an important coordination method in replenishment process. Information technology promoting trade and operation efficiency directly; information sharing and communication base IT reduces the inventory and supports decision-making; strategic information cooperation such as common forecast and planning help understand the whole situation. In terms of replenishment process improvement, the activity based on cost management is a method to balance and optimize replenishment process.
供应基础规模的大小取决于减少供应商数量带来的利益增加和风险增加之间的平衡。论文构建了基于利益和风险平衡的供应商数量优化模型。对最优供应商数量的分析表明:零部件的标准化程度,供应商的生产规模效应和正激励反馈程度及其对制造商的影响和供应商数量之间呈反向关系,供应商数量和供应风险之间的关系是正向的,因此供应基础决策和制造商的风险规避战略有关。JIT采购和EOQ采购模式的成本优势分别在于前者的低库存、低空间占用和后者的生产、运输规模效应。论文分析了两种模式下的生产启动成本、存储空间成本、单位库存成本、订购成本、信息投入成本、运输成本,给出了选择JIT或者EOQ采购的成本差异模型。
论文分别构建了单产品-单供应商,单产品-多供应商和多产品-单供应商情况下的补货批量优化模型。在补货优化模型中,为了更准确的反映订货成本的构成,论文区分了订单成本中的固定成本和可变成本,订货成本中固定成本分离的订货量比未分离时小;模型从制造商和供应商整体角度考虑的订货决策优化,优于买卖各方的单独决策;模型完整的考虑了补货运作中的订单成本、库存成本、运输成本,物料处理能本;和传统模式的经济订购批量相比,模型得到的最优订货批量比制造商单独决策时的订购批量要大,这是因为考虑到了供应商的库存成本和订货成本。考虑到运输成本的规模效益,这个订购批量变得更大;论文细分了不同生产模式的补货特点,进一步深入研究MTP、MTO、ATO模式下的补货批量优化。MTO模式中需要满足生产规模和时间的约束,采购成本优化不再是唯一目的。在考虑多产品、单供应商时,补货决策包含两个层次的优化:订货批量优化和订单合并优化,论文构建了基于0-1规划的JOP模型来解决订单合并的优化问题,JOP模型的研究方法和研究思路和传统的JRP模型完全不同,能更直观、准确的解决一般订单合并问题,具有普适性。
在对订货流程的协调上,信息协调成为重要的协调方式。信息技术直接促进了交易效率和运作效率的提高,以信息技术为基础的信息共享和沟通起着减少库存和支持决策的作用,以预测、计划和共同安排的更高层次的战略信息合作对全局起着指导作用。从流程协调的另一方面而言,以流程作业的价值增值出发的作业成本分析成为作业流程平衡、改进的协调依据。
The paper studies the coordination and optimization of materials supply between manufacturer and the suppliers. Driven by materials demand of production for manufacturer, materials supply and its operation coordination is decided to more manufacturers rather than suppliers. Decisions of materials supply includes:1 fundamental framework and scale of materials supply --- supply base decision revolve about supplier number decision and purchasing style; 2 materials replenishment quantity and frequency decision revolve about order quantity decision; 3 process optimization decisions of materials replenishment.
The most important factors affecting supply base scale are the added profit and supply risk deduced by supplier number reduction. The paper presents a supplier number optimized model which shows Standardization of parts, production scale, positive incentive for suppliers and its effective to manufacturer is increased with supplier number reduction, but the supply risk is also increased with supplier number reduction. So supply base decision is relevant with risk strategy of an enterprise and added-profit. Whether to choose JIT purchasing or EOQ purchasing decided on purchasing cost. JIT purchasing has advantages such as low inventory, low space occupation for stocks while EOQ purchasing has production and transportation scales. About which one is better is a decision in comprehensive consideration of production set up cost, storage cost, inventory cost, order cost, information cost, transportation cost et al, a different cost model is addressed for choosing JIT or EOQ purchasing.
The paper presents order quantity models respectively in single product-single supplier, single product-multi-supplier and multi-product- single supplier situations. Order cost has two forms of fixed order cost and variable order costs. EOQ moder is revised based on the fact that variable rather than fixed cost has impact of order volume. For the total operation cost, it is better for system optimization of manufacturer and the suppliers than optimizing by manufacturer and the suppliers respectively. All the operation costs of order, inventory, transportation and materials handling is involved in the model. The order quantity is bigger than the tradition EOQ because suppliers inventory cost is involved. As transportation cost is concerned, the order quantity is much bigger. When considering the different production methods, the order quantity model is expanded and detailed in MTP, MTO and ATO model respectively. In MTO, besides considering objective of minimizing the total cost, production scale and time constraint are vital concern. A 0-1integer programming is presented to solve the problem of order joint in multi-product, single supplier which has a cost saving objective different form the traditional JRP model.
Information is an important coordination method in replenishment process. Information technology promoting trade and operation efficiency directly; information sharing and communication base IT reduces the inventory and supports decision-making; strategic information cooperation such as common forecast and planning help understand the whole situation. In terms of replenishment process improvement, the activity based on cost management is a method to balance and optimize replenishment process.
引文
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