自然灾害后旅游目的地的旅游发展研究
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摘要
旅游业的飞速发展过程中存在很多不可测的因素,自然灾害的发生对它的破坏就是其中的一个方面。近几年来,自然灾害发生的频率越来越高,对目的地旅游业的影响也越来越大,这引发了一个问题,即：灾后目的地旅游业该如何发展。本文力求对这一问题进行探讨,为灾后目的地旅游业的发展提供借鉴。
首先在综述了众多学者的研究和介绍了相关理论的基础上,对灾后目的地面临的现状、问题进行了分析,并用SWOT分析法指出其在发展旅游业方面的优势、劣势、机会和威胁,为提出对策奠定了基础。
在旅游服务供应链理论中,一般认为旅行社在供应链的中介组织中处于核心地位,但是在特殊时期应该采用特殊政策,灾后应该强调政府的主导作用,发挥政府在管理经济方面的优势,调动社会资源,整合旅游业发展的格局,统领全局。所以灾后目的地发展应采取政府主导+企业参与型发展模式。
在具体发展对策上应坚持实事求是的原则,具体问题具体分析。本文将灾后分为三个阶段,分别就各阶段的不同特征重点强调不同的发展对策。主要包括：灾后重建、形象恢复与提升、目的地营销、开展灾害旅游等。灾后目的地的发展需要建立一个完整的保障体系,这样才能保证经济的合理有序运行。
最后,对都江堰市在灾后所采取的措施进行成效分析,指出其中的不足之处和今后努力的方向。为灾后目的地的发展提供了一条思路。
The rapid development of the tourism industry has many problems, the occurrence of natural disasters is one of aspects. In recent years, natural disasters are more frequent, the impact on tourism destination is also growing, which raises the question:How to develop tourism in the post-disaster destination? This article seeks to explore this issue, to provide reference for the post-disaster tourism destination.
First, on the basis of many academic researches, review and presentation of relevant theories, the article make analysis of the current situation and problems the post-disaster facing, and by using SWOT analysis pointed out that with the development of tourism in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, make basis for the proposed measures.
In the tourism services chain theory, it is generally believed that travel agency is the core of the chain, but in the special period, special policies should be adopted, we should emphasize the leadership of government after disaster, assume the advantage of government in the management of economic, mobilizing community resources, integration of the pattern of tourism development, guide the overall situation. Therefore, the development of post-disaster destination should take the government-led and enterprises-participate mode.
As to the specific development policy, we should adhere to the principle of seeking truth from facts, analyze specific issues. This article broadly divided the period of post-disaster into three stages, and emphasis one different measures on different stages. Which include:post-disaster reconstruction, image restoration and enhancement, destination marketing, to carry out disaster tourism. The development of post-disaster destination need to establish a complete security system, which includes the protection of the laws and regulations, organizational security, security policy planning protection, protection of pre-disaster warning systems, post-disaster rapid response mechanism to safeguard, so as to ensure the orderly operation of the economy and reasonable.
Finally, make analysis of the measures taken by Du Jiangyan City after the disaster and point out the shortcomings and future efforts. Provide a way for the development of post-disaster destination.
首先在综述了众多学者的研究和介绍了相关理论的基础上,对灾后目的地面临的现状、问题进行了分析,并用SWOT分析法指出其在发展旅游业方面的优势、劣势、机会和威胁,为提出对策奠定了基础。
在旅游服务供应链理论中,一般认为旅行社在供应链的中介组织中处于核心地位,但是在特殊时期应该采用特殊政策,灾后应该强调政府的主导作用,发挥政府在管理经济方面的优势,调动社会资源,整合旅游业发展的格局,统领全局。所以灾后目的地发展应采取政府主导+企业参与型发展模式。
在具体发展对策上应坚持实事求是的原则,具体问题具体分析。本文将灾后分为三个阶段,分别就各阶段的不同特征重点强调不同的发展对策。主要包括：灾后重建、形象恢复与提升、目的地营销、开展灾害旅游等。灾后目的地的发展需要建立一个完整的保障体系,这样才能保证经济的合理有序运行。
最后,对都江堰市在灾后所采取的措施进行成效分析,指出其中的不足之处和今后努力的方向。为灾后目的地的发展提供了一条思路。
The rapid development of the tourism industry has many problems, the occurrence of natural disasters is one of aspects. In recent years, natural disasters are more frequent, the impact on tourism destination is also growing, which raises the question:How to develop tourism in the post-disaster destination? This article seeks to explore this issue, to provide reference for the post-disaster tourism destination.
First, on the basis of many academic researches, review and presentation of relevant theories, the article make analysis of the current situation and problems the post-disaster facing, and by using SWOT analysis pointed out that with the development of tourism in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, make basis for the proposed measures.
In the tourism services chain theory, it is generally believed that travel agency is the core of the chain, but in the special period, special policies should be adopted, we should emphasize the leadership of government after disaster, assume the advantage of government in the management of economic, mobilizing community resources, integration of the pattern of tourism development, guide the overall situation. Therefore, the development of post-disaster destination should take the government-led and enterprises-participate mode.
As to the specific development policy, we should adhere to the principle of seeking truth from facts, analyze specific issues. This article broadly divided the period of post-disaster into three stages, and emphasis one different measures on different stages. Which include:post-disaster reconstruction, image restoration and enhancement, destination marketing, to carry out disaster tourism. The development of post-disaster destination need to establish a complete security system, which includes the protection of the laws and regulations, organizational security, security policy planning protection, protection of pre-disaster warning systems, post-disaster rapid response mechanism to safeguard, so as to ensure the orderly operation of the economy and reasonable.
Finally, make analysis of the measures taken by Du Jiangyan City after the disaster and point out the shortcomings and future efforts. Provide a way for the development of post-disaster destination.
引文
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[4]Albala-Bertrand, J,M. Political Economy of Large Natural Disasters:with Special Reference to Developping Countries[R]. Clarendon Press,1993.
[5]#12
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[9]WTO成立危机委员会帮助各国恢复旅游业[EB/OL], http://www.enta.gov.cn/news_detail/oldshow. asp?id=2253,2001-11-29.
[10]Perry W. Hystad, Peter C. Keller. Towards a destination tourism disaster management framework:Long-term lessons from a forest fire disaster[J]. Tourism Management 29(2008)151-162.
[11]Leah Cioccio, Ewen J. Michael. Hazard or disaster:Tourism management for the inevitable in Northeast Victoria[J].Tourism Management 28(2007)1-11.
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[14]Joan C Henderson.Responding to natural disasters:Managing a hotel in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami[J].Tourism and Hospitality Research.London:2005.Vol.6(Iss.1):89-97.
[15]Jen-Hung Huang, Jennifer C.H. Min, Earthquake devastation and recovery in tourism:the Taiwan case[J]. Tourism Management 23(2002)145-154.
[16]张震.彭州市灾后旅游恢复重建问题思考[J].黑龙江科技信息,2008(34).
[17]冯海燕.“5·12”汶川大地震之后的四川旅游发展[J].山地学报2008年10月第26卷.
[18]王小兰.“汶川大地震”对四川旅游经济的影响及对策思考[J].商场现代化,2009年第4期.
[19]彭永生.基于潜在游客情绪切入的震后四川旅游应急修复对策[J].资源开发与市场200824(10)
[20]牛明铎.浅谈四川震后旅游重建[J].交通企业管理,2009年第1期.
[21]罗永义,林民牛.四川“地震灾区开发体育旅游的可行性分析及开发对策[J].绵阳师范学院学报,2008年11月,第27卷第11期.
[22]陈永正,刘蔚东,李翔宇.四川旅游发展的战略转变——来自5.12大地震的启示[J].理论与改革,2009年第1期.
[23]邵云,李京.四川旅游经济灾后恢复研究[J].经济与管理,2009年1月第23卷第1期.
[24]张谷.推进“五大转移”重振四川旅游[J].四川党的建设,2008(12)
[25]贾鸿雁.汶川地震对四川遗产地旅游的影响及市场恢复策略前瞻[J].商场现代化,2008年第28期.
[26]王军.震后四川旅游危机公关策略研究[J].衡水学院学报,第10卷第5期.
[27]丁威.突发自然灾害中政府道德责任探析——以汶川大地震为视角[D].首都师范大学,2009.
[28]Kenneth Hewitt. Regions of Risk[M]. Singapore:Longman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd.1997.14-15.
[29]Holly Sims,Kevin Vogelmann. Popular mobilization and disaster management in Cuba[J].2002.
[30]王子平.灾害社会学[M].长沙：湖南人民出版社,1998年12月.
[31]马宗晋等.灾害学导论[M].长沙：湖南人民出版社,1998年12月.
[32]谷慧敏,旅游危机管理研究,[M].北京：南开大学出版社,2007年版.
[33]Dr Dimitrios Buhalis. Marketing the competitive destination of the future[J].Tourism Management 2000,21(1):97—116.
[34]魏小安.旅游目的地发展实证研究[M].北京：中国旅游出版社,2002.
[35]林峰.地方政府旅游目的地运作的商业策划[J].商场现代化,2005.
[36]W.Christaller. Some Considerations of Tourism Location In Europe:The Peripheral Region ——Underdeveloped Countries——Recreation Areas[J].
[37]R.W.Butler. The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution:implications for management of resources[J].Canadian Geographer,Vol.24,1980,P5-12.
[38]余书炜.旅游地生命周期理论综论——兼与杨森林商榷[J].旅游学刊,1997年第1期.
[39]李天元.旅游学概论[M].天津：南开大学出版社,2003.
[40]WCED.Our Common Future[M].Oxford University Press,Oxford,1987:43.
[41]黄细嘉,魏莉.旅游资源开发与可持续发展战略研究[M].南昌：江西人民出版社,2006.
[42]万幼清,旅游业可持续发展的理论与实践[D].华中科技大学,2004.
[43]吴人韦.论旅游规划的性质[J].地理学与国土研究,1999,15(4)：50-54.
[44]吴必虎.旅游系统：对旅游活动与旅游科学的一种解释[J].旅游学刊,1998,13(1)：21-25.
[45]刘锋.中国西部旅游发展战略研究[M].北京：中国旅游出版社,2001.
[46]吴必虎.区域旅游规划原理[M].北京：中国旅游出版社,2001.
[47]Dimitrios B. Marketing the Competitive Destination of the Future[J]. Tourism Management,2000,(1):97-100.
[48]林巍.基于政府营销的旅游业发展研究[J].现代经济,2009年第14期.
[49]许宁.论政府营销管理[J].中共福建省委党校学报,2006年12月10日,第12期(总第312期).
[50]陈金华,秦耀辰,何巧华.自然灾害对海岛旅游安全的影响研究——以平潭岛为例[J].未来与发展,2007年8月.
[51]延军平.灾害地理学[M].西安：陕西师范大学出版社,1990.
[52]秦志英,龙良碧.旅游灾害事件成灾模型的建立及解析[J].灾害学,2004年12月,第19卷第4期.
[53]P-Slavic-Constructing a model of effective information dissemination in a crisis [J]. Information Research,1987,5(3):178-184.
[54]郭来喜.中国生态旅游——可持续旅游的基石[J].地理科学进展,1997,16(4)：1-10.
[55]胡以志.对话爱德华·布莱克力教授——美国新奥尔良重建与中国汶川大地震灾后重建[J].国际城市规划,2008 Vol.23,No.3.
[56]王金伟.灾害旅游及灾害旅游系统的初步研究——兼论旅游系统[J].旅游学刊,第24卷,2009年第2期.
[57]高静,肖江南,章勇刚.国外旅游目的地营销研究综述[J].旅游学刊,第21卷,2006年第7期.
[58]Seyhmus Baloglu, Ken W.Mc Cleary US. International pleasure travelers images of four Mediterranean destinations:a comparison of visitors and non-visitors [J].Journal of Travel Research,1999,(11):144-152.
[2]驻法国使馆经商处.2008年全球自然灾害损失达2000亿美元[EB/OL]. http://fr.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/jmxw/200812/20081205983288.html.
[3]Faulkner, B. Towards a framework for tourism disaster management[J]. Tourism Management,2001,22,135-147.
[4]Albala-Bertrand, J,M. Political Economy of Large Natural Disasters:with Special Reference to Developping Countries[R]. Clarendon Press,1993.
[5]#12
[6]Stephane Hallegatte, Patrice Dumas. Can natural disasters have positive consequences Investigating the role of embodied technical change[J].Ecological Economics,2009.
[7]张婷.旅游危机管理机制研究——以无锡水质危机为例[M].上海：复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院,2008.
[8]邓冰,吴必虎,蔡利平.国内外旅游业危机管理研究综述[J].旅游科学,2004年第3期.
[9]WTO成立危机委员会帮助各国恢复旅游业[EB/OL], http://www.enta.gov.cn/news_detail/oldshow. asp?id=2253,2001-11-29.
[10]Perry W. Hystad, Peter C. Keller. Towards a destination tourism disaster management framework:Long-term lessons from a forest fire disaster[J]. Tourism Management 29(2008)151-162.
[11]Leah Cioccio, Ewen J. Michael. Hazard or disaster:Tourism management for the inevitable in Northeast Victoria[J].Tourism Management 28(2007)1-11.
[12]Durocher, J.Recovery marketing:What to do after a natural disaster[J].The Comell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarte,1994,35:66-71.
[13]Pottorff, S.M.& Neal, D, M. Marketing implications for post-disaster tourism destinations[J]. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing,1994,3 (I):115-122.
[14]Joan C Henderson.Responding to natural disasters:Managing a hotel in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami[J].Tourism and Hospitality Research.London:2005.Vol.6(Iss.1):89-97.
[15]Jen-Hung Huang, Jennifer C.H. Min, Earthquake devastation and recovery in tourism:the Taiwan case[J]. Tourism Management 23(2002)145-154.
[16]张震.彭州市灾后旅游恢复重建问题思考[J].黑龙江科技信息,2008(34).
[17]冯海燕.“5·12”汶川大地震之后的四川旅游发展[J].山地学报2008年10月第26卷.
[18]王小兰.“汶川大地震”对四川旅游经济的影响及对策思考[J].商场现代化,2009年第4期.
[19]彭永生.基于潜在游客情绪切入的震后四川旅游应急修复对策[J].资源开发与市场200824(10)
[20]牛明铎.浅谈四川震后旅游重建[J].交通企业管理,2009年第1期.
[21]罗永义,林民牛.四川“地震灾区开发体育旅游的可行性分析及开发对策[J].绵阳师范学院学报,2008年11月,第27卷第11期.
[22]陈永正,刘蔚东,李翔宇.四川旅游发展的战略转变——来自5.12大地震的启示[J].理论与改革,2009年第1期.
[23]邵云,李京.四川旅游经济灾后恢复研究[J].经济与管理,2009年1月第23卷第1期.
[24]张谷.推进“五大转移”重振四川旅游[J].四川党的建设,2008(12)
[25]贾鸿雁.汶川地震对四川遗产地旅游的影响及市场恢复策略前瞻[J].商场现代化,2008年第28期.
[26]王军.震后四川旅游危机公关策略研究[J].衡水学院学报,第10卷第5期.
[27]丁威.突发自然灾害中政府道德责任探析——以汶川大地震为视角[D].首都师范大学,2009.
[28]Kenneth Hewitt. Regions of Risk[M]. Singapore:Longman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd.1997.14-15.
[29]Holly Sims,Kevin Vogelmann. Popular mobilization and disaster management in Cuba[J].2002.
[30]王子平.灾害社会学[M].长沙：湖南人民出版社,1998年12月.
[31]马宗晋等.灾害学导论[M].长沙：湖南人民出版社,1998年12月.
[32]谷慧敏,旅游危机管理研究,[M].北京：南开大学出版社,2007年版.
[33]Dr Dimitrios Buhalis. Marketing the competitive destination of the future[J].Tourism Management 2000,21(1):97—116.
[34]魏小安.旅游目的地发展实证研究[M].北京：中国旅游出版社,2002.
[35]林峰.地方政府旅游目的地运作的商业策划[J].商场现代化,2005.
[36]W.Christaller. Some Considerations of Tourism Location In Europe:The Peripheral Region ——Underdeveloped Countries——Recreation Areas[J].
[37]R.W.Butler. The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution:implications for management of resources[J].Canadian Geographer,Vol.24,1980,P5-12.
[38]余书炜.旅游地生命周期理论综论——兼与杨森林商榷[J].旅游学刊,1997年第1期.
[39]李天元.旅游学概论[M].天津：南开大学出版社,2003.
[40]WCED.Our Common Future[M].Oxford University Press,Oxford,1987:43.
[41]黄细嘉,魏莉.旅游资源开发与可持续发展战略研究[M].南昌：江西人民出版社,2006.
[42]万幼清,旅游业可持续发展的理论与实践[D].华中科技大学,2004.
[43]吴人韦.论旅游规划的性质[J].地理学与国土研究,1999,15(4)：50-54.
[44]吴必虎.旅游系统：对旅游活动与旅游科学的一种解释[J].旅游学刊,1998,13(1)：21-25.
[45]刘锋.中国西部旅游发展战略研究[M].北京：中国旅游出版社,2001.
[46]吴必虎.区域旅游规划原理[M].北京：中国旅游出版社,2001.
[47]Dimitrios B. Marketing the Competitive Destination of the Future[J]. Tourism Management,2000,(1):97-100.
[48]林巍.基于政府营销的旅游业发展研究[J].现代经济,2009年第14期.
[49]许宁.论政府营销管理[J].中共福建省委党校学报,2006年12月10日,第12期(总第312期).
[50]陈金华,秦耀辰,何巧华.自然灾害对海岛旅游安全的影响研究——以平潭岛为例[J].未来与发展,2007年8月.
[51]延军平.灾害地理学[M].西安：陕西师范大学出版社,1990.
[52]秦志英,龙良碧.旅游灾害事件成灾模型的建立及解析[J].灾害学,2004年12月,第19卷第4期.
[53]P-Slavic-Constructing a model of effective information dissemination in a crisis [J]. Information Research,1987,5(3):178-184.
[54]郭来喜.中国生态旅游——可持续旅游的基石[J].地理科学进展,1997,16(4)：1-10.
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