陇南市农村劳务经济发展问题研究
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摘要
劳务经济是改革开放以来伴随农村富余劳动力大规模向城市和非农产业转移而出现的新的经济现象,现阶段发展劳务经济已成为欠发达地区促进农民增收、产业结构调整和农村经济社会全面发展的一条有效途径,是解决农业、农村、农民问题的关键因素之一。陇南市位于甘肃省东南部,是一个欠发达的农业大市,由于人多地少,存在大量农业富余劳动力,为脱贫致富大多数劳动力选择外出务工,劳务经济成为陇南市增加农民收入和推动农村经济发展的一项支柱产业,研究农村劳务经济发展问题对于促进陇南市农村富余劳动力转移就业和加快小康社会进程具有重要意义。
首先,本文分析了陇南市农村劳务经济发展的背景、阶段、特征、积极作用及发展中存在的问题,并对陇南市成县、武都区、康县三地务工人员进行了调查,分析了农村劳动力外出务工的基本情况,结果表明：务工人员文化程度较低、新生代农民工占很大比重；大多数务工人员没有经过技能培训,技能等级较低,培训方式以企业聘用后培训、自学和拜师学艺为主；务农收益过低是务工人员外出的主要原因,务工信息主要来源于亲戚朋友；多数务工人员与雇主没有签订劳动合同,参加社会保险的人数也较少；对于长远打算,多数务工人员表示将在本地从事非农产业；务工人员在务工过程中经常遇到各种困难,希望政府劳务部门提供就业信息、技能培训、创业机会及法律援助等服务。
其次,运用SWOT分析法对陇南市发展农村劳务经济的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战进行了探讨,分析了不同组合战略：(1)S-O战略：发挥农村劳动力资源和劳务品牌优势,充分利用体制性障碍逐步消除以及灾后重建的良好机遇,鼓励创业,带动就业,推进特色农业产业化,延长产业链条,促进农村劳动力转移。(2)S-T战略：加强劳务合作和基地建设,拓宽就业渠道,加强技能培训,提高农村劳动力综合素质,逐步消除对农民工的歧视和偏见,保障农民工合法权益,发展特色经济,促进就地就近转移。(3)W-O战略：加强教育和技能培训,提高输转质量；发挥政府劳务部门组织引导作用,提高劳务输转的组织化和市场化程度；建立健全城乡统一的劳务市场,完善机制；加快工业化、城镇化建设。(4)W-T战略：加强劳务输转的组织工作,提供优质的服务；加强劳务市场建设,培育劳务中介组合和劳务经纪人,提高劳务输转的市场化程度；加快农村工业化、城镇化发展,促进农村劳动力向二、三产业转移。
再次,通过分析农业劳动力的供给和需求,对2009-2015年陇南市农业富余劳动力数量进行了测算,测算结果表明农业富余劳动力规模呈现增长的趋势,年均增长1.60%,2015年达到80.60万人,将为陇南市发展农村劳务经济提供丰富的劳动力资源。
基于以上分析,针对陇南市农村劳务经济发展实际,提出陇南市发展农村劳务经济应坚持扩大输转规模与提高输转质量并重、政府推动与市场运作相结合、提高培训质量和创建劳务品牌相结合、鼓励就地就近转移就业与回乡创业相互促进的基本原则。并提出如下对策建议：加强组织领导和舆论宣传,充分发挥政府部门的组织引导作用；加强教育和职业培训,提高务工人员的文化和技能素质；完善机制,提高劳务输转的组织化和市场化程度；创建更多优势劳务品牌,提升陇南市务工人员市场竞争力；制定宽松政策,鼓励和扶持务工人员回归创业；深化体制改革,提供良好的制度环境；妥善解决留守儿童和空巢老人问题,为务工人员解除后顾之忧；加强管理和服务,缓解流动人口给城市带来的压力；立足陇南资源优势,发展特色经济,促进就地就近转移。
The labor economy is a new economic phenomena with rural surplus labor transfer to urban and non-agricultural industries with large-scale since the reform and opening up, at present developing the labor economy has become an effective way to adjust the industrial restructure and develop rural economic and social in less developed areas, also it is one of the key factors to solve agriculture, rural areas and farmers problems. Longnan city is located at southeast of Gansu Province, it is a less developed agricultural area, there are a large number of surplus agricultural labor because of many people but limited cultivated land, the majority of migrant workers choose to work out in order to become rich, the labor economy is a pillar industry to increase farmer income and promote rural economic development in Longnan city. The study on the problem of rural labor economy development has great significance on promoting effective transfer of surplus rural labor employment and speeding up the process of well-off society of Longnan.
First, the study analyzed the background, stage, character, positive role and development problems of rural labor economy dev elopment in Longnan. At the same time, the study investigate the status of rural labor economic development of Longnan city, and conduct surveys to migrate workers in Cheng county, Wudu district, Kang county three field in Longnan City, then analysis of the basic situation of the rural migrate workers, the results show that:education level of migrant workers is lower, the new generation of migrant workers account for a large proportion; the majority of migrant workers without skills training, their skill levels is low, the main training methods including training after the enterprises employ, self-learning and study with a teacher; income of farming is too low is the main reason for migrant workers out in Longnan, information of migrant workers mainly from relatives or friends; most migrant workers did not sign labor contracts with employers, fewer number participated in social insurance; the majority of migrant workers said they would work in non-agricultural industries locally in long-term; the migrant workers said they often encounter difficulties in work and they hope the government departments to provide employment information services, skills training, entrepreneurial opportunities, and legal aid services.
Secend, the study analyzed the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of developing rural labor economy in Longnan city using SWOT analysis method, then proposed different combinate strategies:(1)S-O Strategy:playing a brand advantage of the rural labor resources and services, using opportunity of the gradual elimination of institutional obstacles as well as post-disaster reconstruction,encouraging entrepreneurship, promoting employments and characteristic agricultural industrialization, extending the industrial chain to promote the transfer of rural labor. (2)S-T strategies:strengthening cooperation and base construction, brodening job opportunities, enhancing skills and improving overall quality of the rural labor force, gradually eliminating discriminations and prejudices against migrant workers, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers, developing specialty economy, promoting local near transfer. (3)W-O strategies:strengthening education and skills training to enhance the quality of input switch; playing a leading role of government service sector organizations to improve the organization of labor input and marketization degree turn; establishing a unified labor market to improve the mechanism; speeding up the construction of industrialization and urbanization. (4)W-T strategies:strengthening the organization of labor input switch to provide high quality services; strengthening the building of the labor market, fostering labor training and labor intermediation portfolio manager, increaseing the degree of change of the labor market; accelerating rural industrialization and urbanization to promote rural labor force to the secondary and tertiary industries.
Third, the study calculate the number of surplus agricultural labor of Longnan City in 2009 to 2015 by analyzing the supply and demand of agricultural labor force.The calculation results show that the size of the surplus agricultural labor force has growing trend, the average annual growth is 1.60%, it will reach 0.8060 million in 2015 provide a wealth of labor resources for the development of the rural labor economy in Longnan City.
Based on the above analysis and the actual development of rural labor economy in Longnan, the study proposed the following basic principles longnan should be adhering to in developing the rural labor economy:emphasis on expanding the output scale and improving the transmission quality, integrate the government promotion and market operation, combine the improvement of training quality and the creation of services brands, combine the transfer and employment locally and return home. And proposed the following countermeasures: strengthening organizational leadership and propaganda, the government departments play the role of organization and guidance; enhancing education and vocational training to enhance skills of culture and quality of migrant workers; improving the mechanisms and increasing the level of organization and mercerization transfer; creating more advantages labor brand, enhancing competitiveness of Longnan migrate Workers; formulating liberal policies to encourage and support migrant workers return to business; strengthening management and services to alleviate the pressure the floating population brought to the cities; deepening structural reforms to provide a favorable system environment; properly resolving the problem of behind children and empty nest elderly to remove worries of the migrant workers; developing special economy based on resources in Longnan and promote locally transfer.
首先,本文分析了陇南市农村劳务经济发展的背景、阶段、特征、积极作用及发展中存在的问题,并对陇南市成县、武都区、康县三地务工人员进行了调查,分析了农村劳动力外出务工的基本情况,结果表明：务工人员文化程度较低、新生代农民工占很大比重；大多数务工人员没有经过技能培训,技能等级较低,培训方式以企业聘用后培训、自学和拜师学艺为主；务农收益过低是务工人员外出的主要原因,务工信息主要来源于亲戚朋友；多数务工人员与雇主没有签订劳动合同,参加社会保险的人数也较少；对于长远打算,多数务工人员表示将在本地从事非农产业；务工人员在务工过程中经常遇到各种困难,希望政府劳务部门提供就业信息、技能培训、创业机会及法律援助等服务。
其次,运用SWOT分析法对陇南市发展农村劳务经济的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战进行了探讨,分析了不同组合战略：(1)S-O战略：发挥农村劳动力资源和劳务品牌优势,充分利用体制性障碍逐步消除以及灾后重建的良好机遇,鼓励创业,带动就业,推进特色农业产业化,延长产业链条,促进农村劳动力转移。(2)S-T战略：加强劳务合作和基地建设,拓宽就业渠道,加强技能培训,提高农村劳动力综合素质,逐步消除对农民工的歧视和偏见,保障农民工合法权益,发展特色经济,促进就地就近转移。(3)W-O战略：加强教育和技能培训,提高输转质量；发挥政府劳务部门组织引导作用,提高劳务输转的组织化和市场化程度；建立健全城乡统一的劳务市场,完善机制；加快工业化、城镇化建设。(4)W-T战略：加强劳务输转的组织工作,提供优质的服务；加强劳务市场建设,培育劳务中介组合和劳务经纪人,提高劳务输转的市场化程度；加快农村工业化、城镇化发展,促进农村劳动力向二、三产业转移。
再次,通过分析农业劳动力的供给和需求,对2009-2015年陇南市农业富余劳动力数量进行了测算,测算结果表明农业富余劳动力规模呈现增长的趋势,年均增长1.60%,2015年达到80.60万人,将为陇南市发展农村劳务经济提供丰富的劳动力资源。
基于以上分析,针对陇南市农村劳务经济发展实际,提出陇南市发展农村劳务经济应坚持扩大输转规模与提高输转质量并重、政府推动与市场运作相结合、提高培训质量和创建劳务品牌相结合、鼓励就地就近转移就业与回乡创业相互促进的基本原则。并提出如下对策建议：加强组织领导和舆论宣传,充分发挥政府部门的组织引导作用；加强教育和职业培训,提高务工人员的文化和技能素质；完善机制,提高劳务输转的组织化和市场化程度；创建更多优势劳务品牌,提升陇南市务工人员市场竞争力；制定宽松政策,鼓励和扶持务工人员回归创业；深化体制改革,提供良好的制度环境；妥善解决留守儿童和空巢老人问题,为务工人员解除后顾之忧；加强管理和服务,缓解流动人口给城市带来的压力；立足陇南资源优势,发展特色经济,促进就地就近转移。
The labor economy is a new economic phenomena with rural surplus labor transfer to urban and non-agricultural industries with large-scale since the reform and opening up, at present developing the labor economy has become an effective way to adjust the industrial restructure and develop rural economic and social in less developed areas, also it is one of the key factors to solve agriculture, rural areas and farmers problems. Longnan city is located at southeast of Gansu Province, it is a less developed agricultural area, there are a large number of surplus agricultural labor because of many people but limited cultivated land, the majority of migrant workers choose to work out in order to become rich, the labor economy is a pillar industry to increase farmer income and promote rural economic development in Longnan city. The study on the problem of rural labor economy development has great significance on promoting effective transfer of surplus rural labor employment and speeding up the process of well-off society of Longnan.
First, the study analyzed the background, stage, character, positive role and development problems of rural labor economy dev elopment in Longnan. At the same time, the study investigate the status of rural labor economic development of Longnan city, and conduct surveys to migrate workers in Cheng county, Wudu district, Kang county three field in Longnan City, then analysis of the basic situation of the rural migrate workers, the results show that:education level of migrant workers is lower, the new generation of migrant workers account for a large proportion; the majority of migrant workers without skills training, their skill levels is low, the main training methods including training after the enterprises employ, self-learning and study with a teacher; income of farming is too low is the main reason for migrant workers out in Longnan, information of migrant workers mainly from relatives or friends; most migrant workers did not sign labor contracts with employers, fewer number participated in social insurance; the majority of migrant workers said they would work in non-agricultural industries locally in long-term; the migrant workers said they often encounter difficulties in work and they hope the government departments to provide employment information services, skills training, entrepreneurial opportunities, and legal aid services.
Secend, the study analyzed the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of developing rural labor economy in Longnan city using SWOT analysis method, then proposed different combinate strategies:(1)S-O Strategy:playing a brand advantage of the rural labor resources and services, using opportunity of the gradual elimination of institutional obstacles as well as post-disaster reconstruction,encouraging entrepreneurship, promoting employments and characteristic agricultural industrialization, extending the industrial chain to promote the transfer of rural labor. (2)S-T strategies:strengthening cooperation and base construction, brodening job opportunities, enhancing skills and improving overall quality of the rural labor force, gradually eliminating discriminations and prejudices against migrant workers, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers, developing specialty economy, promoting local near transfer. (3)W-O strategies:strengthening education and skills training to enhance the quality of input switch; playing a leading role of government service sector organizations to improve the organization of labor input and marketization degree turn; establishing a unified labor market to improve the mechanism; speeding up the construction of industrialization and urbanization. (4)W-T strategies:strengthening the organization of labor input switch to provide high quality services; strengthening the building of the labor market, fostering labor training and labor intermediation portfolio manager, increaseing the degree of change of the labor market; accelerating rural industrialization and urbanization to promote rural labor force to the secondary and tertiary industries.
Third, the study calculate the number of surplus agricultural labor of Longnan City in 2009 to 2015 by analyzing the supply and demand of agricultural labor force.The calculation results show that the size of the surplus agricultural labor force has growing trend, the average annual growth is 1.60%, it will reach 0.8060 million in 2015 provide a wealth of labor resources for the development of the rural labor economy in Longnan City.
Based on the above analysis and the actual development of rural labor economy in Longnan, the study proposed the following basic principles longnan should be adhering to in developing the rural labor economy:emphasis on expanding the output scale and improving the transmission quality, integrate the government promotion and market operation, combine the improvement of training quality and the creation of services brands, combine the transfer and employment locally and return home. And proposed the following countermeasures: strengthening organizational leadership and propaganda, the government departments play the role of organization and guidance; enhancing education and vocational training to enhance skills of culture and quality of migrant workers; improving the mechanisms and increasing the level of organization and mercerization transfer; creating more advantages labor brand, enhancing competitiveness of Longnan migrate Workers; formulating liberal policies to encourage and support migrant workers return to business; strengthening management and services to alleviate the pressure the floating population brought to the cities; deepening structural reforms to provide a favorable system environment; properly resolving the problem of behind children and empty nest elderly to remove worries of the migrant workers; developing special economy based on resources in Longnan and promote locally transfer.
引文
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