上海市霾的特征及影响因子研究
摘要
随着我国经济的高速发展,能源消耗量攀升,污染物排放增加,区域能见度恶化态势十分明显,区域性灰霾污染问题越来越突出。霾在大气逆温等稳定气象条件下,由气溶胶和气体污染物造成的一种城市和区域性空气污染现象。霾发生时,细粒子浓度升高,大量极细微的干性尘粒、烟粒、盐粒等均匀地悬浮在空气中,严重危害人体健康。
鉴于目前国际上对于“霾”的定义标准不一致,本文综合气象角度与污染物角度对霾对了定义,统计分析了2008年5月到2009年4月的气象资料与污染物资料,并比较了各个季节的污染物气团来源轨迹。具体工作及结果如下：
1、介绍国际上对霾的各种定义,比较各定义的适用性及局限性。根据霾的污染特征、形成因素和天气现象等多个角度综合考虑,同时排除了降水、雾和短时能见度变化等干扰因素,对上海地区的霾的特征进行定义和识别。
2、利用聚类分析对霾日进行分类和等级划分,一共划分为5类。并归纳几类霾的类型。通过后向散射的回波信号验证霾日的能见度及污染物浓度等,以此来验证霾定义的合理性。
3、对2008年5月到2009年4月期间的符合定义的霾日进行统计分析,比较霾的发生规律,以及发生期间的能见度、相对湿度、风速、气溶胶光学厚度等要素。
4、利用Thermo-Andersen PM2.5大流量采样仪,于09年的1月至2月、4月至6月及10月至11月期间,分别代表上海市冬季、春季和秋季的PM2.5,进行3次连续不间断采样。对采样样品进行化学分析,对比霾前后的离子、元素和碳黑的组分变化。对离子和元素进行主成分分析,反映霾的主要影响污染物。
5、对霾日按季节进行污染物的后向轨迹聚类,并进行72h的轨迹追踪,分析和比较了各季节到达上海气团轨迹的数量、路径和来源。
通过本论文的研究分析,对霾做了合理的定义和识别,不仅有助于对霾的发生机制及天气条件有更好的认识,而且为霾的监测、评估、预警及应对的指标体系提供了依据。
With the rapid development of Chinese economy, the increasing discharge of energy and waste emission has worsened the regional visibility; regional haze problem has appeared to be more and more distinct. Under inversion and other weather conditions, haze is a form of urban and regional pollution, causing by aerosol. When haze happens, the concentration of particulate goes up, seriously damaging people's health.
Since the international definitions of 'haze' vary from one another, this article colligates the definition from weather as well as pollution point of views, analyzing the weather and pollution statistics period from May 2008 to Apr 2009. It also compares track tracing from various seasons. Concrete work and results are shown below:
1、Introduce various definitions of haze; Compare each definition's applicability and limitations. Define haze in Shanghai region, based on its pollution characteristics, formation factors, weather phenomenon and others, excluding the interfere such as rain, fog.
2、Utilize cluster analysis to classify and grade into five kinds. Through backscatter to verify the visibility and pollution concentration, so as to prove their rationality.
3、Under the definition of haze, analyze its data from May 2008 to Apr 2009, compares the occurrence pattern and other important factors such as visibility、relative humidity、wind speed、AOD, etc.
4、Thermo-Andersen PM2.5 flux sampling appearance was used to have 3 continuous observations during Jan to Feb, Apr to Jun and Oct to Nov, which represents winter, spring and autumn in Shanghai respectively. Chemical analysis was offered with the samples got to show the components change of ion, elements and carbon before and after the haze. Main components analysis of iron and elements were made to reflect main affecting pollutants of haze.
5. Trajectory clustering of pollutants was made in hazing days by season, and the amount, path and resource of each air mass arrived in shanghai in different seasons was compared by 72hr track tracing.
According to the researches made above, a proper definition and identification was given to haze, which not only helped to get a better understanding to the generation mechanism and atmosphere condition required by haze, but also offered a basis for the whole series of observation, estimation, prediction and corresponding index system of haze.
鉴于目前国际上对于“霾”的定义标准不一致,本文综合气象角度与污染物角度对霾对了定义,统计分析了2008年5月到2009年4月的气象资料与污染物资料,并比较了各个季节的污染物气团来源轨迹。具体工作及结果如下：
1、介绍国际上对霾的各种定义,比较各定义的适用性及局限性。根据霾的污染特征、形成因素和天气现象等多个角度综合考虑,同时排除了降水、雾和短时能见度变化等干扰因素,对上海地区的霾的特征进行定义和识别。
2、利用聚类分析对霾日进行分类和等级划分,一共划分为5类。并归纳几类霾的类型。通过后向散射的回波信号验证霾日的能见度及污染物浓度等,以此来验证霾定义的合理性。
3、对2008年5月到2009年4月期间的符合定义的霾日进行统计分析,比较霾的发生规律,以及发生期间的能见度、相对湿度、风速、气溶胶光学厚度等要素。
4、利用Thermo-Andersen PM2.5大流量采样仪,于09年的1月至2月、4月至6月及10月至11月期间,分别代表上海市冬季、春季和秋季的PM2.5,进行3次连续不间断采样。对采样样品进行化学分析,对比霾前后的离子、元素和碳黑的组分变化。对离子和元素进行主成分分析,反映霾的主要影响污染物。
5、对霾日按季节进行污染物的后向轨迹聚类,并进行72h的轨迹追踪,分析和比较了各季节到达上海气团轨迹的数量、路径和来源。
通过本论文的研究分析,对霾做了合理的定义和识别,不仅有助于对霾的发生机制及天气条件有更好的认识,而且为霾的监测、评估、预警及应对的指标体系提供了依据。
With the rapid development of Chinese economy, the increasing discharge of energy and waste emission has worsened the regional visibility; regional haze problem has appeared to be more and more distinct. Under inversion and other weather conditions, haze is a form of urban and regional pollution, causing by aerosol. When haze happens, the concentration of particulate goes up, seriously damaging people's health.
Since the international definitions of 'haze' vary from one another, this article colligates the definition from weather as well as pollution point of views, analyzing the weather and pollution statistics period from May 2008 to Apr 2009. It also compares track tracing from various seasons. Concrete work and results are shown below:
1、Introduce various definitions of haze; Compare each definition's applicability and limitations. Define haze in Shanghai region, based on its pollution characteristics, formation factors, weather phenomenon and others, excluding the interfere such as rain, fog.
2、Utilize cluster analysis to classify and grade into five kinds. Through backscatter to verify the visibility and pollution concentration, so as to prove their rationality.
3、Under the definition of haze, analyze its data from May 2008 to Apr 2009, compares the occurrence pattern and other important factors such as visibility、relative humidity、wind speed、AOD, etc.
4、Thermo-Andersen PM2.5 flux sampling appearance was used to have 3 continuous observations during Jan to Feb, Apr to Jun and Oct to Nov, which represents winter, spring and autumn in Shanghai respectively. Chemical analysis was offered with the samples got to show the components change of ion, elements and carbon before and after the haze. Main components analysis of iron and elements were made to reflect main affecting pollutants of haze.
5. Trajectory clustering of pollutants was made in hazing days by season, and the amount, path and resource of each air mass arrived in shanghai in different seasons was compared by 72hr track tracing.
According to the researches made above, a proper definition and identification was given to haze, which not only helped to get a better understanding to the generation mechanism and atmosphere condition required by haze, but also offered a basis for the whole series of observation, estimation, prediction and corresponding index system of haze.
引文
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[5]王玮.中国PM2.5污染状况和污染特征的研究[J].环境科学研究,2000,13(1)：1-5
[6]白志鹏,蔡斌彬,董海燕等.灰霾的健康效应[J].环境污染与防治,2006,28(3)：198-201
[7]王臻,王辰可.吸入颗粒物对呼吸系统危害的研究进展[J].国外医学呼吸系统分册,2004,24(4)：231-236
[8]阚海东,陈秉衡.我国大气颗粒物暴露与人群健康健康效应的关系[J].环境与健康杂志,2002,19(6)：422-424
[9]Pope C A, Richard T, Burnett R T, et al. Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution [J]. JAMA,2002,287:1132-1141
[10]王京丽,刘旭林等.北京市大气细粒子质量浓度与能见度定量关系初探.气象学报,2006,64(2),221-228
[11]王治华,贺应红,李振声等.气溶胶后向散射消光对数比对消光系数反演的影响研究[J].量子电子学报,2006,23(3)：335-339
[12]韩永,饶瑞中,王英俭.利用大气能见度获取多波长气溶胶光学特性[J].红外与激光工程,2007,36(2)：265-270
[13]李学彬,胡顺星,徐青山等.大气气溶胶消光特性和折射率的测量[J].强激光与粒子束,2007,19(2)：207-209
[14]Holmen B.A, James T. A, Ashbaugh L. L and Flocchini R.G LIDAR-assisted measurement of PM10 emissions from agricultural tilling in California's San Joaquin Valley-Part Ⅰ:LIDAR. Atmos. Environm,2001,35,3251-3264
[15]Holmen B.A, James T. A, Ashbaugh L. L and Flocchini R.G LIDAR-assisted measurement of PM10 emissions from agricultural tilling in California's San Joaquin Valley-Part Ⅱ:emission factors. Atmos. Environm,2001,35,3265-3277
[16]刘新民,邵敏.北京市夏季大气消光系数的来源分析[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(2)：185-189
[17]吴兑.再论都市霾与雾的区别[J].气象,2006,32(4)：9-16
[18]刘君峰,陈慧娟,宋之光.霾判定标准及广州地区霾成因探讨[J].环境污染与防治,2007,29(6)：21
[19]马树青.霾和轻雾的判别[J].广西气象,2005,26(3)：61-62
[20]李洁,陈志梅.浅谈对轻雾、烟、霾、浮尘的判别[J].气象仪器装备,2004(4)：46
[21]高歌.1961-2005年中国霾日气候特征及变化分析[J].地理学报,2008,63(7)：761-768
[22]张保安,钱公望.中国霾历史渊源和现状分析[J].环境与可持续发展,2007,(1)：56-58
[23]胡玉天.霾对海口地区大气环境影响的分析与预报.广西气象,2005,26(增刊1)：61-6
[24]廖玉芳,吴贤云,潘志祥等.1961-2006年湖南省霾现象的变化特征.气候变化研究进展,2007,3(5)：260-265
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