园林绿化废弃物堆腐及用作草花栽培基质的试验研究
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摘要
为探究C/N、菌剂、木酢液3因子及菌剂与木酢液交互作用对堆腐效果的影响,寻求最佳堆腐效果的因子水平组合,以园林绿化废弃物为主要原料,通过L9(34)正交设计以鸡粪为C/N调理剂,菌剂和木酢液为添加剂进行园林绿化废弃物堆腐试验,并选用金鱼草、孔雀草、非洲凤仙3种草花开展了堆腐物用作草花栽培基质的适宜配比和代替草炭用作草花栽培基质影响效果的2个试验研究。研究结果表明：
(1)调节C/N和添加适量菌剂与木酢液均能促使堆体初温上升,提前并延长高温期,积温提高,发酵周期缩短,总有机碳降解和总氮相对含量增加。
(2)适当调节C/N和添加适量菌剂均有利于堆体pH升高,防止EC过高,而添加木酢液能明显降低堆体pH与EC。
(3)C/N、菌剂、木酢液、菌剂与木酢液交互作用对发芽指数的影响均达极显著水平,且影响效果表现为C/N>菌剂>木酢液。
(4)因素效应的差异显著性检验表明：C/N为30效果最好；0.4%菌剂与稀释500倍木酢液的交互作用最大,稀释50倍的木酢液对微生物活性存在一定的抑制作用。可见,基于种子发芽指数的园林绿化废物堆腐适宜参数组合为C/N30+0.4%菌剂+稀释500倍木酢液。
(5)按堆腐物与素土不同配比形成的5种基质对金鱼草、孔雀草、非洲凤仙3种草花的株高、幅宽、根长、干重、鲜重、开花数和叶绿素含量的影响差异达极显著水平,园林绿化废弃物堆腐物用作花卉基质能改善花卉的生长状况和基质的通气性、保水性、养分供应能力。
(6)5种基质对金鱼草的综合影响效果评价指数排序为堆腐：素土(3∶7)>堆腐：素土(5∶5)>堆腐：素土(7∶3)>全素土>全堆腐,孔雀草为堆腐：素土(3∶7)>堆腐：素土(5∶5)>堆腐：素土(7∶3)>全素土>全堆腐,非洲凤仙为素土(5∶5)>堆腐：素土(3∶7)>全素土>堆腐：素土(7∶3)>全堆腐。因此,用作草花栽培基质时堆腐物与素土的配比以3∶7～5∶5为宜。
(7)和草炭相比,园林绿化废弃物用作栽培基质时对金鱼草、孔雀草和非洲凤仙的生长影响均未表现出显著差异,这说明园林绿化废弃物代替草炭用作栽培基质时能基本能满足金鱼草、孔雀草、非洲凤仙的生长发育需求。
(8)蛭石能使基质的容重减轻,改善基质的通气性、保水性和养分供应能力。通过设计试验证明,以草炭：素土：蛭石(4∶3∶3)、堆腐：素土：蛭石(4∶3∶3)配制而成的基质对金鱼草、孔雀草和非洲凤仙生长的影响效果最佳,且无明显差异。
In this study, to explore the effects of regulation of C/N ratio, adding different concentrations of microbe fungus and wood vinegar on composting of landscaping waste which uses landscaping waste as it main raw material, a compost test with all orthogonal experimental designed L9(34) was conducted. Based on germination experiment, the impacts of C/N, wood vinegar, microbe fungus and the interaction of wood vinegar and microbe fungus on maturity of compost were studied to getting out the optimum conditions of factor lever for composting. And an experiment was carried out to select the most suitable nursery substrate for Antirrhinum majus L., Tagetes patula L. and Impatiens Balsamina by the different substrate compositions which were formed according to different materials and different material ratios. The main results were as follows:
(1) Proper adjustment of C/N ratio and addition of appropriate amount of wood vinegar and microbe fungus were beneficial to rising the initial temperature that can ahead and prolong the period of high temperature, increased the accumulated temperature and shortened the composting period,degrading the total organic carbon and accumulating the total N.(2) Proper adjustment of C/N ratio combining with adding the appropriate amount of microbe fungus was helpful to increase pH value and was in case of high EC value while the addition of wood vinegar could reduce pH value and EC value of composting products effectively.(3) C/N, microbe fungus,wood vinegar and the interaction between microbe fungus and wood vinegar had very significant effects on germination index (p<0.01) respectively. The effect of the three factors on composting was in the order of C/N> microbe fungus> wood vinegar.(4) Multiple comparison of factor effects showed that the optimum C/N ratio for green waste composting was30.The interaction between0.4%microbe fungus and500fold wood vinegar dilute solution was the best. A continuous restraint on the microbial activity would happen when spraying50fold wood vinegar dilute solution on green waste compost. The optimal parameters on composting of the landscaping waste for germination index were:C/N30+0.4%microbe fungus content+500fold wood vinegar dilute solution.(5) The effects of five different substrates which were formed according to different ratios of composition and soil on the plant height,breadth,root length,flower number,dry weight,fresh weight of and the anthocyanidin content of Antirrhinum majus L. Tagetes patula L. and Impatiens Balsamina reached a highly significant level. The garden waste compost used as the substrate of Antirrhinum majus L., Tagetes patula L. and Impatiens Balsamina could improve the growth condition of floriculture and poorly aerated water-binding capacity and nutrition supply capacity of nursery substrate.(6) The comprehensive evaluation indices of five floriculture substrates impact effects on the plant height,breadth,root length,flower number,dry weight,fresh weight,anthocyanidin content and chlorophyll content of Antirrhinum majus L., Tagetes patula L. and Impatiens Balsamina were garden waste compost:soil(3:7)> garden waste compost:soil (5:5)> garden waste compost:soil(7:3)> garden waste compost:soil (0:10)> garden waste compost: soil(10:0), soil (3:7)> garden waste compost:soil (5:5)> garden waste compost:soil (7:3)>.garden waste compost:soil (0:10)> garden waste compost:soil(10:0), soil (5:5)> garden waste compost:soil (3:7)> garden waste compost:soil(0:10)> garden waste compost:soil (7:3)> garden waste compost: soil(10:0) respectively,Therefore, the proportion of garden waste compost and siol of the floriculture substrate should be3:7to5:5.(7) A substrate formed by replacing sphagnum by garden waste compost could still satisfy the need of growth and development of Antirrhinum majus L., Tagetes patula L. and Impatiens Balsamina.(8) Vermiculite could improve the physical and chemical properties of floriculture substrate. Based on design of experiment complex substrate such as sphagnum:soil:vermiculite=4:3:3had optimum effect.
(1)调节C/N和添加适量菌剂与木酢液均能促使堆体初温上升,提前并延长高温期,积温提高,发酵周期缩短,总有机碳降解和总氮相对含量增加。
(2)适当调节C/N和添加适量菌剂均有利于堆体pH升高,防止EC过高,而添加木酢液能明显降低堆体pH与EC。
(3)C/N、菌剂、木酢液、菌剂与木酢液交互作用对发芽指数的影响均达极显著水平,且影响效果表现为C/N>菌剂>木酢液。
(4)因素效应的差异显著性检验表明：C/N为30效果最好；0.4%菌剂与稀释500倍木酢液的交互作用最大,稀释50倍的木酢液对微生物活性存在一定的抑制作用。可见,基于种子发芽指数的园林绿化废物堆腐适宜参数组合为C/N30+0.4%菌剂+稀释500倍木酢液。
(5)按堆腐物与素土不同配比形成的5种基质对金鱼草、孔雀草、非洲凤仙3种草花的株高、幅宽、根长、干重、鲜重、开花数和叶绿素含量的影响差异达极显著水平,园林绿化废弃物堆腐物用作花卉基质能改善花卉的生长状况和基质的通气性、保水性、养分供应能力。
(6)5种基质对金鱼草的综合影响效果评价指数排序为堆腐：素土(3∶7)>堆腐：素土(5∶5)>堆腐：素土(7∶3)>全素土>全堆腐,孔雀草为堆腐：素土(3∶7)>堆腐：素土(5∶5)>堆腐：素土(7∶3)>全素土>全堆腐,非洲凤仙为素土(5∶5)>堆腐：素土(3∶7)>全素土>堆腐：素土(7∶3)>全堆腐。因此,用作草花栽培基质时堆腐物与素土的配比以3∶7～5∶5为宜。
(7)和草炭相比,园林绿化废弃物用作栽培基质时对金鱼草、孔雀草和非洲凤仙的生长影响均未表现出显著差异,这说明园林绿化废弃物代替草炭用作栽培基质时能基本能满足金鱼草、孔雀草、非洲凤仙的生长发育需求。
(8)蛭石能使基质的容重减轻,改善基质的通气性、保水性和养分供应能力。通过设计试验证明,以草炭：素土：蛭石(4∶3∶3)、堆腐：素土：蛭石(4∶3∶3)配制而成的基质对金鱼草、孔雀草和非洲凤仙生长的影响效果最佳,且无明显差异。
In this study, to explore the effects of regulation of C/N ratio, adding different concentrations of microbe fungus and wood vinegar on composting of landscaping waste which uses landscaping waste as it main raw material, a compost test with all orthogonal experimental designed L9(34) was conducted. Based on germination experiment, the impacts of C/N, wood vinegar, microbe fungus and the interaction of wood vinegar and microbe fungus on maturity of compost were studied to getting out the optimum conditions of factor lever for composting. And an experiment was carried out to select the most suitable nursery substrate for Antirrhinum majus L., Tagetes patula L. and Impatiens Balsamina by the different substrate compositions which were formed according to different materials and different material ratios. The main results were as follows:
(1) Proper adjustment of C/N ratio and addition of appropriate amount of wood vinegar and microbe fungus were beneficial to rising the initial temperature that can ahead and prolong the period of high temperature, increased the accumulated temperature and shortened the composting period,degrading the total organic carbon and accumulating the total N.(2) Proper adjustment of C/N ratio combining with adding the appropriate amount of microbe fungus was helpful to increase pH value and was in case of high EC value while the addition of wood vinegar could reduce pH value and EC value of composting products effectively.(3) C/N, microbe fungus,wood vinegar and the interaction between microbe fungus and wood vinegar had very significant effects on germination index (p<0.01) respectively. The effect of the three factors on composting was in the order of C/N> microbe fungus> wood vinegar.(4) Multiple comparison of factor effects showed that the optimum C/N ratio for green waste composting was30.The interaction between0.4%microbe fungus and500fold wood vinegar dilute solution was the best. A continuous restraint on the microbial activity would happen when spraying50fold wood vinegar dilute solution on green waste compost. The optimal parameters on composting of the landscaping waste for germination index were:C/N30+0.4%microbe fungus content+500fold wood vinegar dilute solution.(5) The effects of five different substrates which were formed according to different ratios of composition and soil on the plant height,breadth,root length,flower number,dry weight,fresh weight of and the anthocyanidin content of Antirrhinum majus L. Tagetes patula L. and Impatiens Balsamina reached a highly significant level. The garden waste compost used as the substrate of Antirrhinum majus L., Tagetes patula L. and Impatiens Balsamina could improve the growth condition of floriculture and poorly aerated water-binding capacity and nutrition supply capacity of nursery substrate.(6) The comprehensive evaluation indices of five floriculture substrates impact effects on the plant height,breadth,root length,flower number,dry weight,fresh weight,anthocyanidin content and chlorophyll content of Antirrhinum majus L., Tagetes patula L. and Impatiens Balsamina were garden waste compost:soil(3:7)> garden waste compost:soil (5:5)> garden waste compost:soil(7:3)> garden waste compost:soil (0:10)> garden waste compost: soil(10:0), soil (3:7)> garden waste compost:soil (5:5)> garden waste compost:soil (7:3)>.garden waste compost:soil (0:10)> garden waste compost:soil(10:0), soil (5:5)> garden waste compost:soil (3:7)> garden waste compost:soil(0:10)> garden waste compost:soil (7:3)> garden waste compost: soil(10:0) respectively,Therefore, the proportion of garden waste compost and siol of the floriculture substrate should be3:7to5:5.(7) A substrate formed by replacing sphagnum by garden waste compost could still satisfy the need of growth and development of Antirrhinum majus L., Tagetes patula L. and Impatiens Balsamina.(8) Vermiculite could improve the physical and chemical properties of floriculture substrate. Based on design of experiment complex substrate such as sphagnum:soil:vermiculite=4:3:3had optimum effect.
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Cailile W R. The effects of the environment lobby on the selection and use of growing media [J]. ActaHort,1999,481:587-596
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composting in relation to compost maturity[M]//HoitinkHAJ, KeenerHM (Eds.),Science and
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Dawson G F, Probert E J. A sustainable product needing a sustainable procurement commitment:the case of green waste in wales[J].Sustainable Development,2007,15(2):69-82.
Fauci M F, Dick R P. Soil microbial dynamics:short and long-term effects of inorganic and organic nitrogen [J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1944,58:801-806.
Huang G F, Fang M, Wu Q T. Co-composting of pigmanure with leaves [J]. Environ Technol,2001,22 (10):1203-1212.
Hue N, Liu J. Predicting compost stability [J]. Compost Science and Utilization,1995,3(2):8-18.
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KISHIMOTO S. Method of producing and using wood vinegar and wood charcoal to decrease agriculture fertilizer[M].Tokyo:Nosan Gyoson Bunka Kyokai,1991:1-10.
Nakasaki K, Yaguchi H, Sasaki Y. Effects of pH control on composting of garbage [J].Waste Management & Research 1993,11(2):117-125.
Scoulding K, Revel R.Collecting,processing and financing yard trimming programs[J].Biocycle Magazine,1999,9:66.
SCHMILEWSKI G K. Quality control and use of composted organicwastes as components of growing media in the Federal Republic of Germany [J]. Acta Horticulturae,1991,294:89-98.
Sharon Z N, Omer M, Jorge T, et al. Dissolved organic carbon as a parameter of compost maturity[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2005,37:2109-2116.
Shinya H, Naoyuki F. Biodegradability of fecal nitrogen in composting process[J]. Bioresource Technology,2007,98 (17):3412-3414.
Sieker H, Klein M. Best management practices for stormwater-runoff with alternative methods in a large urban catchment in Berlin[J].Germany.Water Science and Technology,1998,38(10):91-97.
Smars S,Gustafsson L,Bech-Friis B,et al.Improvement of the composting time for household waste during all initial low pH pHase by mesopHilic temperature control [J].Bioresource Technology,2002, 84(3):237-241.
Solid Waste Management Board. Program for handling yard waste in West Virginia[M]. Gaston Caperton, Governor. Department of Commerce Labor, and Environmental Resources,1999.13-48.
Sweeten J M. Composting manure and sludge. In proceedings of the national poultry waste management symposium [M]. Ohio State:UniversityColumbus,1998,276-291.
Tonnis W.Peat based horticuluture—a big high-tech business in t he Netherlands[J].Peatlands international,2000 (1):31-33.
UEHARA T, HORIO Y, FURUNO T, et al. Effect of wood vinegars on germination and radicle growth of seed plants[J].Mukuzai Gakkaishi,1993,39:1415-1420.
Warman P R. Evaluation of seed germination and growth tests for assessing compost maturity [J]. Compost Sci Util,1999,7(3):33-37.
WEBBER C L, WHITWORTH J, DOLE J. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) core as a containerized growth medium component [J].Industrial Crops and Products,1999,10(2):97-105.
Wong M H. pHytoxicity of refuse compost during the process of maturation [J]. Environ Poll (Series A), 1985,37:159-174.
Zucconi F, Foret Mand de Bertoldi M, Monaco A, et al. Biological evaluation of compost maturity [J]. Biocycle,1981,22:27-29.
Zhou Y H, Nie Y H, Zhao Y H. Research on solid substrate in the whole world [J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture,2005,13 (4):40-43.