甲基叔丁基醚在地下环境中迁移过程研究
摘要
甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)由于其低辛醇/水分配系数及高水溶性,比汽油中其它组分更容易传递至地下水中。而且MTBE在土壤中的迟滞作用小,较难被生物降解,能形成较大范围的污染羽流,因而MTBE在地下水中的出现可以作为汽油泄漏最好的指示剂。本文从理论基础、过程参数、迁移过程影响因素等方面对MTBE在地下环境的迁移传质过程进行了系统的研究。
通过非线性拟合由排水曲线获得砂土van Genuchten水分布常数;由吸附平衡实验确定了MTBE的吸附常数;运用分形理论和激光粒度仪测试手段确定了各土壤的粒度分形维数,结合土壤常规测试研究得到粒度分维值与土壤粘粒含量的线性关系;利用土柱迟滞扩散实验研究了MTBE在土壤孔隙中的有效气、液相扩散系数;利用二维砂箱实验测定水动力弥散系数。
实验研究了饱和流动条件下非水相MTBE在二维不均匀介质中的溶解过程,实验结果表明非水相溶解过程初期水相中浓度很高,MTBE在水中的溶解度接近于饱和溶解度,之后逐渐降低进入拖尾期;非水相初始饱和度越高,溶出MTBE浓度出现最高点的时间越晚,完全溶解所需时间也越长;地下水流速提高会使平衡溶解期变短,并减少完全溶解所需的时间;NAPL源范围越大,出口峰值浓度越高,峰值出现时间越晚。建立了不均匀介质中NAPL溶解过程的数学模型并进行数值求解,得到了溶解过程中区域流场的变化和浓度分布。
采用土柱实验研究了溶解态MTBE在不饱和区的迁移过程,在数学模拟的基础上考察渗流速度和多孔介质性质对传质过程的影响,结果显示在高渗流速度和高渗透率介质中MTBE的传质较快。利用数值模拟的方法,考察存在NAPL不动相时,MTBE在不饱和区的迁移过程并分析其传质过程的影响因素。
利用二维砂箱系统地研究了MTBE在饱和区中的迁移过程,结果表明由于地下水流动,MTBE在水平方向的迁移速度明显大于垂直方向;提高地下水流速会加快污染羽流的发展,并加剧羽流的不规则程度。另外,其它条件相同的情况下,在渗透性较好的多孔介质中污染物迁移速度较快,羽流范围以较快的速度扩大。
基于传质方程和流动方程,对MTBE在整个地下环境中的迁移过程进行了数值模拟,分析降雨、蒸发、蒸腾和植物根系对迁移过程的影响,同时探讨了土壤介质存在分层结构时对MTBE传质过程的影响。
Low octanol/water distribution coefficient and high solubility of MTBE cause it to dissolve into groundwater more readily than other gasoline components. Furthermore, MTBE’s very low retardation and minimal biodegradation in groundwater can cause a wide contaminant plume. Thus, the initial appearance of MTBE in the groundwater is often a good indicator of a recent gasoline spill. This study focuses on the transport of MTBE in the underground environment. Theoretical basis, process parameters and factors of influence on transport have been investigated.
Non-linear fittings have been adopted to obtain van Genuchten’s parameters from displacement curves. The adsorption partition coefficient of MTBE was determined from the adsorption isotherm experiments. Soils particle-size distributions fractal dimensions have been measured and a linear relation has been set up between particle-size fractal dimensions and clay content. Hysteretic diffusion experimental method has been chosen to investigate the effective diffusion coefficients of MTBE in soil gas and soil water. Coefficients of dispersion were measured in a two-dimensional hydrodynamic dispersion experiment under the condition of one-dimensional steady flow.
Dissolution experiment of MTBE has been conducted in a two-dimensional saturated flow cell with simple heterogeneous packing. The experimental results showed that the MTBE concentration was initially close to the solubility limit, then decreased steadily until most of the NAPL mass was removed. Moreover, a higher NAPL saturation concentration could increase the lag time, but a higher groundwater flux shortened the lag time. Furthermore, when the width of NAPL source was enhanced, it would result in a significant increase of aqueous phase concentration, but the time for maximum concentration observed was later. A two-dimensional numerical model is developed to simulate the flow, transport of MTBE dissolution process in the saturated zone.
The column experiment was used to investigate the transport of MTBE solution in unsaturated zone. Based on the model analysis and simulation, the effects of infiltration rate and soil character on transport have been considered. The results showed mass transport speed can be accelerated by a higher infiltration rate or in higher permeable soils. A transport model was used to simulation the mass transport of MTBE from a chronic-source release trapped in unsaturated zone and the factors which affect the transport process has been analyzed.
A two-dimensional experimental cell was setup to investigate the transport of MTBE in saturated zone. The results showed the migration distance in transverse direction was smaller than that in longitudinal direction which paralleled to the groundwater flow, because the main impetus of flow direction were convection and dispersion, whereas it was diffusion in the transverse direction. In addition, the transport of MTBE was more quickly in porous media with high permeability, and the increase of groundwater velocity could accelerate the MTBE plume development, but the irregularity and randomicity of the plume were also enhanced.
Based on the solute transport and water flow equations, a two-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the transport of MTBE in underground environment. The effects of rainfall, evapotranspiration and straticulate structure on the transport were studied in details.
通过非线性拟合由排水曲线获得砂土van Genuchten水分布常数;由吸附平衡实验确定了MTBE的吸附常数;运用分形理论和激光粒度仪测试手段确定了各土壤的粒度分形维数,结合土壤常规测试研究得到粒度分维值与土壤粘粒含量的线性关系;利用土柱迟滞扩散实验研究了MTBE在土壤孔隙中的有效气、液相扩散系数;利用二维砂箱实验测定水动力弥散系数。
实验研究了饱和流动条件下非水相MTBE在二维不均匀介质中的溶解过程,实验结果表明非水相溶解过程初期水相中浓度很高,MTBE在水中的溶解度接近于饱和溶解度,之后逐渐降低进入拖尾期;非水相初始饱和度越高,溶出MTBE浓度出现最高点的时间越晚,完全溶解所需时间也越长;地下水流速提高会使平衡溶解期变短,并减少完全溶解所需的时间;NAPL源范围越大,出口峰值浓度越高,峰值出现时间越晚。建立了不均匀介质中NAPL溶解过程的数学模型并进行数值求解,得到了溶解过程中区域流场的变化和浓度分布。
采用土柱实验研究了溶解态MTBE在不饱和区的迁移过程,在数学模拟的基础上考察渗流速度和多孔介质性质对传质过程的影响,结果显示在高渗流速度和高渗透率介质中MTBE的传质较快。利用数值模拟的方法,考察存在NAPL不动相时,MTBE在不饱和区的迁移过程并分析其传质过程的影响因素。
利用二维砂箱系统地研究了MTBE在饱和区中的迁移过程,结果表明由于地下水流动,MTBE在水平方向的迁移速度明显大于垂直方向;提高地下水流速会加快污染羽流的发展,并加剧羽流的不规则程度。另外,其它条件相同的情况下,在渗透性较好的多孔介质中污染物迁移速度较快,羽流范围以较快的速度扩大。
基于传质方程和流动方程,对MTBE在整个地下环境中的迁移过程进行了数值模拟,分析降雨、蒸发、蒸腾和植物根系对迁移过程的影响,同时探讨了土壤介质存在分层结构时对MTBE传质过程的影响。
Low octanol/water distribution coefficient and high solubility of MTBE cause it to dissolve into groundwater more readily than other gasoline components. Furthermore, MTBE’s very low retardation and minimal biodegradation in groundwater can cause a wide contaminant plume. Thus, the initial appearance of MTBE in the groundwater is often a good indicator of a recent gasoline spill. This study focuses on the transport of MTBE in the underground environment. Theoretical basis, process parameters and factors of influence on transport have been investigated.
Non-linear fittings have been adopted to obtain van Genuchten’s parameters from displacement curves. The adsorption partition coefficient of MTBE was determined from the adsorption isotherm experiments. Soils particle-size distributions fractal dimensions have been measured and a linear relation has been set up between particle-size fractal dimensions and clay content. Hysteretic diffusion experimental method has been chosen to investigate the effective diffusion coefficients of MTBE in soil gas and soil water. Coefficients of dispersion were measured in a two-dimensional hydrodynamic dispersion experiment under the condition of one-dimensional steady flow.
Dissolution experiment of MTBE has been conducted in a two-dimensional saturated flow cell with simple heterogeneous packing. The experimental results showed that the MTBE concentration was initially close to the solubility limit, then decreased steadily until most of the NAPL mass was removed. Moreover, a higher NAPL saturation concentration could increase the lag time, but a higher groundwater flux shortened the lag time. Furthermore, when the width of NAPL source was enhanced, it would result in a significant increase of aqueous phase concentration, but the time for maximum concentration observed was later. A two-dimensional numerical model is developed to simulate the flow, transport of MTBE dissolution process in the saturated zone.
The column experiment was used to investigate the transport of MTBE solution in unsaturated zone. Based on the model analysis and simulation, the effects of infiltration rate and soil character on transport have been considered. The results showed mass transport speed can be accelerated by a higher infiltration rate or in higher permeable soils. A transport model was used to simulation the mass transport of MTBE from a chronic-source release trapped in unsaturated zone and the factors which affect the transport process has been analyzed.
A two-dimensional experimental cell was setup to investigate the transport of MTBE in saturated zone. The results showed the migration distance in transverse direction was smaller than that in longitudinal direction which paralleled to the groundwater flow, because the main impetus of flow direction were convection and dispersion, whereas it was diffusion in the transverse direction. In addition, the transport of MTBE was more quickly in porous media with high permeability, and the increase of groundwater velocity could accelerate the MTBE plume development, but the irregularity and randomicity of the plume were also enhanced.
Based on the solute transport and water flow equations, a two-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the transport of MTBE in underground environment. The effects of rainfall, evapotranspiration and straticulate structure on the transport were studied in details.
引文
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